Cronbach's Alpha Values Research Articles

Millî Eğitim Bakanlığına Bağlı Ortaöğretim Kurumlarında Görevli Öğretmenlerin Mesleki Doyumlarının Veri Analizinin İncelenmesi

In this study, data analysis was examined in order to determine the perceptions of teachers working in secondary education institutions towards professional (job) satisfaction. The working group of the research conducted in the screening model was composed of high school teachers working in the 2023-2024 academic year. In the research, 88 teachers who voluntarily participated in the study were selected using the simple random sampling method. The Occupational Satisfaction Scale developed by Kuzgun, Sevim and Hamamcı (2005) was used in the study. In the analysis of the data, descriptive statistics were made in order to determine the averages of the responses given by teachers to their opinions about their professional satisfaction. T-test and one-way Anova analysis were performed to examine the answers given to the expressions that correspond to the normal distribution according to the determined variables. According to the results of the reliability analysis of the Occupational Satisfaction Scale, Cronbach's Alpha value was found to be Alpha=, 659. The fact that this value is in the December of 0.60 < cronbach's alpha < 0.80 shows that the scale is reliable. The Occupational Satisfaction Scale consists of 20 expressions and two sub-dimensions. These sub-dimensions and scale items are as follows: the variance ratio explained by two factors is 48.8%, of which 36.4% is explained by the qualifications suitability dimension, and 12.2% is explained by the development opportunity dimension. Key Words: Secondary Education Institutions, Teachers, Professional Satisfaction, Data Analysis

Pengaruh Gaya Hidup Terhadap Perilaku Keuangan Mahasiswa Fakultas Ekonomi Universitas Nias

Lifestyle is how a person behaves to allocate money and time which is expressed in activities, interests and opinions. Meanwhile, financial behavior is a person's ability to manage, namely planning, budgeting, checking management, controlling, searching and storing daily financial funds. As for the lifestyle of students at the Faculty of Economics, Nias University, which influences their financial behavior and how much influence lifestyle has on the financial behavior of students at the Faculty of Economics, Nias University. The research results show that: (1) Lifestyle has a positive effect on Financial Behavior. This is justified by the value of valid data processing results for Variables Therefore, the reliability test of these two variables can be declared reliable because the Cronbach Alpha value is above 0.6. (2) The correlation result with the SPSS software method is 0.919. This figure shows that the significant value is 0.919>0.05, which means that there is no correlation in this study. (3) The coefficient of determination of the R Square value shows a value of 0.844. If the percentage is at a value of 84%, this is the value of the Lifestyle variable that can be explained. (4) The results of the t test for variables X and Y processed in this research Ha are accepted and Ho is rejected, meaning that there is a significant influence of variable

The validity, reliability, and responsiveness of a new biopscyhosocial questionnaire for patients with systemic lupus erythematosus

Objective In recent years, the importance of holistic care in individuals with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) has been emphasized, and therefore a measurement tool that evaluates biopsychosocial impact is needed. This study was conducted to determine the validity, reliability, and responsiveness of the Cognitive Exercise Therapy Approach-Biopsychosocial Questionnaire (BETY-BQ) in individuals with SLE. Methods Lupus Quality of Life (LupusQoL), Short Form-36 (SF-36), Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ), and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) were used for the validity. For reliability, evaluations were repeated at 1 -week intervals and for responsiveness, the same scales were re-administered at 3-month intervals to 30 patients. Results BETY-BQ showed moderate to high correlations with LupusQoL subparameters (rho = −0.522 to −0.718, p < 0.001), moderate to very high correlations with SF-36 subparameters (r = −0.826 to rho = 0.594, p < 0.001), high correlations with HAQ and HADS-D (rho = 0.735, p < 0.001; rho = 0.622, p < 0.001, respectively) and a moderate correlation with HADS-A (rho = 0.571, p < 0.001). In the test-retest method the correlation between the responses was very high (r = 0.989, p < 0.001). The intraclass correlation coefficient (r = 0.944, p < 0.001) and Cronbach’s alpha value were found to be excellent (0.952). BETY-BQ showed moderate correlations with LupusQoL subparameters (the body image r = −0.443, p = 0.014; planning rho = −0.529, p = 0.003; fatigue r = −0.484, p = 0.007; intimate relationships rho = −0.421, p = 0.02), SF-36 social function subparameter (rho = −0.427, p = 0.019) and anxiety and depression subparameter of HADS (rho = 0.418, p = 0.021; r = 0.507, p = 0.004, respectively). Conclusion BETY-BQ which was found as a valid, reliable, and responsive scale in individuals with SLE, was presented to healthcare professionals for use in clinical and research studies as a scale that can be preferred in the evaluation of biopsychosocial status of individuals with SLE.

