Criterion Of Progress Research Articles

Социальное благополучие как критерий развития наций (к вопросу о методологии оценивания)

Human well-being as a criterion of progress is usually measured by indices of standard of living, quality of life, and human development. These indices are based on methodological individualism and consider human development as an increase in individuals’ prosperity, comfort, freedom, and self-realization. While comparing countries or regions, the object of consideration are aggregated individuals, rather than nations, peoples and territorial communities within which the species Homo sapiens exists. Due to their conceptual scope, the accepted indices do not see an obvious paradox: the maximization of what is considered well-being – standard of living and personal selfexpression – exacerbates the anthropological crisis, namely the destruction of sociality in all historically established forms, the rapid destruction of a family institution and refusal of human individuals to continue the human race. The authors of the article propose a new index to measure human well-being, which is a social production of life and a social order that reduces human suffering. The viability of human community requires population reproduction which is the first condition for social development. But society is not identical to the population, and social well-being presupposes the reproduction of an institutional balance between communal and personal principles. The key to social and population reproduction is the preservation of family as the basic structure of society. Reducing human suffering means minimizing threats to human life and eliminating extreme forms of social oppression. The minimization of threats to human life and safety of social environment are verified by reduction in mortality from external causes and an increase in average life expectancy. To avoid the extremes of social oppression, it is necessary to eliminate poverty and ensure universal education for children. Thus, social well-being, which is being understood and achieved, is a necessary basis for the sustainable development of nations.

Optimizing selection strategy for enhancing reproduction efficiency in Indian crossbred goats using milk productivity as a selection criterion.

The present study was aimed at optimizing the selection strategy for enhancing reproductive efficiency and milk productivity of Alpine × Beetal crossbred goats. The data set included 2949 milk trait records across parities and 1389 milk records from first parity and corresponding reproductive traits. The traits included for analysis were 150-day milk yield (150DMY), days in milk (DIM), peak yield (PY) and total milk yield (TMY). The litter size (LS) and litter weight (LW) were used for specifically formulating selection plan using indirect selection. The least squares mean for lactation traits during the first parity were 150DMY: 195.32 ± 2.09 kg, DIM: 236.42 ± 3.04 days, PY: 1.82 ± 0.02 kg, TMY: 269.62 ± 4.52 kg. Notably, Alpine × Beetal goats demonstrated genetic superiority pan India for milk productivity as compared to other native goat breeds. The least squares mean for 150DMY across all parities was 236 ± 3.13 kg. An animal model employing average information restricted maximum likelihood was used for (co)variance component estimation to get the genetic parameters. The analysis revealed total heritability estimates for 150DMY, DIM, PY and TMY as 0.18 ± 0.06, 0.04 ± 0.04, 0.12 ± 0.06 and 0.08 ± 0.05, respectively. Repeatability estimates for 150DMY, DIM, and TMY were 0.28 ± 0.04, 0.21 ± 0.03 and 0.37 ± 0.03, respectively. Bivariate analysis of 150DMY with reproductive traits revealed heritability for LS and LW as 0.05 ± 0.01 and 0.10 ± 0.01, respectively using Gibbs sampling. Strong and positive genetic correlations of 150DMY with other production and reproduction traits was observed, such as DIM (0.72), PY (0.98), TMY (0.88), LS (0.57) and LW (0.33). Moderate heritability and repeatability estimate of 150DMY, along with its positive correlation with production and reproductive traits suggested it as a suitable selection criterion for early selection and overall genetic progress of lactation traits. The genetic trend analysis showed an overall improvement in all these traits, with observed gain of 98.4 g per year for 150DMY, 0.04 days per year for DIM, 0.5 g per year for PY and 220.5 g per year for TMY. We observed that selecting based on 150DMY would lead to a favourable indirect improvement for LW as 79 g and LS 0.04 units per generation. We, therefore, recommend employing 150DMY as the single trait selection criteria to enhance both milk productivity and reproductive potential of Alpine × Beetal goats.

Прогресс во всемирной истории. Так был ли мальчик?

This article studies the content of the concept of progress in connection with the emergence of negative attitudes towards it in scientific publications. The analysis is carried out by comparing progress with the concepts of evolution, practice, cognition, development and personality. The author reproduces the traditional criterion of progress, i.e. freedom, but considers it in two aspects: scientifictechnical and moral, basing his reasoning on the idea of the infinity of the historical process due to the infinity of practical transformative human activity. The paper clearly demonstrates progressive development of these two aspects in world history, paying attention to distinct changes in the manmade environment, and points out the existence of moral norms in various historically conditioned cultures. At the same time, the author reveals the dialectical nature of moral progress, thereby justifying the fundamental impossibility of absolute morality in history. However, this provision is interpreted here as the basis for the objectification of labour not only in material nature, but also in the sphere of morality. The struggle of good against evil is an endless exercise of labour aimed at overcoming egocentric aspirations. Further, the article identifies the reasons for the negative attitude to progress. They are seen, firstly, in the theoretical gap between the scientific-technical and moral progress in spite of their dialectical consideration and, secondly, in the unjustified application of the teleological principle to the concept of progress, this principle being in opposition to the phenomena of the scientific-technical progress and to the dialectical unity of good and evil. As a result, the author makes a conclusion about the progressiveness of world history and its immanent incompleteness and, consequently, the incompleteness of progress. This is the basis for the impossibility of absolute freedom in history.

Characterization of clutch traits and egg production in six chicken breeds.

