Critical Spirit Research Articles

Criticism of the discourse and Oriental thought according to Muhammad Abed Al-Jabri A Critical Analytical Study of Vision and Approach

The history of Orientalism and the studies it has accomplished through its stages of Arab and Islamic history will remain with what it has and what it is subject to controversy, as well as questioning and reviewing by Arab researchers and scholars whose critical positions have varied towards it. From this perspective, we find that Muhammad Abed Al-Jabri, who was known for his high methodological discipline in his approach to his subjects, was aware of the limitations of the vision and method in his criticism of the discourse and forward-thinking thought, and this awareness led him to crystallize a set of methodological steps that he took in his treatment of the phenomenon of Orientalism. This means that, according to Al-Jabri, Orientalism, regardless of its old / modern / contemporary / time, is in one way or another considered one of the most important tributaries of Western culture. This culture, in its view, is loaded with ideological contents, and at the same time it is directed to reshape the mentality of Arab and Islamic public opinion more than it is directed to the Western public. The field of heritage or orientalism in terms of reading, understanding and interpretation is based on three pillars: criticism, rooting and reconstruction, the double critique of the Arab and Western minds, the creative rooting of the methodological tools used to analyze the Arab mind, and the reconstruction of heritage in light of the two previous pillars to restore anew. The aforementioned strategic tasks cannot be accomplished without a new vision and a new approach. And from the results of the research, it can be said, based on the foregoing, that if the criticism of the forward-looking thought of Al-Jabri is in one of its aspects an attempt to strengthen the Arab self and its peculiarity and not falling into the subordination or intellectual domination of the West, then the matter does not mean here his call for the establishment of the project of surprise as a title for such a confrontation between The East and the West, but that this criticism goes beyond this horizon that a number of Arab researchers have called and looked at. Al-Jabri's criticism of Orientalism and that it bears the concern of preserving the Arab self from the alienation of the other, but the dimensions of the independence of this self are not achieved in his view except on the basis of a conscious and dialectical understanding of contemporary authenticity and this Duality, one of its sides, is to define a conscious and critical understanding of the relationship between East and West, especially since contemporary in Al-Jabri’s view only comes with a double criticism of how we deal with both Arab and Western thought. Therefore, he says, “Liberation from subordination to the other can only be achieved through action. In order to be free from dependence on the past, we are in our past. In other words, liberation from fascination, rather the alienation in the culture of the West can only take place through it - and with - liberation from the domination of heritage ... that liberation from the West - and we are It happened here in the Department of Culture and Thought - which means dealing with it critically, that is, entering into a critical dialogue with his culture, which is increasing globally. By reading it in its history, understanding its statements and concepts in relativism, as well as identifying the foundations of its progress and working to cultivate it in our cultural soil, which is particularly rationality and critical spirit.

The Art of Being: Poetics of the Novel and Existentialist Philosophy by Yi-Ping Ong

