Cronbach's Alpha Reliability Test Research Articles

Intention and behavior towards bringing your own shopping bags when shopping instead of using plastic bags in Vietnam: an investigation using the theory of interpersonal behavior

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate the factors affecting Vietnamese consumers' intention and behavior towards “bringing your own shopping bags” (BYOB) instead of using plastic bags based on the theory of interpersonal behavior (TIB).Design/methodology/approachWe used a combination of in-depth interview and large-scale survey methods with the official research sample of 536 Vietnamese consumers to explore the relationship among factors in the research model including: attitude, affect, social factor, facilitating conditions, intention and behavior towards BYOB instead of using plastic bags. The collected data went through quantitative analysis steps including Cronbach's Alpha reliability test, exploratory factor analysis (EFA), confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and structural equation modeling (SEM) for scales and hypotheses testing.FindingsThe results show that intention towards BYOB has a positive effect on consumers' behavior towards BYOB. Facilitating conditions have a stronger and more positive influence than attitude and affect intention towards BYOB. Meanwhile, the hypothesis about the relationship between social factors and intention towards BYOB was rejected by this study.Research limitations/implicationsThe main limitation of this paper is that the findings of the present study are limited to elements of the TIB.Practical implicationsBased on the results of the study, we made some suggestions for state management agencies and retailers to promote intention and behavior towards BYOB instead of using plastic bags.Originality/valueThis study applies the TIB to understand the relationship between factors such as attitude, affect, social factors and facilitating conditions on intention and behavior towards BYOB instead of using plastic bags.

Knowledge and Behavior of Antibiotic Use among PKK Women (Family Welfare Empowerment) with Career Women Status in Banjar Yangbatu Kauh, East Denpasar

Antibiotics are drugs that are often prescribed by doctors to treat infections. Lack of public knowledge about the use of antibiotics causes antibiotic resistance. To overcome the irrational use of antibiotics, it is necessary to increase the knowledge and behavior of parents about the use of antibiotics. The purpose of this study was to determine the level of knowledge and behavior of using antibiotics in PKK (Family Welfare Empowerment) mothers who were career women in the Yangbatu Kauh Banjar, East Denpasar. This research is a descriptive research using accidental sampling technique. The distributed questionnaires were tested for validity and reliability by distributing questionnaires to 30 trial respondents. The questionnaire is declared valid if it has a calculated r value > 0.361, and the Cronbach Alpha reliability test using SPSS version 22 was tested with a 95% confidence level, the questionnaire data was declared reliable with a value of 0.914 on the level of knowledge and a value of 0.810 on behavior. The results obtained based on the age characteristics of the most respondents, namely respondents aged 42-47 years as much as 51.28%. On the characteristics of the respondents based on the level of education the most were SMA/SMK as much as 58.97% and on the characteristics of the type of work the most were private employees as much as 64.10%. The level of knowledge of PKK mothers who are career women is in the good category with a percentage of 69.23% as many as 27 people and the behavior of PKK mothers who are career women is in the good category with a percentage of 82.05% as many as 32 people. So, from these results, PKK mothers who are career women in Banjar Yangbatu Kauh, East Denpasar have a good level of knowledge and behavior in the use of antibiotics.

Treasury Single Account (TSA) and Performance of Public Sector in Enugu State, Nigeria

