Critical Force Research Articles

Digitalization & Covid-19: An institutional-contingency theoretic analysis of supply chain digitalization

Black Swan external contingencies like the COVID-19 pandemic or Suez Canal blockage have a significant impact on the technology adoption decisions in firms. At a firm level, supply chains are the segments that are most prone to disruption due to these shocks. Hence the need to study the role of these contingencies in enabling digitalization in supply chains. Modern supply chains operate in a strong institutional environment that influences various aspects like technology adoption and digitalization. In this study, we bring these two aspects together by applying an institutional and contingency theory perspective. We investigate the institutional forces and the effect of environmental contingencies on the digitalization of supply chains. We propose a generalizable model to investigate digitalization readiness independent of the technological artefact being implemented. To achieve the same, we identify the forces of digitalization in the supply chains from the review of the extant literature. We then model the forces of digitalization into a Bayesian Belief Network (BBN). The study finds that organizational readiness and people readiness are critical elements of digitalization readiness. Our study reports the importance of top management's involvement and employees' training as the critical forces aiding digitalization.

Fatigue behaviors of 40Cr steel bars after nitriding-ultrasonic impacting compound strengthening treatment

In this study, 40Cr steel specimens were subjected to a combination of nitriding and ultrasonic impacting compound strengthening treatments under different impact forces (50, 70, and 90 kg). Consequently, the fatigue life and failure mechanisms of the treated specimens were investigated. The results indicate that the fatigue life of nitride subjected specimens improved compared with the specimens without the nitride treatment. Further, the fatigue life of nitride specimens following the ultrasonic impacting treatment first increased and then decreased with increasing the impact force. The nitriding-ultrasonic impacting compound strengthened specimens with the impact force of 50 kg exhibited the highest fatigue life. In addition, a critical impact force was obtained within the range of 70–90 kg. Fatigue cracks were initiated on the surface for an impact force of less than 70 kg, and they were initiated around the inclusion of Al2O3-CaCO3 on the fracture as the impact force was greater than 90 kg. Finally, the fatigue crack initiation mechanisms of the nitriding-ultrasonic impacting compound strengthened specimens were elucidated in terms of the surface crack, surface roughness, hardness, and residual stress. This study is expected to provide new clues for the optimization of surface strengthening processes of mechanical workpieces.

Research on the failure analysis and prediction method of casing deformation under the synergistic effect of sand production and corrosion

Casing deformation is one of the common problems encountered when developing weakly consolidated sandstone reservoirs. This study analyzes the types, causes, and influencing factors of casing deformation based on oil field production data, downhole operation records, and multi-arm caliper logging results. Based on the natural balance arch theory, the geometric and mathematical models of the sand production cavity were constructed, and the theoretical formulas of casing force, casing critical force, and cavity volume were derived. The casing deformation mechanism under the synergistic effect of multiple factors was explored, and a theoretical prediction method for casing deformation was established. The results indicate that casing deformation is primarily attributed to two factors: the transfer of overlying rock pressure to the casing due to sand production in the reservoir and casing corrosion. The casing force is positively correlated with the span of the cavity and negatively correlated with the height of the cavity. Under the same conditions, the shorter the perforation section, the easier it is for the casing to deform. Due to the characteristics of sand production in the reservoir, a stable cavity will be formed in the early stages of development. At this time, the casing force is not enough to cause deformation. However, as time goes by, corrosion gradually reduces the critical force for casing deformation. When the wall thickness is reduced to a certain extent, the casing will deform. Casings with medium and small flexibility will undergo plastic buckling or strength failure. Increasing the steel grade and wall thickness of the casing can increase the critical deformation force of the casing. Highly flexible casings will undergo elastic buckling, and only increasing the wall thickness of the casing can increase the critical force of casing deformation. Correspondingly, reducing the corrosion rate of casing can indirectly increase the critical force of casing deformation. Finally, thirty sand production wells were randomly selected to evaluate the casing deformation prediction method. The overall prediction accuracy reached 86.6%, and the prediction accuracy for casing deformation wells reached 95%. This study provides strong theoretical support for casing deformation prediction and further optimization of casing design.