Negative Perceptions of Pregnancy Scale: A Scale Development Study.

Background and Purpose: This study was conducted to develop a measurement tool to determine the perception of pregnancy. Methods: The scale was developed in four main stages: the design and development of the items, submitting the draft form to expert opinion, administration of the scale, and performing construct validity and reliability analyses. The study data were collected from 327 women with pregnancies between May 1, 2020, and February 1, 2021. The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences 22 and LISREL software packages were used to evaluate the data. Results: The result of the exploratory factor analysis of the scale indicated that there were three factors with an eigenvalue of greater than 1 and that the factors explained 54.152% of the total variance. Cronbach's alpha values of the factors were .84, .80, and .81, respectively. Conclusions: Considering the factor structure, item-total test correlations, and reliability coefficients, the negative perceptions of the pregnancy scale that was developed in this study can be used to determine the perception of pregnancy.

Exploring the Impact of Educational Administration Knowledge and Work Motivation on the Leadership Effectiveness of Madrasah Heads

This study investigates the positive relationship between educational administrative knowledge, work motivation, and leadership effectiveness among heads of madrasahs. Employing a quantitative correlational survey method, the research targeted 195 heads of MTs. Private in Serang Regency, with a sample size of 30 heads (16% of the population). Instrument reliability was confirmed with Cronbach's alpha values of 0.938 for leadership effectiveness, 0.89 for educational administrative knowledge, and 0.94 for work motivation. Data analysis utilized correlation and regression formulas. The findings revealed a significant positive relationship between educational administrative knowledge (X1) and leadership effectiveness (Y), represented by the regression equation Ŷ = 35.22 + 3X1, with a correlation coefficient of 0.998 at α = 0.05. Additionally, a significant positive relationship was found between work motivation (X2) and leadership effectiveness (Y), described by the regression equation Ŷ = -33.011 + 1.30X2, with a correlation coefficient of 0.999 at α = 0.05. Furthermore, the combined analysis showed a significant positive relationship between educational administrative knowledge (X1) and work motivation (X2) with leadership effectiveness (Y), represented by the equation Ŷ = 3.62 + 1.74X1 + 0.58X2, with a correlation coefficient value of Ry12 = 0.984. These results underscore the importance of educational administrative knowledge and work motivation in enhancing leadership effectiveness among madrasah heads, suggesting that targeted professional development in these areas could significantly improve leadership performance in educational institutions.

TEST OF THE VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY OF THE SOCIAL STIGMATIZATION SCALE OF ATTITUDES TOWARDS PRISONERS (ATP) CORRECTIONAL CLIENTS

One of the challenges in the correctional system is the negative stigma associated with clients and released inmates, making it difficult for inmates to integrate positively into society. Until now, there has been no method to assess the extent of the community's attitudes towards released or parolee inmates in a specific region. This research aims to test the validity and reliability of the Attitudes Towards Prisoners (ATP) scale in the Indonesian language. Developed by Melvin, the ATP scale has been validated and demonstrated good trial reliability, with excellent consistency when tested in various countries. The adaptation of this instrument involved steps such as Forward-Backward Translation, instrument panel testing based on translation results, instrument revisions, content validity, back translation, instrument approval, data collection, and instrument reliability. For testing the validity and reliability, the scale was distributed online using Google Forms to 224 respondents, including correctional groups, students, the general public, and correctional officers. The results of the ATP scale's validity test found that 35 items were valid, while 1 item was not valid, with a Cronbach's Alpha value of 0.917. The findings of this study recommend the use of the ATP as a supporting instrument in assessing the community's attitudes towards released inmates and further research in the field of inmate integration.

