Cronbach's Alpha Values Research Articles

Validation of the Korean version of inflammatory Rasch-built Overall Disability Scale in patients with inflammatory neuropathy.

The Inflammatory Rasch-built Overall Disability Scale (I-RODS) is an effective activity measure for use in inflammatory peripheral neuropathy. The aim of this study was to validate the Korean version of the I-RODS in patients with chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP), Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS), anti-myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG) neuropathy, and autoimmune nodopathy. A total of 120 patients underwent clinical evaluations, which included the I-RODS, Inflammatory Neuropathy Cause and Treatment (INCAT) assessment, and Jamar grip strength (kg) measurement. Follow-up assessments were performed for 83 patients during their regular clinic visits. To estimate the test-retest reliability of the I-RODS, the scale was reapplied to a subset of 16 patients within 2-7 days of the initial test. Overall, reliability, validity, and responsiveness of the I-RODS were evaluated. Internal consistency was good, as indicated by a person separation index of 0.966. The raw and standardized Cronbach's alpha values were both 0.974. The test-retest reliability analyzed using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was also high (ICC = 0.972). The I-RODS showed a strong correlation with INCAT scores (ρ = -0.81, p < .001) and a moderate correlation with grip strength (ρ = 0.61, p < .001). Furthermore, the sensitivity for detecting clinically meaningful improvement was highest for grip strength (60.4%) followed by I-RODS (52.1%), while for capturing deterioration, it was highest for I-RODS (80.0%). The Korean version of the I-RODS is a reliable and valid tool for measuring disability in patients with inflammatory neuropathy. The I-RODS is useful for both clinical practice and research applications.

Cross-cultural Adaption of the Indonesian Version of the Withdrawal Assessment Tool Version-1

Background Sedative and analgesic medications are commonly administered in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU) but can cause complications, such as Iatrogenic Withdrawal Syndrome (IWS). The Withdrawal Assessment Tool Version-1 (WAT-1) questionnaire is a validated and reliable diagnostic tool for IWS, but it is not yet available in the Indonesian language. Methods This observational cross-sectional study was conducted in two phases at Ciptomangukusumo Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia. The initial phase involved translating the WAT-1 and State Behavioral Scale (SBS) instrument into Indonesian. Subsequently, the validity and reliability of the Indonesian version of WAT-1 were tested on 30 patients who received sedative and analgesic medications for at least five consecutive days in the PICU. Evaluations were performed by two groups of nurses: PICU nurses and training nurses. Results The Indonesian version of WAT-1 was found to be valid and reliable. The validity showed correlations ranging from good to very strong (r = 0.490 to 0.836) among PICU nurses and strong correlations (r = 0.634 to 0.808) among trained nurses. The WAT-1 questionnaire demonstrated reliability with Cronbach's alpha values of 0.791 for PICU nurses and 0.785 for trained nurses. The Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) for WAT-1 indicated very good to excellent consistency in assessments, and the ICC for SBS indicated excellent consistency. Conclusion The Indonesian version of WAT-1 and SBS is a valid and reliable diagnostic tool for detecting Iatrogenic Withdrawal Syndrome in Children.

INVESTIGATING THE IMPACT OF SELF-EFFICACY AND RESILIENCE ON TEACHERS IN THE UAE

Purpose: This research aimed to explore the connection between self-efficacy and resilience among teachers. Method: A reliability assessment was performed on an 18-item self-efficacy scale and a 15-item resilience scale, yielding Cronbach's alpha values of 0.825 and 0.860, respectively. Responses were gathered using a structured questionnaire from teachers in the northern UAE region. The study employed a descriptive approach to evaluate the levels of self-efficacy and resilience among the participants. To identify potential relationships between the variables, correlation analysis, Friedman test, and Kruskal-Wallis test were utilized. Results: The analysis revealed a positive association between higher levels of self-efficacy and resilience in teachers. As predicted, there was a significant relationship between teachers' self-efficacy and their resilience. Conclusion: This research highlights a robust link between self-efficacy and resilience in teachers. The findings underscore the importance of developing comprehensive training programs to boost both self-efficacy and resilience among educators.