A Descriptive study on effect of work life factors on personal and social life of workforce at Hyderabad Police Division”

WLB plays a very important role in directly affecting the personal and work life of the employees and indirectly affects the productivity of the organization. Work pressure and increasing stress up on the police in the modern days has been identified as the cause for the problems at work and personal life. Some of the problems identified were stress related diseases, less productivity, work conflict with family engagements, inadequate time spent with the children etc. The study is an attempt to identify some of the causal factors which will till to the work life balance because identification will enable us to plan strategies to manage balance.
 The police men and the police stations chosen are through simple random method the sample includes police men working in Hyderabad police stations with an experience of 3 to 4 years in their respective field located in Hyderabad. Hyderabad is the fast growing area in India with large number of police stations catering service not only the Hyderabad people but also to different places of Telangana like cyber-crimes, white color offences etc. Hence it was felt worth studying work life balance of the critical police work force of this Hyderabad unit. The main sample comprised of 110 policemen and was collected in the year 2022.The selection of police stations and policemen from the police stations was as per the criteria of statistical sample selection. The tools which would be administered are two 1) Personal data schedule 2) Interview schedule

Comparing low volume of blood flow restricted to high-intensity resistance training of the finger flexors to maintain climbing-specific strength and endurance: a crossover study.

It is acknowledged that training during recovery periods after injury involves reducing both volume and intensity, often resulting in losses of sport-specific fitness. Therefore, this study aimed to compare the effects of high-intensity training (HIT) and low-intensity training with blood flow restriction (LIT + BFR) of the finger flexors in order to preserve climbing-specific strength and endurance. In a crossover design, thirteen intermediate climbers completed two 5-week periods of isometric finger flexors training on a hangboard. The trainings consisted of ten LIT + BFR (30% of max) or HIT sessions (60% of max without BFR) and were undertaken in a randomized order. The training session consisted of 6 unilateral sets of 1 min intermittent hanging at a 7:3 work relief ratio for both hands. Maximal voluntary contraction (MVC), force impulse from the 4 min all out test (W), critical force (CF) and force impulse above the critical force (W') of the finger flexors were assessed before, after the first, and after the second training period, using a climbing-specific dynamometer. Forearm muscle oxidative capacity was estimated from an occlusion test using near-infrared spectroscopy at the same time points. Both training methods led to maintaining strength and endurance indicators, however, no interaction (P > 0.05) was found between the training methods for any strength or endurance variable. A significant increase (P = 0.002) was found for W, primarily driven by the HIT group (pretest-25078 ± 7584 N.s, post-test-27327 ± 8051 N.s, P = 0.012, Cohen's d = 0.29). There were no significant (P > 0.05) pre- post-test changes for MVC (HIT: Cohen's d = 0.13; LIT + BFR: Cohen's d = -0.10), CF (HIT: Cohen's d = 0.36; LIT + BFR = 0.05), W` (HIT: Cohen's d = -0.03, LIT + BFR = 0.12), and forearm muscle oxidative capacity (HIT: Cohen's d = -0.23; LIT + BFR: Cohen's d = -0.07). Low volume of BFR and HIT led to similar results, maintaining climbing-specific strength and endurance in lower grade and intermediate climbers. It appears that using BFR training may be an alternative approach after finger injury as low mechanical impact occurs during training.

Buckling behavior of T-carbon nanobeams and nanoplates: A molecular dynamics study

The present study aims to explore the buckling responses of T-carbon nanobeams and nanoplates by molecular dynamics simulations. The AIREBO potential has been used. The critical buckling force and critical axial strain are reported for various nanostructures. The effects of the length, width-to-thickness ratio, and temperature on the buckling behavior have been investigated. The results show that for T-carbon nanobeams, by increasing the length at a constant temperature, the critical force and critical strain decrease, while by increasing temperature, the critical force increases, and the critical strain decreases. Furthermore, for T-carbon nanoplates, as the width-to-thickness ratio is increased at a constant temperature, the critical force increases but the critical strain decreases, and by increasing temperature, the force increases but the strain decreases. Moreover, it is observed that by increasing the strain rate, the critical buckling force rises slightly. The findings of our research help to gain a general understanding of the buckling behavior of T-carbon nanostructures, which is useful for their future designs and applications.