The importance of the introduction of treasury single account cannot be overemphasized given that it is principally to ensure accountability of government revenue, enhance transparency and avoid expropriation of public funds. This study examined the effect of treasury single account on the performance of selected Federal Ministries in Enugu State. The study adopted survey research design. The method ensured that the researcher collects his data at a particular period from the selected sample to describe a large population at that particular point in time. The study area of this research is selected federal ministries namely Ministry of Agriculture and Ministry of Education all located in Enugu state. The population of the study constitutes of the staff of two selected federal ministries in Enugu state namely; Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Federal Ministry of Education. The population of the two selected ministries is totaled two hundred and eighty-seven (287) staff. The sample size was derived using the Cochran statistic and the value derived was three hundred and eighty-five (385). To determine the number of staff to be selected from each ministry, the proportionate stratified random sampling approach was used. The data was collected with the aid of a questionnaire that is properly drafted using the 5 scale Likert system for questionnaire. The Cronbach Alpha reliability test was utilized to conduct the reliability test. A cronbach alpha coefficient of 0.78 was derived and was considered acceptable. Frequency tables and percentages was adopted to analyse the demographic characteristics of the respondents and leading research questions while the regression analysis was adopted to test the hypotheses of the study. The major findings of the study were that treasury single account has not significantly ameliorated fund misappropriation in selected federal ministries in Enugu State and treasury single account has not significantly enhanced prompt release of funds for goods and services in selected federal ministries in Enugu State. It is therefore the recommendation of the study that the adoption of TSA alone may not be sufficient to curb corruption in the Nigerian public sector hence the need for the judiciary, police, anti-graft agencies and the media in the country be strengthened to tackle the issues of corruption and ensure transparency, probity and timeliness in handling corruption related cases.

Study on the impact of transformation leadership on performance of small and medium enterprises in Can Tho City, Vietnam

Transformational leadership is understood as a leadership style that enhances a sense of collective benefits for members of an organization. This study aims to analyze the impact of transformational leadership on the performance of small and medium enterprises in Can Tho city, Vietnam. This research is based on the theory and the four components of Transformational Leadership Theory (TLT) (Idealized Influence - II; Inspirational Motivation - IM; Intellectual Stimulation - IS; Individualized Consideration - IC), a review of related studies, and opinions from expert interviews to develop a research model. The primary data of the article was collected from a survey of 214 small and medium enterprises in the city. The data analysis methods used in this study include Cronbach's alpha reliability test, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), structural equation modeling (SEM), and multigroup structural analysis. The article's research results confirm that the leaders of enterprises with a transformational style play a significant and positive role in the spirit of learning and sharing knowledge of the organization members, especially the micro-enterprises face many difficulties due to the lack of resources. Research results also show that thanks to the transformational leadership (TL) style and organizational learning (OL), it has made an essential contribution to organizational innovation (OI) as well as to improving operational efficiency (both financial and non-financial performance) for small and medium enterprises in Can Tho city. Based on the article's research results, the authors have proposed some characteristics of transformational leaders in small and medium enterprises in the city. In particular, the study emphasizes the influence of the individualized consideration and idealized influence factors in improving learning ability, contributing to organizational renewal and improving performance for small and medium enterprises in Can Tho city.

THE USE OF GOOGLE FORM IN MAKING WRITING DESCRIPTIVE TEXT

This research aims to produce development instruments and knowing the feasibility of development instrument by using google form application as a medium in the learning process of writing descriptive text in VII-A grade of SMP N 35 Bekasi. The research method that researcher use in is research and development (R&D). The data collection in this research is test and interview. The population in this research is all VII grade students of SMP N 35 Bekasi the number of students is 40 students. From this population, researcher took sample using random sampling. Thus, the sample in this research was obtained by VII-A grade students with a total of 13 men and 11 women. The overall test results showed good results i.e. obtained a very decent category with details: (1) Cronbach's Alpha reliability test obtained a .747, (2) Cohen's Kappa inter-rater reliability test (k) appraiser 1 and appraiser 2 obtained a valid result of 100% missing 0%. Based on the results of the reliability test feasibility, it can be concluded that learning media using google form application is very feasible to be used in the online learning process during pandemic covid-19 as a medium in making descriptive text writing in grade VII SMP N 35 Bekasi.