Reviewed by: The Art of Being: Poetics of the Novel and Existentialist Philosophy by Yi-Ping Ong Marta Figlerowicz ONG, YI-PING. The Art of Being: Poetics of the Novel and Existentialist Philosophy. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2018. 304 pp. $45.00 hardcover; $45.00 e-book. Elaine Scarry's Dreaming by the Book (1999), now twenty years old, has had a considerable afterlife as a looming critical spirit. Or, rather, as a looming uncritical spirit: for the great risk of Scarry's book, which won it as many detractors as proponents, was what the detractors described as its 'wide-eyed' quality. We know that characters are not real people, and books are not real worlds. But good novels—Scarry insisted—nevertheless feel real, more like an actual dream than like a daydream, even to people who read and analyze them as a profession. Instead of dispelling these experiences of credulousness, we ought better to understand them. Yi-Ping Ong, a former graduate student of Scarry's, is one of the scholars to take up this challenge. Where Scarry focused on the sensory, Ong focuses on the ontological. In what ways, she wonders, do novels give us the impression, however fleeting, that its characters actually exist? Some answer to this question, she argues, is foundational to any definition of the novel that values it as something more than a social commentary or symptom: "in order for a novel to attain the condition of a work of art—to be a novel, as opposed to a theoretical analysis, a psychological portrait, a sociological account, or a subjective series of reflections—it must represent lives in such a compelling way that the reader may accept them as actually existing" (22). The stakes are high; Ong raises them further by offering her reader a two-pronged answer. Through close readings of major novels from across the European realist canon, she establishes the formal features that contribute to this impression: an incompletely objective narrative viewpoint, character unpredictability, plot open-endedness. From these formal features, many of which will seem intuitive to a narratologist, Ong makes a daring philosophical leap. The ontology that underpins this collection of mimetic axioms, she claims, is an implicit but clear precursor of late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century existentialism. Before Jean-Paul Sartre, Simone de Beauvoir, Søren Kierkegaard, and Martin Heidegger theorized this philosophical standpoint, the realist novel as a genre embodied it as a necessary condition for its powerful aesthetic effects. Many existentialists wrote novels of their own. These novels have conventionally been taken as illustrations of their principles; Ong sees them as these principles' enactments. She also argues, more broadly, that "[a]n existentialist poetics of realism makes it possible to discern and ascribe critical importance to various strategies for portraying characterological freedom, worldhood, and detotalized aesthetic form" (236). To recognize the novel as a fundamentally existentialist project—a form of art that immerses its reader in (and because of) its existentialist view of humanity—allows one better to appreciate both the ways in which it moves us, and the depth and complexity of the worldview into which we are thereby inducted. Sartre made a passing appearance in Dreaming by the Book as a theorist of the flimsiness of our untrained, undirected imaginations. Ong elevates him—with Beauvoir, Kierkegaard, and Heidegger—to the status of a theorist, at once, of persuasive novelistic character construction and human life itself. The readings through which Ong establishes these parallels between literary realism and philosophical existentialism are masterful, wide-ranging, and compelling. To her great credit, she considers not only predictable examples—such as the fiction of Fyodor Dostoevsky—but also counterintuitive ones. In an extended reading of Emma, she turns on its head the familiar dictum about the supposed detachment of Jane [End Page 103] Austen's narrators, showing us that "in [Emma's] overt comparison between its own matchmaking plot and the machinations of Emma, what emerges is neither the mere erasure of authority nor its deflation, but rather its deliberate invocation for the purpose of parody" (212). In a spellbinding introductory chapter on Anna Karenina, she shows that Leo Tolstoy's theory of reading presumes...

«ПОСТОЯННО БОДРСТВУЮЩИЙ ДУХ КРИТИКИ» ПРОТИВ СТРАТЕГИЙ СОВЕТСКОЙ КУЛЬТУРНОЙ ДИПЛОМАТИИ: ПИСЬМО АНДРЕ ЖИДА ПОСЛУ СССР

«ПОСТОЯННО БОДРСТВУЮЩИЙ ДУХ КРИТИКИ» ПРОТИВ СТРАТЕГИЙ СОВЕТСКОЙ КУЛЬТУРНОЙ ДИПЛОМАТИИ: ПИСЬМО АНДРЕ ЖИДА ПОСЛУ СССР

Mujeres compositoras: un enfoque pedagógico sobre cómo presentar al alumnado de secundaria referentes femeninos. El caso de Ethel Smyth.

In the past women have had few opportunities to develop personally and work within the field music. When we talk specifically about classical music, there are few female references in the field of composition, the interpretation of certain types of instrument families (fundamentally brass and percussion) and orchestral conducting. Throughout history, women were often allowed to train as amateur musicians but not as professionals. Although male sex has progressively assimilated the sharing of household chores over the last quarter-century, women continue to assume the main burden. For example, in the Renaissance period, women had to deal with a set of sexual stereotypes surrounding the practice of certain musical instruments. The following didactic proposal aims to introduce secondary school students to the figure of the female composer and conductor. This proposal will revolve around the figure of Ethel Smyth. For this purpose, an active and cooperative methodology has been used, as well as materials such as computers with an internet connection and tangible material. The results have been very positive, reaching competency and transversal activities and encouraging a critical spirit in the students.

INTERACTION WITH THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE NATURALIST INTELLIGENCE OF CHILDREN AND GIRLS OF THE INTEGRAL DEVELOPMENT CENTER OF THE CANTON SAN JOSÉ DE CHIMBO, PROVINCE BOLÍVAR, LECTIVE YEAR 2018 - 2019