All Shades of Green: The Anatomy of the Fridays for Future Movement in Italy

The Fridays for Future (FFF) movement has emerged as a critical force in environmental activism in response to pressing climate challenges. Despite its global prominence, few studies have delved deeply into the internal lines of thought within FFF communities. Our research fills this gap by exploring the diverse perspectives within the Italian FFF community and how these viewpoints influence the movement’s civic and political dedication to environmental sustainability. We are specifically interested in the shades of green, namely the internal variations of attitudes and beliefs of the FFF participants. We conducted empirical research with over 300 climate activists from the FFF movement in Italy, collecting data from March to October 2022 using a Web-based respondent-driven sampling technique (webRDS). The questionnaire, comprising 27 questions, covers topics such as political values, institutional trust, technological attitudes, climate knowledge, and personal lifestyles. We chose Multiple Correspondence Analysis (MCA) for our analysis due to its valuable mathematical properties, capability for producing insightful visual representations, and efficient computational features. The analysis reveals four distinct groups within the Italian FFF community based on their attitudes and actions related to environmental sustainability. These groups include Activist Equalizer, Disillusioned Technophobes, Institution Trustee, and Laissez-faire Solitaries, challenging the prevailing notion that FFF activists solely fit the profile of Activist Equalizers often depicted in media and public discourse. Findings offer a novel picture of the FFF movement in Italy and contribute to a better understanding of how the internal diversity of FFF impacts the efficacy and future trajectory of environmental activism. This research offers new insight into the political role of FFF and its potential influence on climate-related political actions.

Attraction-Induced superlubricity and its detection

A nanoscale friction test using an atomic force microscope (AFM) is modelled as a diatomic tip in sliding contact with a 2D monolayer supported by a metal substrate. This test is simulated by ab initio DFT calculations. The simulation results show that, when a silver tip slides on a honeycomb borophene (HB) monolayer supported by a titanium substrate, the friction force varies nonlinearly with the prescribed height of the tip or, equivalently, the corresponding normal force exerted by the tip on the HB monolayer. In particular, the friction force turns out to be almost null when the height of the tip sufficiently approaches a critical height of the prescribed height, which corresponds to a critical normal attraction force. This nanoscale friction-free sliding phenomenon is thus qualified as attraction-induced superlubricity (AISL). Further, the origin of AISL is discussed and analyzed in terms of electron redistributions. Finally, the feasibility of AISL detection is argued by analyzing the potential energy surface (PES), the adsorption strength of the tip on HB surface and the binding strength of HB to its substrate.

Sturdy oil-impregnated polyurethane coatings with long-lasting and high-efficient deicing performance

Icing on exposed surfaces can cause serious problems for aircraft, radar, highways, etc. Passive anti-icing surfaces with delicate surface structures show ultralow ice adhesion strength, but they suffer from stability and durability issues when facing the complex icing environments. Here, we show that oil-impregnated polyurethane coatings (OIPs) with gradient distribution of nanoscale oil droplets along the coating depth simultaneously exhibit reduced ice adhesion strength, improved stability and durability, and enhanced substrate adhesion compared with polyurethane (PU) coatings. This heterogeneous structure of OIPs not only leads to the formation of a stable oil/PU composite surface on the top surface but also induces slip pulse at the ice/coating interface at a lower critical shear force, both of which greatly reduce the effective ice/coating contact area. The deicing efficiency of OIPs can last >130 days without degradation, covering the whole winter in most temperate-zone countries.

Simulation the spring element of a screen in the SolidWorks Motion

Purpose. Develop a methodology for modeling the elastic element of a screen using the SolidWorks Motion environment. The methods. The methodology for modeling the elastic element of the screen was developed on the basis of the Dassault Systèmes SolidWorks software product. The mathematical expression that describes the behavior of the spring built into SolidWorks Motion is derived. Also, in the same software product, graphs are built that reflect the behavior of the system in which the spring model is used. Findings. Based on the study of the computational experiment data, a mathematical model of the spring was developed for use in the SolidWorks Motion software product. An analytical expression for the critical vertical force corresponding to the transition of the spring from the upper position (compression spring) to the lower position (tensile spring) is obtained. The spatial vibrations of a plate supported by four springs along its perimeter are investigated. It was found that the plate exhibits behavior similar to a system with three degrees of freedom. In order to reduce the deviations, the use of horizontal springs was proposed. The methodology used was applied to the dynamic analysis of the screen. The originality. The mathematical model of the spring, which is embedded in the SolidWorks Motion software product, is determined. An expression is given that determines the value of the critical load, which will lead to a change in the position of the spring. Practical implementation. The equation that describes the state of a spring can be used when calculating elastic elements of machinery using SolidWorks Motion methods. This is especially relevant when designing mechanisms and systems where it is necessary to accurately predict the behavior of elastic elements during their operation. The use of simulation software allows engineers to optimize designs and test various load scenarios without creating prototypes.