Workload as the most Important Influencing Factor of Medication Errors by Nurses

Background: This research is motivated by the fact that medication errors are serious threats to the safety of patients in hospitals. Nurses are one of the health workers who play a significant role in preventing these errors. Objective: The aim of this quantitative research is to determine the factors that influence the incidence of medication errors by nurses. Methods: The adopted method had a correlative descriptive design and used samples obtained from 164 nurses through a purposive sampling technique. The sample inclusion criteria were the nurses who worked in patient’s rooms, those who were healthy and not sick, not currently in school, and were willing to be respondents. Furthermore, the research instruments were questionnaires, which were developed through the Cronbach's alpha validity and reliability test results of 0.681 and 0.873, respectively. Analysis was conducted using the independent t test, X2 (chi-square) and multiple logistic regressions. Results: The results showed that the factors which influenced the incidence of medication errors were work experience, motivation, workload, managerial and environmental elements. Moreover, the variable which contributed the most, with a p-value of 0.004 and OR of 5.387 was workload. Conclusion: Finally, the following factors, including nurse's workload, motivation, work experience, good managerial management and environmental elements, should be considered when preventing medication errors.

KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT AND ORGANIZATIONAL COMMITMENT IN PRIVATE UNIVERSITIES IN ANAMBRA STATE

This work examined the extent of the relationship that exists between knowledge management (KM) and organizational commitment in Private Universities in Anambra State, Nigeria. A survey research design was adopted by the study. The population of the study is 95 teaching staff of 4 randomly selected private universities in the studied area. A structured questionnaire was used in data collection and it was validated using face and content validity, while the reliability was done using Cronbach Alpha reliability test, with a coefficient of 0.878. The analysis of data was done using a combination of descriptive and inferential statistics and the hypothesis was tested at a 5% level of significance. The result showed that there is a strong positive relationship (r = .939) between the two variables and that an 88% percentage change (R2 = .882) in continuance commitment was explained by changes in management buy-in. With an F-statistics of 658.525 and a p-value of .000, the study stated that there is a statistically significant relationship between management buy-in and continuance commitment. Sequel to this, it was concluded that knowledge management as measured by management buy-in, spurs employee commitment level. Among others, it was recommended that the management of the studied institutions needs to take the issue of management of knowledge serious, by ensuring that the older and more experienced staff pass their wealth of knowledge to the younger and less experienced ones, as this will breed an environment of positive competence. Keywords: Knowledge Management, Organizational Commitment, Management Buy-In, Continuance Commitment, Private Universities and Anambra State.

PROMOTING PERFORMANCE OF SMES ARCHITECTURAL FIRMS IN IMO STATE THROUGH APPLICATION OF COST ACCOUNTING SKILLS

This study investigated effects of cost accounting skills on performance of small and medium scale architectural firms in Imo state. Specifically, the study appraises cost accounting skills applied in contract costing and also relationship between efficient financial record keeping and financial performance of architectural firms in Imo state, two hypotheses were developed From the objectives. The population consists of owners of 50 architectural firms in Owerri metropolis, which also served as sample. Primary data was used with questionnaire structured in four point likert scale of very great extent (VGE), great extent (GE), very little extent (VLE) and little extent (LE). Cronbach Alpha reliability test was used to determine internal consistency of respondents responses and reliability co-efficient of 0.796. Data were analysed with ordinary least square regression model with SPSS stastitical tool version 20. Findings reveal that SMEs architectural firms … null hypothesis one was accepted with conclusion that SME architectural firms do not practice cost accounting skill in contract costing while null hypothesis two was rejected with conclusion that significant relationship exist between efficient financial record keeping and financial performance of the firms. The research therefore recommend that; architectural firms should apply cost accounting skills in their contract costing and also keep efficient financial record to enhance their performance.