Analyzing Financial Planning with SPSS Statistical Software

Financial planning is the strategic process of managing and optimizing one's financial resources to achieve long-term goals and secure a stable financial future. It involves assessing current financial situations, setting objectives, and developing a roadmap to attain those objectives through prudent money management. The primary aim is to align income, expenses, investments, and savings in a harmonious manner. Effective financial planning encompasses various aspects, including budgeting, saving, investing, tax planning, retirement planning, risk management, and estate planning. It begins with a comprehensive evaluation of income sources, expenditures, debts, and assets. By understanding individual financial aspirations and risk tolerance, a tailored plan can be crafted to ensure financial security during different life stages. Financial planning provides several benefits, such as enabling individuals to prioritize goals like buying a home, funding education, or retiring comfortably. It also aids in mitigating unforeseen financial hardships through emergency funds and insurance coverage. Regular reviews and adjustments to the plan ensure its relevance over time, accommodating changing circumstances and economic conditions. In essence, financial planning empowers individuals to make informed decisions about their money, work towards their dreams, and navigate economic challenges with confidence. It serves as a dynamic process that empowers individuals to take control of their financial destinies and achieve a more secure and prosperous future. Financial planning research holds significant importance as it enhances our understanding of effective strategies for managing money, investments, and resources. Through empirical studies and analyses, researchers identify trends, evaluate investment options, and uncover innovative approaches to wealth management. This research informs financial professionals, policymakers, and individuals, enabling them to make informed decisions based on evidence and best practices. By exploring the intricacies of financial markets, risk management techniques, and behavioral finance, such research contributes to improved financial literacy, better investment outcomes, and overall economic stability. SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) is a widely used software tool for statistical analysis in various fields, including social sciences, business, and research. It provides a user-friendly interface for data management, manipulation, and advanced statistical computations. Researchers and analysts use SPSS to perform tasks such as data cleaning, descriptive statistics, hypothesis testing, regression analysis, and more. With its graphical outputs and reporting capabilities, SPSS aids in interpreting complex data patterns and making informed decisions. It plays a crucial role in transforming raw data into meaningful insights, facilitating evidence-based decision-making and research outcomes. Evaluation preference taken as Competitive Analysis and Industry Mapping, Cross-Cultural Communication, Global Strategic Partnerships and Alliances, Mergers and Acquisitions (M&amp;A) Expertise, Digital Transformation in a Global Context. The calculated Cronbach's Alpha reliability coefficient for the model is .574, suggesting a reliability of 57%. Based on the insights from the literature review, the model with a Cronbach's Alpha value slightly above 58% is suitable for further analysis.

Psychometrics evaluation of the Persian version of Attitudes toward Patient Safety Questionnaire (APSQ-III) in nursing students

BackgroundThe topic of patient safety and attitudes toward patient safety among health professionals is a main priority of healthcare systems globally. This study aims to investigate the psychometric properties of APSQ-III among Iranian nursing students.MethodsThere were 307 undergraduate nursing students who participated in the cross-sectional methodological study, from December 2022 to January 2023. Content validity, Construct validity and reliability of the APSQ-III was evaluated.ResultsIn the exploratory factor analysis, three factors were identified from 11 items, accounting for 58% of the total variance. The confirmatory factor analysis indices confirmed the model fit (χ2(38) = 91.851, p < 0.001, χ2/df = 2.417, CFI = 0.966, PNFI = 0.652, IFI = 0.966, TLI = 0.951 and RMSEA = 0.068). The results of the reliability evaluation indicated that the factors demonstrated a satisfactory level of internal consistency, as evidenced by Cronbach's alpha (α) and McDonald's omega (ω) values. Additionally, the Composite Reliability (CR) and Maximal Reliability H were both above 0.8, further supporting the reliability of the factors.ConclusionThe results of this study support the valid and reliable APSQ-III with 11 items and three factors. This questionnaire can be used to assess patient safety attitude among nursing students.