Effect of compression process parameters on the physical properties and in vitro release mechanism of the press-coated nifedipine matrix sustained-release tablets

We aim to clarify the influence of compression process parameters on the physical properties and release kinetics of the dual-reservoir press-coated tablets (PCTs). The critical compression force from plastic deformation to elastic deformation was 12.15 and 20.08 kN for core tablets and coat layer powder, respectively. Below 12.15 kN, the core tablets underwent flattening, further compression and surface area changing during the compression process of the coat layer, which in turn made the coat layer further compressed in both axial and radial space, resulting in reduced porosity and increased tensile strength. The release testing revealed that PCTs exhibited a dual-reservoir sequence release mechanism of super case II transport in the coat layer and irregular transport in the core tablets, with compression force of the core tablets as a crucial process parameter. In brief, release profiles could be designed by adjusting drug distribution in dual-reservoir and process parameter of PCTs.

A Flexible Tough Hydrovoltaic Coating for Wearable Sensing Electronics.

The lack of a strong binding mechanism between nanomaterials severely restricts the advantages of the evaporation-driven hydrovoltaic effect in wearable sensing electronics. It is a challenging task to observably improve the mechanical toughness and flexibility of hydrovoltaic devices to match the wearable demand without abandoning the nanostructures and surface function. Here, a flexible tough polyacrylonitrile/alumina (PAN/Al2 O3 ) hydrovoltaic coating with both good electricity generation (open-circuit voltage, Voc ≈3.18V) and sensitive ion sensing (2285VM-1 for NaCl solutions in 10-4 to 10-3 m) capabilities is developed. The porous nanostructure composed of Al2 O3 nanoparticles is firmly locked by the strong binding effect of PAN, giving a critical binding force 4 times that of Al2 O3 film to easily deal with 9.92ms-1 strong water-flow impact. Finally, skin-tight and non-contact device structures are proposed to achieve wearable multifunctional self-powered sensing directly using sweat. The flexible tough PAN/Al2 O3 hydrovoltaic coating breaks through the mechanical brittleness limitation and broadens the applications of the evaporation-induced hydrovoltaic effect in self-powered wearable sensing electronics.

Mechanics of chip, delamination, and burr formation in drilling supported woven GFRP composites

A new approach was used in drilling woven glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) composites to clamping the specimen by a controllable force at drill entry and exit sides. The influence of cutting and support conditions on thrust force, push-out and peel-up delaminations, and burr factor was investigated. A series of ASTM tests were implemented to determine tensile, in-plane shear, Mode I and Mode II fracture toughness properties, which were used to predict the critical thrust force (CTF) at delamination initiation. The delamination and burr areas were accurately measured via inexpensive, easy, and accurate image processing technique. Result from drilling processes revealed that the supported specimens are approximately free from burr accompanied with insignificant peeling within the drill (10 mm)/support hole (12 mm) tolerance. By using support plates, the thrust force was increased up to 8.3% compared to the unsupported conditions. On the other hand, the delaminations were decreased by about 65.5%. The delaminations were dominated by Mode I fracture toughness, which is lower than that of Mode II by 41%. The predicted CTF using concentrated load models are slightly lower than the measured values, which interpret the occurrence of delamination damage on the cutting zone.