The impact of corporate culture on the employee’s commitment at Saigon Thuong Tin commercial joint stock bank in An Giang

This study applies the scale of Ricardo & Jolly in 1997 to measure the impact of corporate culture on the employee's commitment at Saigon Thuong Tin Commercial Joint Stock Bank in An Giang Branch (Sacombank An Giang). The study utilises Cronbach's Alpha reliability test method, Exploratory factor analysis (EFA), and Linear regression to verify and evaluate the scale. The adjustment coefficient R2 = 0.391 means that 39.1% of the variation of the employee's commitment dependent variable is explained by 8 independent variables in the regression model. Besides, 60.9% of employee commitment variation is explained by other factors that have not been included in the research model. The results show that the elements of banking communication (Beta = 0.283), teamwork (Beta = 0.260), risk taking in innovation and innovation (Beta = 0.176), fairness and consistency in governance policy (Beta = 0.163), rewards and recognition (Beta = 0.159) and training and development (Beta = 0.146) affect the commitment of employees at Sacombank in An Giang. The research results will be the basis for Sacombank An Giang to recognize the factors that affect employees' commitment to the bank, enabling the bank to plan to improve employee cohesion with the bank and develop a team of professional personnel. At the same time, the study proposes advanced governance implications of elements of corporate culture to employee's commitment in Sacombank An Giang. Building a truly strong corporate culture, enhancing employee commitment and sustainable development at Sacombank An Giang Branch is the core statement of this financial institution

Evaluation of Extent of Computer Appreciation Skills Acquired by Secondary School Students for Economic Empowerment

This study is focused on college students’ computer appreciation skills acquired for economic empowerment. The study employed survey research design and was guided by three research questions. Purposive sampling technique was used to select 272 students drawn from three secondary schools out of the seven schools that offer computer studies. Computer Appreciation Skills Acquisition Questionnaire (CASAQ) was instrument used for data collection made up of 29 items with a reliability coefficient of .94, .83 and .96 obtained using Cronbach Alpha reliability test. Results showed that college students are moderately skilled in data processing, spreadsheet and database skill acquisition required for economic empowerment. It was recommended among others that more time be allocated in the timetable of Computer Studies/ICT subject to enable students have enough time for drills and practice that will guarantee quality skills training.
 
 Received: 18 December 2020 / Accepted: 19 March 2021 / Published: 10 May 2021

Construction of Validity and Reliability of an Observational Instrument to Assess the Technical Execution in Lead Climbing

Background: The speed world record (WR) performance is an achievement achieved by athletes in the competitive rock-climbing category, where the athlete must complete the climbing route on a standard artificial climbing wall with a height of 15m in the shortest possible time. Purpose: This study aimed to construct and validate an observational instrument to assess technical execution in lead climbing. The instrument developed can be used to assess progress to achieve the important aspects of climbing movement methods. Design / methodology / approach: Importantly, the construction of its validity and reliability was conducted in four stages. The first stage was a literature review on the construction of the observational instrument. In the second stage, the instrument's construction was established. The content validity coefficient was determined in the third stage using Aiken's V and 7 experts with various qualifications, including the level of understanding, appropriateness of the words, and the relevance of the statement with a grading scale of 0-10. The instrument's internal validity was calculated using 20 climbers and was quantitatively tested using the product-moment correlation. In the fourth stage, instrument reliability was determined using Cronbach's Alpha reliability test. Results showed that the observational instrument has content validity with optimal internal value as well as satisfactory reliability. Conclusion: Observational instruments were valid and reliable; therefore, they can be used to assess technical execution for novice climbers in lead climbing. It allows instructors, coaches, and teachers to assess the technical execution of novice climbers specifically in lead climbing.

Staffing, Supervision and School Discipline as Determinants of Teachers’ Job Commitment in Public Secondary Schools of Delta State

The study was conducted to examine how staffing, supervision and school discipline could determine teachers’ job commitment in public secondary schools, Delta State. The correlational survey was adopted for this study. The population comprises of 13,484 principals and teachers in public secondary schools in Delta State. Purposive sampling method was used to sample 674 participates. Two instruments were self-developed for data collection, the instruments were titled “Staffing, Supervision, School-discipline Questionnaire (SSSQ) and Teachers’ Job Commitment Questionnaire (TJCQ). The instrument was validated through face and content validity. Additionally, the instruments were exposed to Cronbach alpha co-efficient and reliability test yielding coefficients of .81 and .77 was obtained for School-discipline Questionnaire (SSSQ) and Teachers’ Job Commitment Questionnaire (TJCQ) respectively. Data obtained was loaded into SPSS version 23 to compute results using Pearson Product Moment Correlation Statistics and regression analysis. Finding shows that staffing, supervision and school discipline are positively significant to teachers’ job commitment in Delta State public secondary schools. It is thus recommended that government should ensure that all schools within the state are adequately staffed such that the workload of teachers will reduce.