The study addresses the problem of the scarce interaction with the natural environment by boys and girls of the integral development center Chiquititos of the San Jose de Chimbo canton and its influence on the development of naturalistic intelligence, due to this situation being A topic of transcendental importance in the integral development of infants, the research addresses different theoretical and epistemological approaches issued by several authors allowing the use of a qualitative-quantitative applied methodology with a descriptive level, covering both the field and documentary modality, focusing on a non-experimental and cross-sectional design, for which empirical techniques and instruments were applied to thirty-four people among infants and family educators, whose processed information detected the absence of a green space, in addition to the insufficient training of family educators which leads to ignorance of princi pios of environmental care from early childhood. On this premise it has been determined that the object of study is to characterize the interaction with the natural environment so that children optimally develop naturalistic intelligence within the children's center; finally, a set of activities and strategies to efficiently develop affectivity for life and nature was determined as a solution alternative, leading to acquiring skills of care and protection of green areas within the educational, family, and social context; thus awakening environmental awareness, contact with the natural ecosystem and fostering the autonomous, safe and integral critical spirit of naturalistic intelligence under healthy and sustainable environments.

PRESENTATION

Marxism and Critical Theory derive from a long and broad intellectual tradition that originated in the nineteenth century in the so-called “Hegelian Left” group in Berlin, which included the young student Karl Marx. This German philosopher has left us a rich theoretical- critical legacy that, from philosophy to political economy, sociology, history, psychoanalysis, etc., allows us to subject capitalist society to a substantive social critique with emancipatory interest. Nevertheless, it is in this critical spirit that the idea of this publication emerged as a special issue entitled Marxism and Critical Theory. [...]

Mythos: rhetorisch wirksam gemachte Geschichte

Abstract In this article, it is argued that history and narration in the ancient rhetoric were (mostly) used as an argument for reaching their own objectives. This attitude towards history is essentially mythical and pragmatic, disregarding the special context of a particular event. At the beginning of the 19th century, there was a time when a critical spirit evolved amongst positivist historians and suppressed the pragmatic view of history. This evoked a response not only from intellectuals such as Nietzsche and Croce, but also from fascists – especially Mussolini – putting the emphasis again on and taking up the old tradition of the rhetorical use of history.

Mythos: rhetorisch wirksam gemachte Geschichte

Abstract In this article, it is argued that history and narration in the ancient rhetoric were (mostly) used as an argument for reaching their own objectives. This attitude towards history is essentially mythical and pragmatic, disregarding the special context of a particular event. At the beginning of the 19th century, there was a time when a critical spirit evolved amongst positivist historians and suppressed the pragmatic view of history. This evoked a response not only from intellectuals such as Nietzsche and Croce, but also from fascists – especially Mussolini – putting the emphasis again on and taking up the old tradition of the rhetorical use of history.

CARA MELIHAT

Abstract This study discusses John Berger's book entitled: The Way of Seeing which was first printed in 1972. The purpose of this study is to urge photographers to study harder and implement critical theories about concepts and philosophies that support photography. This language urgency helps foster the critical spirit and instinct of students who are studying photography.This research departs from a literature review. Because of its basic research, with qualitative descriptive forms, it is in the search for data sources on primary and secondary data. Primary data is Berger's original work entitled How to Look, while the secondary one is a review and commentary on Berger's main work by other authors.The results of this study show the concept of thought of John Berger: Seeing the building of our existence in the world that surrounds us, therefore we can explain in words, whatever is around us. Seeing not only the affairs of the mechanical reaction of the eye organs (lens, retina, etc.) but there is the activity of choosing from so many things outside us that are visible to the eye. Keywords: John Berger, How to Look, Critical Theory, Photographer

Nacimiento de los dos primeros bebés modificados genéticamente: Análisis del tratamiento de la noticia en España desde el punto de vista de la comunicación de la ciencia

The end of 2018 brought us the news of first gene-edited babies birth, which flooded the headlines all around world. The news spread through the mass media in radio, press and television, as well as magazines and other scientific forums. But they were not the first one, but Internet. The media picked it up and analyzed it: not the fact itself, but the reason for its publication in a media different from the one traditionally used by science, producing an ethical debate on both levels. And it was done under a critical spirit and away from demagogy. The goal of this work is to analyze the treatment of this news in the media, mainly in Spain, to verify how the process of communication of science has taken place, analyzing how it has been affected by the current historical moment.

Questions of Epic and Lyric: The Challenge of Walt Whitman

The genres of Whitman's most famous poems and the consequences to be drawn from their classification have been debated at least since the middle of the past century. Depending on the prevailing critical spirit of a given decade, critics have sought to enlist Whitman in their respective versions of literary history. F.O. Matthiessen suggested in American Renaissance that Whitman's poetry could be understood through the analogies of oratory, opera, and ocean (Matthiessen F.O., 1941 : 549-577). ...