Generation of broad-spectrum recombinant antibody and construction of colorimetric immunoassay for tropane alkaloids: Recognition mechanism and application

Tropane alkaloids (TAs) have emerged as plant toxins, related to poisoning events. The development of stable antibodies is crucial to ensure the effectiveness of immunological methods in quickly and accurately monitoring these alkaloids. In this study, based on hybridoma, the variable region gene of monoclonal antibody (mAb) was amplified, and the recombinant antibody (rAb) gene sequence (VH-Linker-VL) was successfully constructed and expressed in HEK293F. The obtained rAb has kept the same performance as mAb, and the IC50 of 29 TAs ranged from 0.12 to 2642.78 ng/mL. In the recognition mechanism, the docking and dynamics model identified hydrophobic interaction as the most critical force. Substituent will impact recognition by influencing the spatial structure and hydrophobic properties. Then, a colorimetric immunoassay based on rAb was established, five types of water and thirty-nine nectars of honey were tested. The results demonstrated the absence of TAs in environmental water, whereas atropine was detected in more than 13.47% of honey samples at concentrations exceeding 1 μg/kg. The results show a good correlation with UHPLC-MS/MS, suggesting that the immunoassay has excellent screening ability. The data on TAs in honey and water could serve as a foundation for developing relevant policies.

Effect on damage of aircraft windshield impacted by light UAV with different postures

Abstract To study the performance of the main windshield of a commercial aircraft that has been verified to be airworthy by bird-strike tests against unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) impact at high-speed, a typical light UAV with various possible flight postures and the main windshield of a commercial aircraft are considered. The transient impact responses at critical moments, energy change and contact force of a multi-layer windshield impacted by a UAV with different postures are investigated using a simulation method based on the models verified by the high-speed impact test between the whole UAV and the full-size nose. This study shows that the flight posture of the UAV has a significant effect on the damage to the windshield. When the abdomen of a typical light UAV maintains a posture parallel to the plane of the windshield, the high-speed impact would cause catastrophic damage to the windshield and no longer be airworthy. Simultaneously, the damage to the aircraft windshield caused by UAV collision is far more serious than that caused by bird strikes under similar collision conditions. The mass-concentrated components of the UAV and their high-hardness characteristics are the main factors of affecting multi-layer glass of windshield damage. The degree of damage to the windshield is positively related to the absorbed energy rather than the impact contact force. In this study, the impact simulation results between the windshield and UAV with different flight postures are verified qualitatively by testing, which provides a rational understanding and technical pre-research support for emerging and increasingly frequent potential safety hazards in air transport practice.

3D Finite Element investigation in high speed drilling of unidirectional Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer composite

The unidirectional Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymers (UD-GFRP) composites have wide spread usage in the current modern industries, because of their significant mechanical behavior over conventional materials and metals. Drilling operation is a vital machining process of making holes with high precision during the pre-assembly process of the laminates. Hole with higher precision is needed to guarantee the strength of the joint made during the assembly process. However, the effect of key drilling parameter settings like cutting speed, tool diameter, tool geometry, drill material and feed rate is more significant in achieving acceptable dimensional tolerance and quality holes. The effect of the thrust forces in the quality of the hole and chip morphology is very high especially during the high speed drilling process. Hence, the prediction and investigation of the critical thrust force is very much needed to reduce the machining induced defects and thereby improving the effectiveness of the drilling process. In this research work, the prevalidated 3D Finite Element Model (3D FEM) developed in ABAQUS/Explicit software is utilized to analyze and explore the complex cutting mechanics behind high speed drilling of GFRP composite. The effect of machining parameters settings on thrust forces are predicted and reported using 3D FE analysis.

New insights into the role of nearby particles in bubble-particle detachment

Bubble-particle detachment is a crucial factor influencing the upper size limit of flotation and has gained significant attention in recent years. While the detachment of individual particles has been extensively studied, the impact of nearby particles attached to the bubble on the detachment of the central particle remains unclear. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the role of nearby particles in bubble-particle detachment. First, a custom-designed channel flow system was utilized to generate a confined vortex, assessing the stability of bubble-particle aggregates in the presence and absence of nearby particles. Subsequently, the effect of the number of nearby particles on the stability of bubble-particle aggregates was further explored through critical detachment amplitude and detachment force tests. Finally, the role of nearby particles in the bubble-particle detachment was revealed by comparing the three-phase contact line and contact angle changes in the detachment process of the bubble from the glass plate in these two scenarios. The results demonstrate that the presence of nearby particles enhances the critical detachment amplitude and detachment force of the central particle, thereby prolonging the motion time of the bubble-particle aggregates within a confined vortex. This enhancement can be attributed to the alteration of the gas-liquid interface shape near the central particle induced by the nearby particles, which strengthens the pinning effect of the contact line and increases the advancing contact angle. Thus, nearby particles enhance the stability of the aggregates by increasing the capillary force between the bubble and the central particle.