Teachers Technological Capability as Digital Immigrants in Learning from Home Activities

This article aims at the ability of teachers who are digital immigrants to use digital technology during their learning at home during the Covid-19 pandemic. This research was quantitative research in the form of descriptive statistics using survey methods in data collection. The survey was given to 139 high school teachers who live in Java. The validity of the research instrument was tested by using the product-moment correlation test. While the reliability of the research instrument was tested utilizing the Cronbach Alpha reliability test, the result of this study is that high school teachers have a high level of use of digital technology. Besides, it was also found that age affects the ability to use technology. The higher the teacher's age, the lower their ability to use digital technology. Meanwhile, the lower the age, the higher the individual can use digital technology. When teachers have a high level of use of digital technology, it is hoped that learning activities at home can run optimally. Apart from the level of the teacher's technology skills, of course, other aspects make learning activities at home optimal. These other aspects also need to be develop.

The Effect Work-Family Conflict, Organizational Justice, Job Stress on Organizational Citizenship Behavior Mediating by Supervisor Trust

The low quality of human resources will be a problem for a company. On the other hand, a successful company requires employees who are willing to do more work than their formal duties to achieve company goals more effectively and efficiently. This behavior is called organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). This study aims to determine the effect of work-family conflict, organizational justice, job stress on organizational citizenship behavior mediated by supervisor trust. The research sample is determined by non-probability sampling which takes 100 employees of private banking companies. The validity test shows that all questionnaire questions are valid with an outer loading score of (p=0.6). Based on the results of the calculation of the validity assisted by SmartPLS, it shows that all instruments meet the valid requirements with AVE (p=0.5). Based on the data above, the results of the Cronbach Alpha and composite reliability test results show that all data are said to be reliable with a score (p=0.5). The results showed that work-family conflict had no effect on organizational citizenship behavior with a p-value 0.48 more than (p=0.05). Job stress has no effect on organizational citizenship behavior with a p-value score 0.71 more than (p=0.05), organizational justice affects organizational citizenship behavior with a p-value score 0.00 less than (p=0.05), supervisor trust has a positive effect on organizational citizenship behavior with a p-value score 0.00 less than (p=0.05), work-family conflict has no effect on organizational citizenship behavior mediated by supervisor trust with a p-value score 0.31 more than (p=0.05), organizational justice has a positive effect on organizational citizenship behavior mediated by supervisor trust with a p-value score 0.00 less than (p=0.05), organizational justice has an effect on organizational citizenship behavior mediated by supervisor trust with a p-value score 0.00 less than (p=0.05) and a negative beta score resulting in the direction of the relationship which is significant negative. Work-family conflict, organizational justice, job stress, supervisor trust have an effect on organizational citizenship behavior by 73.2%. Researchers can give are that further research can be carried out in different areas.

LEADERSHIP UNITY AND ORGANISATIONAL COMPETITIVENESS IN DEPOSIT MONEY BANKS IN NIGERIAN

The paper is an empirical examination of the relationship between leadership unity and organizational competitiveness of deposit money banks in the south south geo-political zone of Nigeria. The research design was the cross-sectional survey and data was generated from 221 managers and supervisors from 18 deposit money banks in Rivers, Bayelsa, Cross River, Akwaibom, Edo and Delta States, using the questionnaire instrument. Reliability was established using the Cronbach alpha reliability test. The Spearman’s rank order correlation was utilized in the test for the hypotheses of the study. Based on the results, all null hypotheses were rejected as the findings revealed that there exists a significant relationship between leadership unity and all measures of organizational competitiveness (innovativeness, service quality and delivery reliability) as used in the study. It was concluded that leadership unity offers cooperation and support in innovative actions and as such advances the competitiveness of the organization and leads to outcomes such as innovativeness, service quality and delivery reliability. KEYWORDS; leadership unity, organisational competitiveness, innovativeness, service quality and delivery reliability.