Constructions and Deconstructions of Cultural Identities in Greater Romania. B. Fundoianu and the Self-Colonizing Metaphor

The article “Constructions and Deconstructions of Cultural Identities in Greater Romania. B. Fundoianu and the Self-Colonizing Metaphor” proposes a general overview of two dominant narratives in cultural identity discourse in Greater Romania: the traditionalist and the modernist one. Even though the proponents of each of the tendencies have a different vision of constitutive elements which Romanian identity consists of their aspirations are similar: they want to define Romania’s place in the changed political system in Europe after World War I. Furthermore, they attempt to answer the following question: what path of evolution should the new-born country follow? However, the article also presents a critical approach to the ideas and myths circulating in intellectual milieus after 1918. Hence, the second part of the study analyzes two essays: “Preface” to Images and Books from France and “Critical Spirit in Romanian Culture,” published by a Romanian Jewish author B. Fundoianu (1898–1944). Through his texts, the young essayist builds a counter-narrative which exposes the danger of blind search for national specificity and encourages Romanian intellectuals to use the “critical spirit” as the main tool in the processes of modernization. Denominating Romania “a French cultural colony,” Fundoianu draws attention to the dilemmas discussed in the article through the prism of the category of “self-colonization,” introduced to the discourse about Central and South-Eastern Europe by the contemporary Bulgarian historian Alexander Kiossev.

DURRES CONGRESS EXPRESSION OF ALBANIA'S POLITICAL MATURITY

DURRES CONGRESS EXPRESSION OF ALBANIA'S POLITICAL MATURITY

Being a nurse, being a counselor: awakening to social control and public health.

Understand the time of awakening to social control and its contributions from the perspective of health counselor nurses. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with eight nurses who work/worked as health counselors. The information was analyzed using the thematic analysis of Minayo. The interest in participating in the council emerged from the professionalization in the Family Health Strategy, whether in the continuation of the Municipal Council of Health, in the training, or in the participation in the student movement. The contributions included the development of a critical and reflective spirit, better understanding of health system management, increased sensitivity to the needs of the user, and close relationship with the community. Despite some deficiencies and misconceptions of nurses, it is believed that nursing is on the right track in the defense and construction of a societarian project.

A Study on Periods and Themes of Le Clézio’s Literary Creation

J.M.G. Le Clezio is obviously one of the most famous contemporary French writers, and his works have been translated into many languages and spread around the world. After he won the 2008 Nobel Prize in Literature, he received worldwide recognition. This paper focuses on the research of Le Clezio’s literary creation, analyzes the evolution of his writing style and characteristics of two periods of his literary creation, then extracts five main themes in his works during his two periods of creation, and makes an interpretation of his spirit of criticism, humane care and desire of escaping from the city and blending into the nature and exotic civilization.

Translating Subjectivity: Hu Feng's Translation of a Soviet Proletarian Novel.

The renowned Chinese intellectual Hu Feng (1902-1985) is eitherreferenced as the heir of the May Fourth critical spirit, especially thatof Lu Xun (1881-1936), or associated with a famous case of politicalpersecution in the 1940s and 1950s, namely, the “Hu Feng Anti-Revolutionary Clique.” However, the young Hu Feng as a translatorduring his years in Japan is somewhat neglected. This article situatesHu Feng in the context of world proletarian literature. I look into HuFeng’s literary activities in Japan and examine his Chinese translation,Yanggui (1930), of a Soviet proletarian-utopian novel titled MessMend, or a Yankee in Petrograd (1923) via Japanese translation. Iargue that the years in Japan and his translation of the Soviet novelshape Hu Feng as a thinker of international proletarian subjectivity.

Leonardo da Vinci—The First Bioengineer: Educational Innovation to Meet His Desire for Knowledge and Promote His Concept of Interdisciplinarity

The central axis of the work has been to empower the figure of Leonardo da Vinci 500 years after his death. With him, we wanted to infect our students with their tireless desire to know and learn. We plant the possibility of carrying out a project of educational innovation giving a push to the process of teaching and learning by making it more participatory, cooperative and interdisciplinary, as well as the desire to involve more the students encouraging their interest in learning and work. To honor Leonardo’s legacy and the spirit of the Renaissance, it is necessary to teach to stimulate the critical spirit and to encourage imagination and creativity. Leonardo da Vinci was a prolific hybrid innovator to unlock the secrets of human complexity for the first time in the history of mankind amalgamating Science, Engineering, Biology and Engineering; so, we define him as the first bioengineer of humanity.