Integrated Learning Models for Micro-Teaching Course

The progressive world of education needs to be accelerated by fulfilling the competencies of prospective teachers who are also progressive through a series of performance tasks that are relevant to learning needs in the 21st century. This research used Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation (ADDIE) to innovate an integrated learning model for a micro-teaching course. A needs analysis was conducted on 75 students, two lecturers, and 30 teachers to assess actual performance, confirm desired performance, and identify causes of performance gaps. Researchers then designed performance tasks and validated them by 10 raters, tested them on 337 students to test the outer and inner models, and tested them on 30 students, 28 lecturers, and 49 teachers to test differences. Test content validity using the Aiken-V formula and test inter-rater reliability using ICC. Meanwhile, testing the validity and reliability of the construct uses outer and inner model analysis (CB-SEM), and the difference test uses ANOVA. The content validity results prove that all task performance meets the Aiken parameters (0.75-1.00), the interrater reliability value is 0.573, and the Cronbach alpha value is 0.931. Testing the outer model proves that the loading factor task performance value ranges from 0.709-0.874, the Cronbach alpha value ranges from 0.768-0.880, the composite reliability value ranges from 0.768-0.879, the AVE value ranges from 0.580-0.649, and the discriminant validity value ranges from 0.761-0.806. The inner model test proves that the Chi-Square/df value = 2.254, RMSEA value = 0.061, SRMR value = 0.036, NFI value = 0.910, TLI value = 0.936, and CFI value = 0.948. Meanwhile, the results of the ANOVA test confirm that the Sig value = 0.098, so it can be concluded that there are no significant differences between the three sample groups regarding the model innovation results. Thus, the 25-task performance in the integrated learning model has a significant psychometric function relative to the actual situation, so it becomes one of the references that lecturers can use to improve the competency of prospective teachers in micro-teaching courses (not limited to teaching skills, analytical thinking skills, academic integrity, and transformational leadership). Doi: 10.28991/ESJ-2024-08-06-020 Full Text: PDF

Design and Validation of the Flipped-Learning Assessment Scale for Undergraduate Nursing Education.

To design and validate the Flipped-Learning Assessment Scale; a tool for assessing students' experience of flipped learning. Frequently, university students are introduced to new content during lectures. In contrast, active learning activities, such as Flipped Learning, are designed as an instructional method to engages students in the learning process. Cross-sectional descriptive study. A cross-sectional study was carried out in three phases ((1) item selection, rephrasing and translation; (2) content analysis through expert panel and (3) confirmatory factor analysis). The final version of the scale was piloted on a sufficient sample of undergraduate student nurses from three Spanish universities. A total of 455 students completed the questionnaire; 373 women and 82 men. The total Cronbach's alpha value for the complete instrument was 0.893. Cronbach alpha for each separate dimension ranged between 0.660 and 0.897. Goodness-of-fit values were acceptable, implying that the model was validated. The flipped learning approach has become increasingly popular in academic settings. Evaluating the students' flipped learning experience is important to analyse aspects such as acceptability and effectiveness of this methodology. The Flipped-Learning Assessment Scale is a valid and reliable tool for analysing students' experience of flipped learning. Flipped learning has been a useful pedagogical model very for cultivating student skills in problem-solving, critical thinking, teamwork and self-active learning in nursing education. A key issues, such as student satisfaction, has been explored further before implementing this teaching and learning methodology. None.

The Mediating Role of Achievement Behaviors on Motivation and Employee Performance

Human resources are essential to delivering organizational performance. Motivation is one factor that can improve employee performance. Motivated and achievement-oriented employees are more likely to set challenging goals, persist in the face of obstacles, seek opportunities for improvement, and demonstrate high levels of performance. This research investigates the mediating role of achievement behavior on employee motivation and performance. To test the research model, the author used a structured survey approach on employees at a government agency in Bandung with 126 employees. Before testing the data, the author first carried out a validity test by referring to the outer loading value of the research instrument and the cronbach alpha value, which met the testing requirements. The author uses a non-parametric approach, namely Partial Least Squares (PLS). The research results indicate that achievement thinking influences employee performance as well, and achievement behavior influences performance. The implications of the research show that employee motives, such as a strong mind, can encourage enthusiasm to carry out work optimally so that they can complete the task as well as possible. This research explores the mediating role of achievement behavior on employee motivation and performance. The research has shortcomings, namely that it is cross-sectional, so it only applies at one time and examines the impact of achievement behavior on employee motivation and performance. To strengthen these findings, further research with more representative samples is important.