Students' engagement and perceptions of small group tutorial classes among undergraduate medical students.

Introduction: Small group teaching is an educational strategy that may be used to facilitate learning. Tutorials enable an adult approach toward learning where students take responsibility for their own learning. We aimed to investigate the students’ engagement and perceptions of small group tutorial classes among undergraduate medical students.Methods: A cross‑sectional, descriptive survey was conducted at the Subbaiah Institute of Medical Sciences, where we collected the data from 300 undergraduate students using convenience sampling method. A self‑administered questionnaire consisting of 22 items which was piloted on 20 students, and six experienced medical educators were consulted for face validation. The internal consistency of the questionnaire measured by Cronbach’s alpha reliability test was 0.80. It was used to measure the students’ perception on the effectiveness of tutorials with regard to learning experience, teamwork, confidence, communication skills, and role of the teacher. Statistical analyses included mean and standard deviation for the description of each item, t-test to compare the mean scores for gender and class year, and one‑way analysis of variance between groups for age group comparisons using SPSS version 24 software. Results: Students’ overall perceptions of small group teaching effectiveness showed that tutorials were beneficial to their learning process (mean: 3.61±0.50). The majority of the students have positive perceptions toward small group effectiveness, particularly in learning experience (mean: 3.72±0.68) and teamwork (mean: 3.36±0.59). A significant difference was found between year 1 and year 2 students with regards to learning experience (p<0.001), teamwork (p<0.05), communication skills (p<0.05), and the role of the tutor (p<0.001). Additionally, the mean scores, measuring overall effectiveness of tutorials, for the 2nd year students were significantly higher than that for the 1st year students (3.70± .41 and 3.50 ±0.57, (p<0.001). Conclusions: The data of this study show that tutorial is an effective small group teaching method for medical students compared to large group teaching.

A Comparative Investigation of the Impact of Effective Online Teaching Strategies Practiced during Corona Pandemic in Ensuring Sustainable Pedagogy

This survey reports results and findings related to the perceptions of English language teachers from Gulf universities pertaining to the impact of effective online strategies practiced during corona pandemic. A validated self-developed 5-point survey instrument has been used to collect data for this comparative investigation. The instrument was pilot tested after determining its content validity and reliability. Cronbach alpha (α) reliability test was run to determine reliability. The final version of the questionnaire consisting of 51 items was generalized and uploaded on Google forms to record the participants' responses. One hundred forty-four responses were recorded including 94 (n = 94) from Saudi universities and fifty (n = 50) from other Gulf countries including UAE, Bahrain, Oman and Kuwait. The participants of the study have seen eye to eye with each other in majority of questionnaire items and ranked 'asking comprehension questions', teacher-student interaction' and 'teachers' oral feedback' as the most preferred teaching strategies in enhancing content understanding, students' motivation, mutual interaction, teacher-student rapport and active engagement in learning. The findings have also revealed that lecturing, written assignments, individual projects have been perceived least effective teaching strategies in producing positive results during online teaching. Among the most important pedagogical skills needed to deliver successful online courses, 'communication skills' and 'patience' have been perceived the most effective. The remaining skills have also been assigned high mean values indicating their positive role in online teaching. Results generated by independent-samples T-test have accepted 6 null hypotheses and rejected one hypothesis. Findings and recommendations have been presented based on the results of this survey.