THE ROLE OF EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS IN THE FORMATION OF CONTEMPORARY BULGARIAN CULTURE IN CIVIL SOCIETY FOR RAISING THE SOCIAL ROLE OF SPECIAL SERVICES

Educational institutions play a key role in shaping a modern civil culture in society around the world, because without adequate civil education it is inconceivable to implement quality civilian control over special services. Civil education is a necessary process of learning practical knowledge and skills and shaping competencies for personal development and improvement, for structuring a democratic society, for laws, rights and responsibilities that provide opportunities for real participation in public life. Training for human rights and civil liability and duty, the position of a pupil-citizen, by adopting the principles and values that serve as the foundation and organization of democracy and the republic, the knowledge of the institutions and the laws by developing the rules in the social and political life, exercise and ability to properly justify. So they would find meaning in the individual and the collective responsibilities in their active citizenship. Civil education contributes to the development of a critical spirit, but through the exercise of arguments for reasoning and more accurate decision-making, reasoning and judgment. Through educational institutions, young citizens are prepared to conduct dialogue, debate, resolve conflicts, and embrace forms of civil communication and interaction with special services. This is a basic approach to the basic concepts - man and citizen. Within even the small city, through the education of democratic citizenship, new moral values are being built and active participation in the civil processes of the small community is taking place. The duty of adolescents to become aware of citizens' rights and obligations, norms of conduct and values in a democratic society, as well as the promotion of the role of special services in the Republic of Bulgaria, will prepare them for training and stability as active citizens of the world. Civil education forms a citizen. Civil society, as a public way of life, can function properly only on the basis of an adequate knowledge of the laws of the Republic of Bulgaria and the moral-legal will applying this knowledge in real life. Civil society is the sphere of social activity that focuses on the degree of socio-economic development of society and directly determines the state. The typing of the state has its objective basis in the typography of civil society. Each civil society is a system of human needs and means to meet them, labor, socio-economic, legal and other subject-practical and conscious-volitional relations, as well as a system of human rights organizations and various social institutions. The duty of the national education system to civil society is to build the citizen - the bearer of national self-awareness, civil culture, moral and moral-legal will. Only such a citizen will, in the course of his life, reproduce civil society in accordance with the national idea.

Freedom and obedience in western education

Abstract Education has to emphasize the characteristics which define Western democratic societies. In addition, it has to ensure the active and participative inclusion of each person in social life, where respect for human rights prevails over the person’s preferred ideology. Promoting these values in citizens not only guarantees the stability of the state, but also its constant progression and improvement. Beginning at the elementary level, the promotion of students’ critical spirit is recognized as a fundamental objectives. However, the structures which shape Western education in the 21st century do not allow for the development of completely autonomous thinking and critical thinking in students. In this article, we analyze the processes which comprise an education for obedience. Although obedience does not respond to conscious cognitive processes, it is present in the structural rigidity of education through the organization of the classroom. Our explanation is based on the Theory of Social Conformity, which will be presented as the antithesis of a person’s individual freedom. Moreover, we will see how contaminated cognitive vicarious elements are promoted. Although they are endemic to people, they do not allow students to develop a critical spirit or to be educated for freedom.

TRADUCIENDO LA SUBJETIVIDAD: LA TRADUCCIÓN DE HU FENG DE UNA NOVELA PROLETARIA SOVIÉTICA

Al renombrado intelectual chino Hu Feng (1902-1985) se le mencionaya sea como el heredero del espíritu crítico del 4 de mayo,especialmente el de Lu Xun (1881-1936), o como el asociado con unfamoso caso de persecución política en los años 1940 y 1950, esdecir, la "Camarilla anti-revolucionaria de Hu Feng". Sin embargo, lalabor del joven Hu Feng como traductor durante sus años en Japónestá algo descuidada. Este artículo sitúa a Hu Feng en el contexto dela literatura proletaria mundial. En él se estudian las actividadesliterarias de Hu Feng en Japón y se analiza su traducción china,Yanggui (1930), de una novela soviética proletaria-utópica tituladaMess Mend, o un yanqui en Petrogrado (1923) mediada a través de unatraducción al japonés. En este artículo argumento que los años enJapón y su traducción de la novela soviética conforman a Hu Fengcomo un pensador de la subjetividad proletaria internacional.