Critical Path Method Technique Research Articles

การวิเคราะห์เส้นทางวิกฤติ และการบริหารความเสี่ยงของโครงการพัฒนาผลิตภัณฑ์กลุ่มสารสกัด แพนดูเรทินเอและพินอสตรอบินของศูนย์ความเป็นเลิศด้านชีววิทยาศาสตร์ (องค์การมหาชน)

The objectives of this study are 1) to analyze the critical path of the product development project and 2) Analyze and study risk management guidelines for product development project. by studying the details of the project according to the request for an extension of the project implementation period causing delays in the implementation of the project from reviewing the project management of the researchers or the person in charge of the project and planning the implementation. It was found that there were uncontrollable external factors causing the project to be unable to complete as planned. to help analyze the critical path of the project with CPM (Critical Path Method) techniques. The analysis results showed that the project had 11 critical activities out of 13 total activities due to 2 reasons: There is no emergency management plan. and no plan to support risks Methods for troubleshooting in order to control the cause include: Forms for risk reporting and project monitoring should be provided to facilitate the project committee members to be able to use them to control and monitor the performance according to the set schedule.

IMPLEMENTATION OF THE CRITICAL PATH METHOD (CPM) IN EDUCATIONAL PLANNING

<p style="margin: 0cm 0.65pt 0pt 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt; font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">This study aims to describe the application of the Critical Path Method (CPM) technique in educational planning at SD Negeri 101777 Saentis. This study uses a qualitative approach with a descriptive method, to explain the approach and method applied in the form of CPM techniques in educational planning. Obtaining data through observation techniques, interviews and document studies. The research data analysis technique uses data reduction (sorting), data presentation and conclusion drawing. Then, the data will be declared valid after being tested with data triangulation techniques, in the form of checking the data sources and data acquisition methods. The results of this study conclude that the empowerment of human resources (HR) and budget allocation for program financing at SD Negeri 101777 Saentis implement CPM effectively as an effort to prioritize and schedule madrasa programs in a measurable and precise manner. Supporting this, the madrasah also collaborates with various elements of society in assisting education planning at SD Negeri 101777 Saentis, starting from collaboration with non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and government institutions.</span></p>

The Application of Critical Path Method (CPM) in Education Planning at Madrasah Ibtidaiyah

This study aims to describe the application of the Critical Path Method (CPM) technique in educational planning at MIS Insan Kusuma Madani Namorambe Kapubaten Deli Serdang. This study uses a qualitative approach with a descriptive method, to explain the approach and method applied in the form of CPM techniques in educational planning. Obtaining data through observation techniques, interviews and document studies. The research data analysis technique uses data reduction (sorting), data presentation and conclusion drawing. Then, the data will be declared valid after being tested with data triangulation techniques, in the form of checking the data sources and data acquisition methods. The results of this study conclude that the empowerment of human resources (HR) and budget allocation for program financing at MIS Insan Kusuma implement CPM effectively as an effort to prioritize and schedule madrasa programs in a measurable and precise manner. Supporting this, the madrasah also collaborates with various elements of society in assisting education planning at MIS Insan Kusuma Madani Namorambe, starting from collaboration with non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and government institutions.

Modeling of CPM/LOB integrated Scheduling Technique for Repetitive Construction Projects: Case of Multiple-Crews with Fuzzy Time Data

Project scheduling provides a good insight for the manager to complete the project on time. Project scheduling gives complete timing analysis of activities involved and identifies the critical ones. Critical Path Method (CPM) is the most widely used in planning and scheduling method for traditional (non-repetitive) projects to determine the critical path which determines the minimum completion time of a project.Some construction projects consist of several similar or identical units, which are called repetitive projects. LOB technique has some drawbacks such inability to generate a clear critical path of the project schedule and calculating the total float because it is a graphical technique. LOB used for scheduling repetitive typical projects because this technique considered work continuity and resource availability constraints to avoid unnecessary crew idle time.Some of the previous studies have been made to combine the benefits of CPM and LOB techniques in planning and scheduling repetitive construction projects, so, there is a model that was developed for this objective (schedule repetitive projects in an easy non-graphical manner). But, in real life, more conditions contributed to varying activity duration. Thus, the duration of project activities contains some sort of uncertainty affecting the estimating of project duration. Previous studies used fuzzy set theory instead of probability theory for quantifying the uncertainty associated with the duration of project activities.In this paper, a developed integrated model of CPM and LOB with fuzzy time data for scheduling repetitive projects is presented. The developed model provides a new technique to schedule repetitive projects with fuzzy time data in an easy non-graphical manner.

CPM and PERT techniques for small-scale R&D projects

Contemporary Project Management has conceived tools based on mathematical models for planning, scheduling and controlling the projects, the costs and resources. Critical Path Method (CPM) and Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT) are two network-based methods which were independently developed to assist the project managers in order to schedule complex real-life projects. A scheduling of a small-scale R&D project using these optimization time-oriented methods was accomplished. In many models of project network some activities are closely related to each other such as procurement activities of basic resources and research activities. If this precedence relationship is on the critical path, that means without no event slack or float time for activities, then some procurements delay may cause lag in the project’s completion time. Thus a good estimation for procurement and research activities duration is needed for a Just-in-Time project.