Development of an Assessment Instrument to Measure High School Students' Collaboration Skills in Physics Learning

This study aims to determine the feasibility of the instrument for assessing students' collaboration skills in learning physics. This research is Research and Development (R &amp; D) research with the Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation and Evaluation (ADDIE) model. In this research, the researcher limited the stages in the ADDIE model to the development stage only, so that the development research stages were reduced from five steps to three steps, namely analysis, design and development. The population in this study were students of SMA Negeri 1 Piyungan with a sample of 25 students. The instrument used is a questionnaire. The data obtained were analyzed using validity and reliability tests with the help of the SPSS application. The results obtained show that the validity value obtained is 1.00 with a very high validity category and the reliability value shown through the Cronbach's Alpha value of 0.927 is in the very high criteria. In the small group trial, an rtable value of 0.396 was also obtained, and the rcount value was in the range of 0.425 – 0.760. From these results it shows that the instrument for assessing students' collaboration skills in learning physics is valid and feasible to use.

Examination of experienced coaches and physical education teachers' teaching methods and their perceptions regarding these methods-2023.

It is widely acknowledged that coaches and physical education teachers play an important role in supporting holistic development in children and ensuring optimal performance in the training processes carried out to acquire fundamental movements and sport-specific basic skills. However, there is a need for further information on how both groups utilize and value different teaching methods during the training. The present study aims to examine the perceptions of coaches and physical education teachers regarding the use and value of teaching methods. The "Coaches' Instructional Methods Utilization Scale" for coaches and the "Physical Education Teachers' Perception of Teaching Methods Scale" for physical education teachers were administered to 114 coaches and 115 physical education teachers voluntarily participating from three randomly selected provinces of Türkiye. The Cronbach Alpha values ranged between .89 and .93 for the "Coaches' Instructional Methods Utilization Scale" and between .90 and .96 for the "Physical Education Teachers' Perception of Teaching Methods Scale". Descriptive statistics were used in research, t-tests in binary comparisons, One-Way ANOVA in multiple comparisons, and Tukey's test in determining the source of differences. Similarities were observed in the most and least used methods by coaches and physical education teachers, as well as in their perceptions of the highest and lowest values for these methods. Additionally, coaches and physical education teachers exhibited similarities in their perceptions of value in terms of entertainment, learning, and motivation. It was observed that female physical education teachers had lower value perceptions among the levels of use of teaching methods and value perceptions according to gender. Comparing the usage levels and value perceptions of teaching methods by professional experience, significant differences were found in Exercise (B), Learner-Designed Individual Program (I), and Learner-initiated (J) methods for coaches, whereas no statistically significant difference was observed in value perceptions. Moreover, considering the physical education teachers, significant differences were found in Command (A), Self-Check (D), Guided Discovery (F), Problem-Solving: Single Solution (G) methods, and in value perceptions for the Exercise (B), Guided Discovery (F), Problem-Solving: Single Solution (G), Problem-Solving: Crating Different Paths (H), and Learner-initiated (J) values.

The utility and reliability of the PreViAs questionnaire forthe assessment of vision in Turkish neonates and infants.