Analysis of the Impact of the Social Environment on the Implementation of the Construction of the Wiego Warehouse Building on Jalan Letda Sujono Medan

In modern civilization, the construction of modern shopping centers is often a symbol of a city's progress. The implementation of development will definitely have various impacts, one of which is social and environmental impacts. This research aims to determine the social and environmental impact of the construction of the Wiego Warehouse Building on Jalan Letda Sujono. This research was carried out by distributing questionnaires to the local community during the construction of the project. The data collection technique used a questionnaire by distributing it to 71 respondents with question criteria of social impact and environmental impact. The research method used is descriptive analysis, validity testing and reliability testing. The results of the social and environmental impact validity test have a calculated r value greater than the r table, namely 0.2303, and the social impact reliability test results show a Cronbach Alpha value (0.935) 0.7, while the environmental impact Cronbach Alpha (0.974) 0, 7. The ranking method is used to determine the ranking of respondents and give priority to study variables, after collecting data from respondents, it is then analyzed using the Mean value, which is a group explanation technique based on the average value to get the Mean value, processing questionnaire data using the SPSS program with descriptive analysis methods. From the research results, a ranking order for each social and environmental impact was obtained. The most important social impact is disruption of traffic comfort, and the most important environmental impact is the effect of implementing this project on the emergence of air pollution.

The Effect of FoMO, Uncertainty Avoidance and Impulsiveness on Financial Investment Decisions of Individual Investors

The increase in the use of internet, mobile devices and social media tools causes an increase in the factors affecting the investment decisions of individual investors. Especially social media platforms can trigger individual investors' fear of missing out (FoMO), uncertainty avoidance and impulsive buying emotions, which can direct investors' behavior and directly affect their investment decisions. In the literature, FoMO, uncertainty avoidance and impulsiveness, which have been studied in marketing, communication, and psychology, have been addressed separately in a few studies in finance. The most important point that distinguishes this study from other studies is that the relationship between FoMO, uncertainty avoidance and impulsiveness in the investment decisions of individual investors is studied together. The data used in the study was collected through a survey to measure uncertainty avoidance, impulsivity and FoMO levels from people over the age of 18, who have income and have made at least one financial investment. In the study, factor analysis was conducted on the participants' investment preferences, uncertainty avoidance, impulsivity and FoMO scales, Cronbach Alpha values of the factors were examined, and then cluster analysis was conducted for each scale. In the study, by examining individual investors' investment preferences and investment frequency separately, it was concluded that investors who invest in the same investment type exhibit different behaviors according to their investment frequency. This shows that investors who invest in the same investment instruments have different levels of FoMO, impulsiveness and uncertainty avoidance. The relationships between the frequency of investment in each type of investment and FoMO, uncertainty avoidance and impulsiveness are presented in detail in the relevant sections of the study.

Work Engagement and Organizational Citizenship Behavior as Predictors of Job Motivation

The purpose of this study is to determine the simultaneous role or influence of work engagement (WE) and organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) on job motivation. Data were collected through a saturated sampling technique, involving all 137 employees at a tertiary university in Indonesia. The data were collected using a questionnaire adapted and translated into Indonesian, ensuring validity and reliability. The predictive correlational design was adopted to examine relationships between the independent variables, work engagement and OCB, and the dependent variable, job motivation, based on the Cronbach's alpha values of 0.828, 0.909, and 0.908, respectively. The partial findings from the T-test analysis show that work engagement partially serves as a predictor of job motivation; the partial findings also indicate that organizational citizenship behaviors also serve as predictors. The results of the hypothesis testing analysis also show that the partial results from the t-test indicate that both work engagement, organizational citizenship, and job motivation are independent variables. The findings of the research contribute to the field by providing a nuanced understanding of how WE and OCBC simultaneously influence job motivation within the context of employees at the company.