Project Scheduling Techniques Within a Building Information Modeling (BIM) Environment: A Survey Study

Risks are present in every construction project and can be of technical, commercial, or other nature. Often, risks lead to late project delivery, commercial losses, or even project failure. Nonetheless, diligent and efficient project planning and scheduling can assist to decrease such risks and their effects on project delivery, i.e., managing these risks. Further, building information modeling (BIM) can be a capable process of keeping stakeholders updated with the latest information, thus enhancing project communication and information flow. Combining the capabilities of BIM and the right scheduling technique would improve the deliverability and constructability of projects. A questionnaire has been distributed to measure the effects of four-dimensional (4-D) BIM on the construction industry. The survey analysis stated that 51% of the candidates use the Critical Path Method technique over the others, and BIM is positively affecting the project coordination, clash detection, and design validation. It, also, concludes the high efficiency and benefits obtained from utilizing 4-D BIM. Ultimately, the results, also, stated clearly that the project planning and scheduling including sequence assessment is much easier in the 4-D BIM environment than the traditional 2-D planning.

Scheduling of repetitive construction projects using geographic information systems: an integration of critical path method and line of balance

Critical path method (CPM) is the widely used technique for scheduling of non-repetitive construction projects, on the other hand, line of balance (LOB) is used for scheduling of repetitive construction projects. There may exist repetitive and non-repetitive parts together in a construction project. In the present study, to schedule repetitive and non-repetitive parts of a construction project together, CPM and LOB techniques have been integrated within the geographic information systems (GIS) environment. The scheduling tool has been developed in which activities of a repetitive part are scheduled using CPM and different repetitive parts are scheduled using LOB. A sample project scheduled using CPM technique takes 520 days, however, if the same project is scheduled using the developed tool takes 214 days. Further, construction planning is not done in isolation, that is, without considering surroundings of a construction project under consideration. The scheduling tool developed in GIS environment considers the effect of surroundings on the developed integrated schedule. A link has been established between the activities of the developed schedule and corresponding 3D components in GIS environment to develop 4D model of execution sequence of a construction project. This facilitates in checking logical errors, resource continuity, and incompleteness of the developed integrated schedule.

Optimization of Project Scheduling Activities in Dynamic CPM and PERT Networks Using Genetic Algorithms

Projects consist of interconnected dimensions such as objective, time, resource and environment. Use of these dimensions in a controlled way and their effective scheduling brings the project success. Project scheduling process includes defining project activities, and estimation of time and resources to be used for the activities. At this point, the project resource-scheduling problems have begun to attract more attention after Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT) and Critical Path Method (CPM) are developed one after the other. However, complexity and difficulty of CPM and PERT processes led to the use of these techniques through artificial intelligence methods such as Genetic Algorithm (GA). In this study, an algorithm was proposed and developed, which determines critical path, critical activities and project completion duration by using GA, instead of CPM and PERT techniques used for network analysis within the scope of project management. The purpose of using GA was that these algorithms are an effective method for solution of complex optimization problems. Therefore, correct decisions can be made for implemented project activities by using obtained results. Thus, optimum results were obtained in a shorter time than the CPM and PERT techniques by using the model based on the dynamic algorithm. It is expected that this study will contribute to the performance field (time, speed, low error etc.) of other studies.

Improving Critical Path Method (CPM) by Applying Safety Factor to Manage Delays

Compared to other industrial endeavors the construction industry has the highest percentage rate of injuries and illnesses severely causing construction delays. The Critical Path Method (CPM) scheduling technique was known to control and to monitor construction activities to meet the project deadlines effectively but not to control and to monitor the project in terms of forecasted injuries and illnesses. The researcher proposed to develop a solution by deriving the Safety Factor to manage delays. The Safety Factor originated from the statistics of injuries and illnesses through classification of the annual percentage rate of the construction activities. Five Color Coding Categories were formulated, guiding the users towards early detection of risks level in the CPM diagram, enabling immediate action and lessening the adverse impact to the entire construction process. The research focused on getting back to the normal time schedule as-planned when disruptive injuries and illnesses occurred by using a safety factor. In which, more dynamic CPM techniques were included in the formulation of the Safety Factor, therefore, increasing construction safety and decreasing construction risks.

반복공구 작업조 동기화 시스템 개발

Repetitive project planning and scheduling method requires complementing the disadvantages of the critical path method (CPM) and the line of balance (LOB) method, which are confined in time-driven and graphical analysis, respectively. CPM is lack of capability to handle repetitive projects. LOB is also lack of analytical qualities of schedule information due to its' dependency on graphical technique. Existing studies attempt to combine CPM and LOB techniques in a system. However, they are mostly graphical methods. A new method integrating CPM and LOB techniques is presented so as to schedule repetitive projects using formula computing schedule information of each and every units of a project schedule. The proposed method perform basic LOB calculations to ensure resource employment continuity. Each and every activity durations at all units, floats and project completion time are computed using CPM method. Test cases are conducted to verify the potential of the proposed method.