Introduction: Evaluating the visual functions of children with an easy-to-use and evidence-based method during the preverbal period will enable early diagnosis and intervention of visual impairments. The aim of this study is to determine the utility and reliability of the Turkish version of the Preverbal Visual Assessment (PreViAs) questionnaire, which was developed to evaluate the visual functioning of preverbal infants. Population and Methods: The PreViAs questionnaire was administered to primary caregivers of term infants under 24 months of age, and their responses were recorded. Results: Data from the 278 participating infants were analyzed to assess the internal consistency of the PreViAs questionnaire. Results showed a high level of consistency with Cronbach's alpha value of 0.958 for the total score, suggesting strong internal coherence. In addition, the Cronbach's alpha values for each domain were 0.890, 0.913, 0.951, and 0.922 for visual attention, visual communication, visual processing, and visual-motor coordination, respectively, indicating good internal consistency for each subdomain. Conclusion: The Turkish version of the PreViAs questionnaire is useful and reliable for assessing functional vision during the preverbal period.

Development of a Teacher Rating Scale for Giftedness (TRSG)

Abstract Introduction: Intellectual giftedness is an important student characteristic that teachers need to take into consideration when designing education programs and providing educational support to these students. Effective nomination and identification are the basis for further education. In nominating gifted students for special educational programs, teachers play an important role by providing information about superior characteristics of students. The purpose of this study is to develop a teacher rating scale (TRSG) for nominating the children to gifted education programs. Methods: In order to develop a teacher rating scale (TRSG) for nominating the children to gifted education programs, the present study involved three stages: item generation, instrument application and validity-reliability analyses. One hundred sixty-nine teachers participated in the study. To ensure the validity of the scale, its content, construct and criterion-related validity were examined, and to ensure its reliability, its Cronbach alpha value was calculated. For content validity, three experts on gifted education examined the items and the whole scale in terms of successful intelligence theory. After their approval of the content, construct validity was examined by confirmatory factor analysis. Results: The result of the analysis supported the three-factor structure of the scale having 17 items. According to the results of the research, it has been established that the TRSG is a valid and reliable instrument, and it may be used to nominate gifted children based on the evaluations of the teachers. Discussion: Sternberg (2018) defined three components. According to the theory of Sternberg (2018), giftedness involves analytical, practical and creative intelligences, and they are associated not only with each other but also with a G factor. In the analysis, each item was classified under a component of successful intelligence theory and the statistical examinations supported the anticipated associations among the items and the factors. Limitations: The sample size of the teachers was small. The limitations of this study are the use of convenience sampling and the inclusion of only 169 teachers in the sample. Another limitation is rating bias. Conclusions: The results on the validity and reliability supported the notion that the scale is appropriate to be used for nomination purposes by teachers in gifted education programs. Its limited number of items, quick application, and simple scoring procedures make it advantageous for use in various contexts.

Validity and reliability of the Italian version of the short Parkinson's evaluation scale (SPES/SCOPA)

BackgroundIn the medical and rehabilitative field, it is essential to employ tools such as evaluation scales and performance tests to assess the impact of Parkinson's disease on QoL of affected individuals. The Short Parkinson's Evaluation Scale (SPES) is a reliable and valid tool, applicable both in research and clinical practices, useful in assessing motor damage, activities of daily living, and motor complications in patients with Parkinson's disease. The aim of the study is to investigate validity and reliability of the Italian version of the SPES-SCOPA scale. MethodsTranslation and cultural adaptation were performed. Included patients had diagnosis of Parkinson's disease, no concurrent pathologies, MiniMental test score above 2 and signed informed consent; they were recruited at the Department of Human Neurosciences in Sapienza University of Rome, from February 2023 to November 2023. Test-retest reliability was evaluated through Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC), internal consistency was assessed using Cronbach's Alpha and construct validity using Pearson's correlation between SPES-SCOPA and the gold standard PDQ-39. Results101 patients were recruited. Inter-rater evaluation was conducted on 62 patients, while 39 underwent an intra-rater assessment. The analysis showed statistically significant data with a Cronbach's Alpha value of 0.89 for the entire scale; test-retest reliability results are statistically significant for all subscales. Correlation between PDQ-39 domains and SPES/SCOPA subscales were statistically significant for most measurements. ConclusionThis research shows that the Italian version of SPES-SCOPA scale has excellent psychometric properties.