Quantification of macromolecule crowding at single-molecule level.

Macromolecule crowding has a prominent impact on a series of biochemical processes in the cell. It is also expected to promote macromolecular complexation induced by excluded volume effects, which conflicts with recent advances in the thermodynamic interaction between inert, synthetic polymers, and nucleic acids. Along this line, a method combining high-resolution magnetic tweezers and extended crowder-oxDNA model was applied to resolve these discrepancies by systematically studying the kinetics and thermodynamics of the folding-unfolding transition for an individual DNA hairpin in a crowded environment. More specifically, from the magnetic tweezers-based experiments, the linear dependence of the critical force of the DNA hairpin on the polyethylene glycol (PEG) concentration was demonstrated, which is consistent with the results based on the crowder-oxDNA model in which the Lennard-Jones potential was adopted to express the interaction between the crowders and the DNA hairpin. These consistencies highlight that the excluded volume effects are mainly responsible for the interaction between PEG and the DNA hairpin, which is different from the interaction between dextran and the DNA hairpin. In the meantime, the dependence of the folding rate on the molecule weight of PEG, which was different from fluorescence resonance energy transfer-based results, was identified. The proposed method opens a path to detect the interaction between an inert, synthetic molecule, and the DNA hairpin, which is important to accurately mimic the cytosolic environments using mixtures of different inert molecules.

Homebound: Compromised Petroculture Criticism in American Neoliberal Family Novels

ABSTRACT This article argues that the neoliberal family novel is by genre compromised to criticize fossil fuel extraction. I situate the claim against the rise of petrocultures studies, especially of novels consciously engaged with the post-9/11 extractivist boom. A good number of these novels are family saga, and this article focuses on two of them: Jonathan Franzen’s Freedom and Lamar Herrin’s Fractures—the latter claimed to resemble Freedom but disproportionally underexplored. This article shows that the family thread in both novels tend to overpower and consume the ecopolitical thread, thereby undercutting the novels’ critical force against petrocultures. In demonstrating this point, I trace the evolving cultural construction of the (nuclear) family in relation to the postwar oil boom and the subsequent installation of neoliberalism. Then I show that the novels participate respectively in two modes of neoliberal family construction: a privatized consumer space detached from ecopolitical controversy, or a fully integrated neoliberal stronghold devouring anti-oil resistance. Either way, the textual mobilization of family logic and sentimentalized symbolism jeopardizes the anti-oil theme. Finally, as a way out, I identify an alternative coalitional structure of local anonymity at the end of Fractures that is potentially better positioned to articulate anti-oil politics.

Analysis of polarization characteristics and optimal operating conditions for industrial-sized SOFC based on comparison with button cells

Although button solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) have been extensively used in fundamental research, practical commercial applications are developed on industrial-sized SOFCs. As the active area and fuel utilization increase, some issues that are not considered in button cells become essential. Therefore, it is necessary to focus on the differences between button cells and industrial-sized cells, including their polarization characteristics and performance evaluation. In this study, the polarization curves of both types of cells under different hydrogen flow rates are tested. Both types of cells experience a sudden increase in total area-specific resistance (Rtot) under high current density. However, the effects of hydrogen flow rate differs between cell types. Based on the equivalent circuit model (ECM) fitting of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measured under different DC biases and the theoretical calculation of gas diffusion and gas conversion resistances, it is demonstrated that the rapid increase in Rtot in button cells is primarily attributed to gas diffusion through the anode. In contrast, non-uniform gas distribution along the flow channel direction results in a dominant role of gas conversion resistance on Rtot in industrial-sized cells, especially at hydrogen flow rates below 0.4 L min−1. Although electrical efficiency is often overlooked in button cells, it is a crucial performance evaluation index in industrial-sized cells. The impact of operating parameters on power density and electrical efficiency is analyzed, revealing a trade-off between the two. With the critical Nernst electromotive force of Ni oxidation as the voltage lower limit, the optimal operating conditions with high electrical efficiency and prevention of Ni oxidation under different flow rates are obtained. It is investigated that operation should be carried out at a low flow rate below 0.3 L min−1 to achieve high electrical efficiency of over 50%. The selected operating parameters will change when the cell performance or load demand changes. However, the analysis method proposed in this paper can still provide a reference for selecting the operating parameters of a SOFC system.