Women’s Views of Birth Labor Satisfaction Questionnaire: Turkish Validity and Reliability Study

Aim: The purpose of this research was to evaluate the validity and reliability of the Turkish translation of the "Women's Views of Birth Labor Satisfaction Questionnaire (WVBLSQ)", a tool designed to gauge postpartum women's contentment with the birthing experience. Material and Method: In this methodological study, 320 healthy women who gave birth spontaneously vaginally in the postnatal unit of a state hospital in the Central Anatolia Region of Türkiye participated. The study data were collected between April 2023 and April 2024. The WVBLSQ and the participant introduction form were utilized to gather data. The study's methods included language and content validity, item analysis, test-retest reliability, and exploratory internal consistency coefficients. Results: The women's average age was 27.09±5.76 years. After the fifth and sixth sub-dimensions were removed from the 26-item version of the scale, Cronbach's alpha value was found to be 0.77 when the reliability of the scale and its seven sub-dimensions were evaluated separately. The sub-dimensions in the scale are ‘Professional support in labour, home assessment at the beginning of labour, expectation of labour, spouse/partner support during labour, control, environment during labour and pain relief’. For each of the scale's sub-dimensions, the Cronbach's α value ranged from 0.26 to 0.75. The results of the test-retest used to assess the scale's temporal invariance revealed that there was a highly significant correlation between the measures. Conclusion: The Turkish version of the scale proved to be suitable for assessing labor satisfaction in women who had normal spontaneous labor.

Construct Validity of Adaptive Performance: A Case of Malaysian Lecturers

The virtual mode of the classroom that changes from the traditional education model poses challenges among the educators especially the inability to cope with the adaption of educational technologies. Online literacy is the basic skill to exercise an outstanding performance during changing environments. However, the conceptualization of adaptive performance seeks further exploration mainly because the past studies focus on the specific context. This study aims to present the validity and reliability of the adaptive performance construct related to online teaching platforms among Malaysian public university lecturers. The questionnaire was designed using Google Form and the adopted questionnaire was emailed to lecturers of Malaysian Research Universities (henceforth, RUs) via their institution’s email address. The data were then analyzed using the SmartPLS software through the measurement model analysis. The analysis involved a second-order approach where the outer loading values, the convergent validity of Average Variance Extracted (henceforth, AVE), and reliability analysis of the adaptive performance construct. The findings suggest that the validity and reliability of the construct were established for the context of the study. The Cronbach Alpha and composite reliability values scored above the threshold values. This study confirmed the adaptive performance instrument among the lecturers in Malaysia and can provide insight for future research. The limitation includes the sample of the study that was rather homogenous which it only focused on lecturers from Malaysian RUs.

Developing and validating a knowledge, attitude, and practice questionnaire regarding dengue among secondary schoolchildren in Malaysia

IntroductionDengue is a viral disease borne by mosquitoes that infects humans that is a significant public health concern and socio-economic burden globally, especially in countries in the tropics and subtropics. Health education and community participation are the most powerful prevention strategies. Assessing local community knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) on dengue is essential for targeted interventions, as enhancing KAP helps communities recognize risks, adopt preventive attitudes, and implement effective measures to reduce dengue transmission. This study developed and validated a questionnaire on dengue KAP among secondary schoolchildren. Questionnaires serve as essential tools in research, allowing for standardized measurement of knowledge, attitudes, and practices, which supports accurate data collection and meaningful analysis.MethodsThe development and evaluation process (structure and content) involved consultations with eight experts including public health medicine specialists, medical officers, behavioural insights officer, academician, and entomologist, to ensure the relevance and comprehensiveness of the questionnaires. A QDengue-KAP questionnaire was administered to 30 secondary schoolchildren in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The online questionnaire was self-administered, closed-ended, distributed anonymously, and participation was voluntary.ResultsThe final questionnaire comprised four sections and 50 items after the initial version had undergone a rigorous evaluation to ensure its reliability and validity. The content validity index (CVI) and content validity ratio (CVR) values exceeded the minimum requirement and indicated that all items met the minimum standards for content validity. Compared to the initial version, the final version of the questionnaire had improved Cronbach alpha values for each dengue KAP domain: knowledge [Cronbach’s alpha: 0.765 (items: 15)], attitude [0.894 (15)], practice Part A [0.735 (15)], and practice Part B [0.876 (5)]. Thus, each statement in the Knowledge (K), Attitude (A), and Practice (P) domains was deemed valid through validity and reliability evaluation, ensuring their relevance and accuracy in assessing dengue-related factors.ConclusionThe validation process demonstrated that each statement in the KAP domains was relevant, accurate, and aligned with the study's objectives, supported by expert validation and representation of the target population. This rigorous approach strengthens the validity and reliability of the questionnaire, making it a valid tool for assessing and improving dengue-related behaviours within the target population.