Turkish validity and reliability study of the falsified hand sanitizer identification scale

Objective: The aim of this study was to analyze the validity and reliability of the Fake Hand Sanitizer Identification Scale, which was developed to help consumers determine safe and effective hand disinfectants, in Turkish culture and language. Methods: This methodological and cross-sectional study was conducted between February and April 2021 by applying an online questionnaire to a state university staff. 355 people were reached. The Turkish validity of the scale was tested with language (translation-back translation), structure (Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA)) and known group validity. Reliability was evaluated with Cronbach's alpha internal consistency coefficient, item analysis based on item-total correlation, and test-retest method (Spearman correlation analysis). Results: Majority of the participants (62.18%, n=217) were male, and the mean age of all participants was 41.14 ± 9.80 years. In DFA, x2/sd = 3.67, CFI = 0.98, GFI = 0.92, NFI = 0.97, and RMSEA = 0.08. As the frequency of daily use of sanitizer increased, the score obtained from the scale increased (p &amp;lt; 0.001). When all items were removed from the scale, the Cronbach's alpha value of the scale decreased. The Cronbach's alpha value of the scale was 0.934, 0.892 for factor 1, 0.891 for factor 2 and 0.818 for factor 3. The corrected item-total correlation values of all items ranged from 0.584 to 0.758. The test-retest correlation coefficient was 0.859 (p &amp;lt; 0.001). Conclusion: The Turkish Falsified Hand Sanitizer Identification Scale is a valid and reliable 5-point Likert scale consisting of 12 items and 3 sub-dimensions.

The Climate Change Worry Scale (CCWS) and Its Links with Demographics and Mental Health Outcomes in a Polish Sample.

Developing valid and reliable measures of psychological responses to climate change is of high importance, as this facilitates our understanding of people's psychological responses, including their pro-environmental behavior. Recently, the Climate Change Worry Scale (CCWS) was introduced. This study aimed to develop the first Polish version of the CCWS and explore its psychometric properties. Our sample comprised 420 Polish adults aged 18-70, with a mean age of 26.20 (standard deviation = 10.61) years. The CCWS's factor structure was assessed with confirmatory factor analysis. McDonald's omega and Cronbach's alpha coefficients were computed to assess internal consistency reliability. Pearson correlations between climate change worry (CCW) and experience of climate change (i.e., an individual's level of perception of being affected by climate change), pro-environmental behavior, ill-being (i.e., anxiety and depression symptoms), and well-being were calculated. Our results support the strong factorial validity of the CCWS, conforming to its intended one-factor solution, with excellent internal consistency reliability for the total scale score (i.e., McDonald's omega and Cronbach's alpha values of 0.93). We noted large positive correlations between CCW and experiences of climate change, as well as pro-environmental behavior, and medium positive correlations with psychopathology symptoms. CCW scores were not associated with well-being. As the CCWS represents a measure of a specific manifestation of worry, we also examined its discriminant validity against more general psychological distress markers, and it evidenced strong validity in this regard. Overall, the Polish version of the CCWS appears to have strong psychometric properties, and will therefore be a useful tool to use in research on psychological responses to climate change.

Development of an Android-Based Rhythmicgym Application to Improve Rhythmic Gymnastics Skills of Junior High School Students in Yogyakarta

Aim of this research aim to develop an Android-based Rhythmicgym application to improve the rhythmic gymnastics skills of Yogyakarta City Middle School students. Method of this research use development (R&amp;D). This research procedure adapts the ADDIE development model ( analysis, design, development, implementation, evaluation). The research subjects were divided into three groups, namely: (1) three expert lecturers (2) small-scale tests were tested on 36 students and one Physical Education teacher, (3) large-scale tests were tested on 72 students and one Education teacher Physical. Data collection instruments used questionnaires and observation rubrics. The data analysis technique in the validation test uses Aiken V analysis, the feasibility test questionnaire is analyzed using a Likert scale Results The results of the material and media instrument validation tests obtained an average Aiken V value of 0.883 and 0.937 respectively with a very high validity category . The results of the instrument reliability test for material and media instruments respectively with Cronbach's Alpha values of 0.761 and 0.652 mean that the instrument is declared reliable. The results of small-scale trials on 36 students and one Physical Education teacher showed a percentage of 78% in the appropriate category. The results of a large-scale trial that was tested on 72 students and one Physical Education Teacher showed a percentage of 81% with a very feasible category. Conclusion Based on the research results, it can be concluded that the Android-based RhytmicGym application is declared valid, reliable, feasible, practical and effective for improving the rhythmic gymnastics skills of Yogyakarta City Middle School students.