LOB and CPM Integrated Method for Scheduling Repetitive Projects

Repetitive projects require schedules that ensure the uninterrupted usage of resources from a unit to similar units in a repetitive activity while maintaining logical dependency constraints. The critical path method (CPM) is the most widely used and accepted planning and scheduling method for traditional (nonrepetitive) projects. However, CPM does not suit the planning and scheduling needs of repetitive projects. Consequently, resource-driven techniques, such as line of balance (LOB), have been used to schedule repetitive projects that ensure work continuity. LOB is primarily a graphical technique that lacks the analytical qualities of CPM scheduling. A need for an analytical technique fulfilling characteristics of repetitive projects has been reported in the literature. Few attempts have been made to combine the benefits of CPM and LOB techniques in planning and scheduling of repetitive projects. In this paper, an integrated CPM and LOB model has been developed to schedule repetitive projects in an easy nongraphical manner, considering both logic dependency and resource continuity constraints. Overlapping activities of a single typical unit are used to model duration and logical relationships of repetitive activities. The proposed model essentially consists of four steps. In the first step, basic LOB calculations are performed to ensure resource continuity. Activity duration along all repetitive units is calculated in the second step. In the third step, overlapping activities are used to model logical relationships between consecutive activities. Next, CPM time analysis is performed to specify activities’ timings and floats and project completion time. An example application is presented to illustrate implementation and features of the proposed model.

BDM 네트워크 공정 및 비용 진도율 통합관리 개념

국내 건설산업에 CPM(critical path method) 공정관리기법이 도입된 지 거의 40년 가까이 경과하고 있다. 그러나 국내건설현장의 대부분은 CPM 공정표를 작성하지 않거나, 발주처의 요구에 의해 수동적으로 작성한 후 운영 및 관리는 거의 하지 않고, 아직도 바차트(bar chart)기법에 의존하여 공정관리를 하고 있는 실정이다. 이러한 원인중 하나는 CPM 공정계획이 건설현장의 업무를 정확히 반영하지 못하고 있으며, 공사 진척현황을 시각적으로 명확하게 인식하기 어렵고, 작업들의 일정중심의 공정진도와 기성금액 중심의 비용진도를 효율적으로 통합 관리하지 못하기 때문이다. 본 논문은 새로운 CPM 공정관리기법인 BDM기법을 통해 공정계층체계 내에서 CPM 공정계획이 자동으로 요약되면서 동일한 CPM 형식을 유지하는 기능을 통해, CPM기법의 장점을 그대로 유지하면서도 일정중심의 공정진도율과 기성중심의 비용진도율을 통합 관리할 수 있는 새로운 진도율 관리 개념을 제안한다. 이러한 개념을 통해 국내 건설사업에 CPM 공정관리기법이 실질적으로 적용되고 활성화되어, 공사관리의 효율성이 향상되는 동시에 국내 건설사업관리의 발전에도 일조 할 수 있기를 기대한다. Almost 40 years have been passed since the CPM was introduced to the construction industry in Korea. However most of construction projects in Korea do not prepare the CPM schedule neither operate it after established manually, as well as still depend on the Bar-chart schedule only. One of these reasons is because the CPM schedule does not reflect the site works realistically, it makes so difficult to recognize the actual progress clearly in visual format, and it is impossible to integrate and manage the time and cost oriented work progresses effectively. This paper proposes new concept of progress management that is able to integrate and manage the time oriented schedule progress and earned value oriented cost progress while maintaining the merits of CPM although the CPM schedule summarized automatically within a schedule hierarchy by the BDM that is a new CPM technique. We expect that this concept could make the applications of CPM technique to the domestic construction industry popular and help the advancement of the construction management in Korea as well.

Linear scheduling: past research efforts and future directions

Since the early 1960s, there have been different techniques to schedule linear projects, but for the most part, these have been overshadowed by the critical path method (CPM). Recently, there has been renewed interest in linear scheduling and in adapting some of the CPM techniques to linear scheduling. This necessitates a review of the research in the area of linear scheduling. The present paper provides an overview of linear scheduling, discusses the different approaches that have been used and expresses new avenues for research in the area of resource levelling of linear schedules.

Simplified Simulation System for Construction Projects

A new scheduling system based on statistical simulation is discussed. The system, called project-integrated cyclic analysis of serial system operations (PICASSO), blends and enhances two existing techniques, namely, the critical path method (CPM) and the cyclic operations network (CYCLONE) simulation. A PICASSO project diagram consists of a circle for each modeled resource, a box for each repeated activity, and arrows connecting these elements. The elements can be cycled as many times as required; thus each repetitive activity chain needs to be depicted only once. The massiveness of CPM and similar network techniques when applied to model repetitive projects is avoided altogether. The PICASSO also enhances the quality of the scheduling information normally found in simulation. Its scheduling procedures yield resource utilization statistics and activity chain float. The forward pass procedure computes early start dates and provides data for resource utilization statistics as well as for the backward pass calculations. The latter algorithm provides float information for each activity chain. Application examples illustrate the development and implementation of the method.