Evaluation of Validity and Reliability Using Rasch Model and SPSS on Students' Mathematical Creative Thinking Ability

Mathematical creative thinking is an important skill for students to face global challenges and advances in science and technology. However, previous research shows that this skill is still low among Indonesian students. Accurate measurement can be ensured by valid and reliable instruments. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the validity and reliability of the mathematical creative thinking ability test instrument using the Rasch Model and SPSS. The research method is quantitative with a survey approach, involving 106 participants from various demographic backgrounds. The results of the validity test using the Rasch model showed that the eight items on the mathematical creative thinking ability test instrument met the criteria with the ideal value range for Outfit MNSQ, Outfit ZSTD, and PTMEA-CORR. In addition, the validity test results using SPSS show that the eight items have a correlation coefficient value that exceeds the r product moment value. The results of the analysis showed that the instruments tested were valid and reliable with a Cronbach's Alpha value of 0.73 using the Rasch Model and SPSS. However, the Rasch Model showed 24 persons that did not fit, which means that the Rasch model's ability to provide more specific results. Both methods can be used effectively to measure the validity and reliability of mathematical creative thinking test instruments and the Rasch Model provides more detailed information in identifying persons who do not fit

Enhancing news writing skills of grade 4 students through graphic organizer strategy

This study aims to enhance the news writing skills of Grade 4 pupils at Cateel Central Elementary School using a graphic organizer strategy. The respondents are selected through a complete enumeration sampling technique, with two sections serving as respondents. The Aiken's V coefficient method and Cronbach's alpha were employed to ensure the validity and reliability of the research instrument. The validation process yielded an impressive Aiken V coefficient of 0.75, indicating robust validity. Additionally, reliability testing resulted in Cronbach's alpha values of 0.78 and 0.86, signifying satisfactory reliability levels. The pre-test results indicated that the students did not meet the expectations set by the K to 12 grading system, with a grade percentage of 66.60. Post-test results, however, revealed a significant improvement in the student's performance, with a grade percentage of 88.33, indicating a very satisfactory level. The statistical analysis confirmed this difference as significant, demonstrating the effectiveness of the graphic organizer strategy in enhancing news writing skills among Grade 4 students. The significant improvement in students' news writing skills after the implementation of graphic organizers highlights the effectiveness of this pedagogical tool, suggesting its wider adoption in curricula and the need for further teacher training to maximize its benefits for enhancing academic performance.

Fatores de Risco ao Patrimônio Cultural do Estado de Mato Grosso

The objective of this article is to identify the risk factors that most affect the intangible, archaeological and architectural-landscape heritage of Mato Grosso, from the perspective of managers of public institutions linked to its preservation and conservation. The research started from a survey (questionnaire) of participants' opinions regarding risk factors that affect cultural heritage, with subsequent quantification and qualitative analysis (data tabulation) and quantitative analysis (assessment of reliability and internal consistency using a statistical instrument). The most common risks for architectural-landscape heritage are Abandonment (72%, Social dimension), Mismanagement (67%) and Successive reforms and renovations (67%), both in the Governance dimension; in the Environmental dimension they are Fires (44%) and Construction of various projects (44%). For archaeological heritage, the most common risk factors in the Environmental dimension are Construction of hydroelectric plants, dams and similar (50%), Intensive crops in sensitive areas (50%), Livestock in sensitive areas (50%) and Deforestation (50%). The most common risk factors for intangible heritage are: in the Governance dimension - Mismanagement (44%) and, in the Environmental dimension: Livestock in sensitive areas (50%), Deforestation (56%) and Fires (50%). Cronbach's Alpha values ​​were 0.965 for intangible heritage, 0.962 for archaeological heritage and 0.97 for architectural-landscape heritage, concluding that the results obtained are reliable.

Cultural Adaptation and Psychometric Properties of the Spanish Version of the Gay Affirmative Practice Scale (GAP-ES).