Autism Detection in Early Childhood (ADEC) in a Low-Income Spanish-Speaking Population in Guayaquil (Ecuador).

The original version of the ADEC was translated and culturally and linguistically adapted to the characteristics of the population of Guayaquil (Ecuador). A pilot study was conducted with a sample of 613 children aged 18-48 months. Cronbach's alpha values (0.89) indicate high internal consistency. The correlation between the MCHAT-R/F follow-up interview and the ADEC (mean r = 0.93) indicates high construct validity. In terms of predictive validity, using the original cut-off points of the ADEC, they show excellent diagnostic ability. The sensitivity and specificity results (sensitivity 1.00; specificity 0.92; positive predictive value 0.83; negative predictive value 0.99) are even better than those obtained in a similar study in the Mexican population. Considering that the MCHAT R/F is a parent-reported instrument, the Guayaquil Spanish version of the ADEC (ADEC-GU) seems to be a suitable instrument to be used in a complementary way as a second-level screening instrument for autism, before resorting to a full diagnostic process.

ADAPTATION OF THE FAMILY HARDINESS INDEX (FHI) INSTRUMENT FOR INDONESIAN ADOLESCENTS

Family resilience in adolescence measures the ability to cope with challenges and disruptions within the family and engage in positive adaptation in their role as children. To address the limitations of the availability of family resilience measurement tools in the Indonesian language, this study aims to adapt and test the reliability and validity among adolescents. One widely used measurement tool for assessing family resilience internationally is the Family Hardiness Index (FHI), developed as part of The Resilience, Adaptation, and Well-Being Project. The testing was conducted on 276 participants aged 12–17 years (M = 14.5; SD = 1.7), with a gender distribution of 124 males (45%) and 152 females (65%). Psychometric property testing revealed that this adapted instrument met reliability criteria with a Cronbach's alpha value of 0.75 and fulfilled construct validity criteria using confirmatory factor analysis. Through these findings, it is hoped that research related to family resilience for Indonesian adolescents will continue to advance, particularly among families facing various challenges and disruptions. Additionally, multiple suggestions and implications arising from this adaptation are discussed in the concluding section of this article.

Designing an Information Technology Platform for Imparting Entrepreneurship Values in Social-Emotional Learning for Kindergarten Children Using EFA and CFA

Kindergarten is crucial for today's education. Kindergarten helps kids develop in all areas. Students work in groups on a simple project task in this study. The work includes topic-related activities. Kids should learn early on that being an entrepreneur will shape their identity &amp; future. This condition makes someone realize that their long-term desire to be an entrepreneur comes from their academic success. This study investigated how the 35 questions are assembled &amp; what improves them. 195 kindergarten teachers participated in the study. The sample was analyzed using EFA &amp; CFA. Exploratory factor analysis revealed twelve unknown variables. The above variables explained 80% of the variation. Various factors explained the remaining 20%. All Cronbach's alpha values exceed requirements. CR &gt;.7 &amp; AVE &gt;.5, indicating credible &amp; tested constructs. The EFA showed that 195 research samples were sufficient because the KMO was above 0.50. This allowed more research. Six-factor solutions explained over 80.71% of the variation, so the EFA liked them. These factors kept the results consistent with those of previous studies. These traits facilitate legislator-educator dialogue rather than kindergarten teacher business observation. Researchers can use these properties for cluster analysis or multivariate linear regression. This subject requires more research because students develop a structured approach. Furthermore, experts should examine the research on what is making kindergarten entrepreneurship instruction popular.