An Investigation into the Selection of Teaching Methods and Factors Influencing the Selection: A Case of Science Teachers of Berekum Municipality, Ghana

This study investigated some teaching methods used by Science teachers and factors influencing the selection of the teaching method, in the Berekum Municipality, Ghana. The study adopted a descriptive research survey with a 34 sample size composed of Science teachers from the public and private Senior High Schools in the Berekum Municipality. An adapted questionnaire, which was validated using Cronbach's Alpha reliability test with an alpha value of .73 was used to obtain data for the study. The results revealed that the demonstration and observation teaching methods were the most frequently used teaching methods, whiles the generative teaching method was rarely used by the Science teachers. The study findings revealed that gender, class size, examination, professional training, classroom environment, curriculum and teaching experience were the most important factors influencing the selection of teaching methods by the Science teachers. Also, students' personality, students' self-concepts and cultural factors were rated as moderately important factors influencing the selection of teaching methods. However, students’ interest, in-service training, student-teacher rapport, ICT and TLM factors were rated as slightly important factors that influence the selection of teaching methods by the Science teachers. While the findings revealed that the selections of teaching methods were not gender-related, the factors influencing the selection of the teaching methods were gender-related. The study recommends that in-service training and workshop should be organised for the Science teachers on how to factor student interest in the selection of their teaching methods.

Developing the scale on discipline expectations of students: A validity and reliability study

&lt;p&gt;The study aimed to develop a valid and reliable scale to measure the expectations of students from the discipline program implemented in their schools. The study was conducted with students studying in seven different high schools in fall semester of 2019-2020 school year. As a result of the Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA), a 5-point Likert scale with 3 dimensions and 22 items was established. It was revealed that the fit index values for the final form of the scale are χ2 = 360.92, df = 206, P = 0.00, RMSEA = 0.062, GFI = 0.86, AGFI = 0.82, CFI = 0.93, RMR = 0.063; NNFI = 0.92. Cronbach Alpha reliability test was used to test the reliability of the ultimate scale and test retest reliability value was used to measure the stability of the test. Reliability value for the whole test was determined as .823, for the factor of Effective Teaching Discipline Expectation as 717, for the factor of Behavioral Discipline Expectation as 596, and for the factor of Social Discipline Expectation as .636. Test retest reliability of the test was determined as .763. Upon the evaluation of the analyses made, it was concluded that scale on discipline expectations of students is a valid and reliable scale to measure the discipline expectations of the students studying in secondary education institutions in Turkey.&lt;/p&gt;

DEVELOPMENT OF CIVIL LITERACY SCALE: A STUDY OF VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY

Civil literacy is a concept that enables individuals to act with an awareness about their own rights and responsibilities; to become active in civil life; and to express individual knowledge about the state's management process. Civil literacy is one of the skills that individuals should acquire in learning about the development and change of society because it demonstrates the effectiveness of individuals who have a voice and who can influence the functioning and development of the state especially in democratic societies. The purpose of this research is to develop a valid and reliable Civil Literacy Scale to measure levels of civil literacy demonstrated by pre-service teachers. The participant sample for the research was determined by a convenience sampling method from prospective teachers studying in the Faculty of Education at a university in Turkey. Exploratory factor analysis occurred on 242 pre-service teachers while a test-retest operation was conducted on 50 pre-service teachers and confirmatory factor analysis was perfomred on 231 pre-service teachers. As a result of the exploratory factor analysis, a 25-item Civil Literacy Scale emerged with a total variance value of 57.23%. The four-factor structure revealed by this analysis was confirmed by a confirmatory-factor analysis process. In the test-re-test operation, the internal consistency co-efficient was determined as .81 which is in accordance with the consistency of the scale between the first test and the re-test. According to Cronbach's Alpha reliability test (one of the reliability tests carried out for the overall and sub-dimensions of the scale) the overall scale of 25 items received a value of 0.92, which proved that the scale was highly reliable. In this context, it can be stated that a reliable and valid Civil Literacy Scale was obtained.