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) individuals often face discrimination in healthcare settings, resulting in health disparities. Evaluating healthcare professionals' affirmative practices is essential for promoting inclusive care and addressing these disparities. The aim of this study was to assess the psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the Gay Affirmative Practice Scale (GAP-ES), which measures healthcare professionals' affirmative practices towards gay individuals. Before assessing its psychometric properties, the original Gay Affirmative Practice Scale (GAP) was translated and culturally adapted from English to Spanish. Following the translation, the psychometric properties were tested on a sample of 236 healthcare professionals. The internal consistency of the questionnaire was measured using Cronbach's alpha and the discriminatory power index. Factor structure was evaluated with Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) using the Diagonally Weighted Least Squares method. The sample consisted of 152 female (64.41%) and 84 male (35.59%) participants, with 58.05% identifying as heterosexual, 28.81% as homosexual, and 13.14% as bisexual. The internal consistency of the GAP-ES was strong, with Cronbach's alpha values of 0.915 for the Beliefs subscale and 0.902 for the Behaviors subscale. The McDonald's Omega coefficient was 0.942, indicating high reliability. CFA confirmed a two-factor structure with satisfactory fit indices (CFI = 0.999, RMSEA = 0.071). The GAP-ES demonstrates strong internal consistency and a stable factor structure. It is a reliable tool for evaluating affirmative practices toward LGBT patients in Spanish-speaking healthcare contexts, supporting improved care for this population. The integration of the GAP-ES into clinical practice and training programs may support the enhancement of cultural competence among healthcare professionals, contributing to the reduction of health disparities for LGBT patients in Spanish-speaking settings.

The Effect of Remedial Program Practices on the Academic Performance of Slow Learners in Mathematics Subject in Public Lower-Day Secondary School in Rwanda: A Case of Kirehe District

This study investigates the effects of remedial program practices on the academic performance of slow learners in mathematics in public lower-day secondary schools in Kirehe District, Rwanda. The research aimed to assess the effectiveness of these remedial practices in enhancing mathematical problem-solving abilities among slow learners, comparing academic performance before and after participation, and identifying factors that influence the success or failure of these interventions. The study emphasizes the importance of remedial programs in bridging the achievement gap in mathematics and promoting academic equality in Rwanda. A descriptive survey design with a mixed-methods approach was employed, targeting a population of 87,208 individuals, including students, teachers, and headteachers from 64 public secondary schools in Kirehe District. Participants were selected through random and purposive sampling techniques. Data were collected via questionnaires and interview guides, capturing both quantitative improvements in academic performance and qualitative feedback on the effectiveness of remedial strategies from educators and students. Instrument validity was confirmed using the Content Validity Index (CVI), and reliability was verified with Cronbach's Alpha values of 0.60 and 0.7, respectively. Statistical analyses using SPSS and Microsoft Excel revealed significant outcomes. The study found that 83.32% of respondents either strongly agreed or agreed that remedial teaching methods enhance the mathematical problem-solving skills of slow learners, with a mean score of 4.33 (SD = 1.10). A strong positive correlation of 0.701 (p = 0.002) was observed between remedial teaching methods and mathematics test scores, underscoring their substantial impact. Additionally, the frequency of remedial sessions was positively correlated with sustained academic improvement (r = 0.454, p = 0.002), while active student participation was identified as a critical factor for success (r = 0.623, p = 0.043). These findings support existing literature on the necessity of structured remedial programs that address the unique needs of slow learners. Effective teaching methods, sufficient session frequency, optimal teacher-student ratios, and active student engagement emerged as key components for improving mathematical problem-solving skills and academic performance. The study recommends the implementation of structured, needs-based remedial programs with increased session frequency to support continuous learning and retention among slow learners.

Influence of Promotion on the Job Performance of Police

The study investigated the impact of promotion on job performance at the Tanzania Police School in Moshi. Utilizing a convergent research design, it combined qualitative and quantitative methods, focusing on a population of 450 police officers. A sample size of 183 was determined using Slovin’s formula. Data collection involved simple random and purposive sampling, with questionnaires for officers and interviews for inspectors. To ensure validity, research instruments were reviewed by university experts, while reliability was established through pilot testing, yielding a Cronbach Alpha value of 0.75, indicating good internal consistency. Data were analyzed using SPSS, employing descriptive statistics such as percentages and frequency, presented in tables. The findings revealed that promotions positively influence police officers' performance. The study concluded that ongoing promotions within Tanzania police schools are essential for enhancing performance. Recommendations included identifying and recognizing rewards for officers to foster motivation and improve job performance.