Pengaruh Reward Terhadap Motivasi Kerja Pada Karyawan Badan Waqaf Al-Qur’an Cabang Yogyakarta

This research aims to explain the influence of reward variables and partial motivation on employee performance. This research uses a quantitative method with the sample determination method used is Purposive Sampling with a sample size of 20 and collecting samples by distributing questionnaires. The data analysis used is descriptive statistical analysis. The results show the results of Validity analysis testing to determine the significance of the influence of rewards on work motivation. The table of questions regarding the influence of rewards on work motivation 1-6 above shows correlation values ​​of 0.738, 0.731, 0.665, 0.853, 0.678, 0.693, and the significant values ​​for the questions on the influence of rewards on work motivation 1-6 are 0.00 and 0.01, so it can be stated valid, and the results of the reliability statistics on the reward variable questions, the Cronbach's Alpha value is 0.654, this value exceeds the minimum value of 0.60, thus the questions in the reward variable table are declared reliable or reliable.

Feasibility of Four-Tier Multiple Choice Diagnostic Test for Identification Conception on Chemical Equilibrium Concept

The purpose of this study was to obtain the feasibility of a four-tier multiple choice (4TMC) diagnostic test instrument for the identification of conceptions on chemical equilibrium material in terms of validity, practicality, and effectiveness criteria. This type of research is ADDIE development research with the Analyze, Design, Development, and Evaluation stages. Validity is obtained from a validation sheet consisting of construct, content, and language validity which gets mode = 4, so that the four-tier multiple choice instrument is said to be valid. Practicality is obtained from a learner response questionnaire supported by a learner activity observation sheet. Practicality in terms of the student's response questionnaire is 84% with a very practical category, while the student activity observation sheet gets mode = 1, so the diagnostic test instrument is said to be practical. Effectiveness is obtained from the diagnostic test instrument reliability test. The Cronbach alpha value obtained in the reliability test was 0.798, so the diagnostic test instrument developed was declared reliable. Based on the results of validity, practicality, and effectiveness, the four-tier multiple choice diagnostic test instrument is declared suitable for use.

핀테크 이용자의 통합기술수용요인과 사용자특성이 지속사용의도에 미치는 영향

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to examine the effects of Effort Expectancy, Performance Expectancy, Social Influence, and Facilitation Condition on Continuance Intention through Innovation Resistance and Trust, based on the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology among FinTech users. Research design, data, and methodology: The data for this study were collected through surveys distributed to employees of related companies in the Busan-Ulsan-Gyeongnam region, with 300 questionnaires distributed and 289 retrieved. After excluding 22 questionnaires due to insincere responses or missing data, a total of 267 valid questionnaires were used for statistical analysis. The analysis involved ensuring the normality of variables through descriptive statistics, verifying reliability with Cronbach's alpha values, confirming validity through exploratory factor analysis, and testing hypotheses with structural equation modeling. Results: The impact of Effort Expectancy on Innovation Resistance was rejected, while the impact of Performance Expectancy on Innovation Resistance was accepted. The effects of Social Influence on Innovation Resistance and Facilitation Condition on Innovation Resistance were both rejected. The impact of Effort Expectancy on Trust and the impact of Performance Expectancy on Trust were accepted. The effects of Social Influence on Trust were rejected, but the impact of Facilitation Condition on Trust was accepted. The influence of Innovation Resistance on Continuance Intention was rejected, while the impact of Trust on Continuance Intention was accepted. Implications: By analyzing the causes and effects of Innovation Resistance to FinTech services, this study presents a model for predicting Innovation Resistance that can be applied to various FinTech services. This is crucial for minimizing resistance and enhancing acceptance during the development of new FinTech services, providing a foundation for effective recommendations and marketing strategies for contact-less services based on the results of this study.