The better understanding of laying pattern of birds is crucial for developing breed-specific proper breeding scheme and management. Daily egg production until 50 wk of age of six chicken breeds including one layer (White Leghorn, WL), three dual-purpose (Rhode Island Red, RIR; Columbian Plymouth Rock, CR; and Barred Plymouth Rock, BR), one synthetic dwarf (DY), and one indigenous (Beijing-You Chicken, BYC) were used to characterize their clutch traits and egg production. The age at first egg, egg number, average and maximum clutch length, pause length, and number of clutches and pauses were calculated accordingly. The egg number and average clutch length in WL, RIR, CR, and BR were higher than those in DY and BYC (p<0.01). The numbers of clutches and pauses, and pause length in WL, RIR, CR, and BR were lower than those in DY and BYC (p<0.01). The coefficient variations of clutch length in WL, RIR, CR, and BR (57.66%, 66.49%, 64.22%, and 55.35%, respectively) were higher than DY (41.84%) and BYC (36.29%), while the coefficient variations of egg number in WL, RIR, CR, and BR (9.10%, 9.97%, 10.82%, and 9.92%) were lower than DY (15.84%) and BYC (16.85%). The clutch length was positively correlated with egg number (r = 0.51 to 0.66; p<0.01), but not correlated with age at first egg in all breeds. The six breeds showed significant different clutch and egg production traits. Due to the selection history, the high and median productive layer breeds had higher clutch length than those of the less productive indigenous BYC. The clutch length is a proper selection criterion for further progress in egg production. The age at first egg, which is independent of clutch traits, is especially encouraged to be improved by selection in the BYC breed.

Scientific Progress, Rationality and Interdisciplinarity

The critical remark within the framework of the panel discussion problematizes three provisions of the article proposed for discussion. The first is the dual nature of the concept of “scientific progress”, which is both descriptive and normative. The remark criticizes the descriptive understanding of scientific progress and argues for the adequacy of the description of this concept exclusively in a normative way. The second provision concerns the possibility of accepting “rationality” as a universal criterion for scientific progress. The doubt about the applicability of this criterion to the assessment of the achievements of scientific knowledge in general is asserted and substantiated, at the same time, the application of this criterion to particular sciences seems possible. The third provision is the uniqueness of the historical situation in which science found itself at the end of the XX century, when disciplinary separation becomes an obstacle to the study of complex objects. The uniqueness of this historical situation is disputed, as an alternative view it is argued that the attitude to the phenomenon of specialization of science from the moment of its appearance was ambivalent. Separately, the need to consider the extensive historical experience of creating various epistemological platforms to overcome disciplinary separation is stipulated. A proposal is made to further study and clarification of the possible advantages of French historical epistemology as a platform for the formation of new interdisciplinary areas of research over competing platforms (ANT, STS, strong programme of SSK).

Человеческий потенциал в свете теории ноономики о трансформации «человека экономического» в «человека культурного»

In the light of the theory of noonomy, the article substantiates the need for priority development of human potential in the process of transformation of an “economic person” into a “cultural person”. That person is becoming increasingly characterized by the creative content of work, the rejection of simulated needs, the development of human qualities as the highest criterion of progress. This movement forces us to look at the goals and means of economic development in a new way and put the intensive development of a person and his potential as the main productive force of society and the values of social development in the center. It is shown that the category of “human potential” is qualitatively different from the narrow concept of “human capital”. Using the example of the socio-humanitarian sphere, in particular, the scientific and educational sphere, it is considered how the goals and motives of activity in this area can change if they focus on a cultural person, a creative person. Using the example of the socio-humanitarian sphere, in particular, the scientific and educational sphere, it is considered how the goals and motives of activity in this area can change if they focus on a cultural person, a creative person. The article presents the main components of this process in the field of education.

Production and Development of Wind Energy in Wasit and Al-Mothennah Governorates

Renewable or alternative energy is a criterion for international progress in investing its natural resources, especially wind speed. Since the uses of wind are witnessing a wide spread, it has become necessary to work on calculating the rate of wind energy density because it is a criterion that determines the extent to which wind turbines are used or installed. The researcher depends on a comparison between two areas with different classification; where Al-Mothennah governorate enjoys a large quantity of winds, while Wasit governorate is experiencing lower rates than its counterpart in Al-Semawah station.

Concept of international standards and system of quality and level of living assessment

The article reveals the content and essence of the concepts of quality and standard of living, characterizes the indicators and defines the constituent elements of the quality of life, identifies countries with the best and worst indicators of the quality of life. The process of human development is considered at the present stage as the goal and the most important criterion of social progress, if we consider the quality of life as a system, it includes the quality of a person, and the standard of living is defined as the well-being of the population and lifestyle. Taking into account the objective and subjective characteristics of all spheres of human life, the main task of the study is based on the maximum coincidence of objective and subjective quality assessments. According to different methodology, indicators for assessing the level and quality of life are systematized and the need to form social standards for a new quality of life for the population of Ukraine is substantiated. An objective assessment of the quality of life of the population is determined using a set of indicators: income of the population; household spending; communal payments; well-being; comfortable life, etc. Subjective evaluation indicators are formed according to a sociological survey and reflect the degree of satisfaction with life, the need for quality products (services). The quality of life assessment system requires constant improvement, but the main aspects that need to be taken into account are the implementation of international ISO standards and quality management systems in production. It is the quality control and assessment system that will reduce the acuteness of food security, the availability of proper nutrition, necessary for an active and healthy life, and the creation of comfortable conditions for human life.

Political realism and the quest for political progress

Political realism and the quest for political progress

Критерии правового прогресса

The article is dedicated to philosophical and legal research of the criterion of legal progress. Based on the study of content, features and meaning of the legal progress for the development and functioning of the legal reality, the authors conclude that the criterion of legal progress should be considered as a methodological and epistemological instrument that expresses all possible aspects and indicators of making the legal reality perfect. The authors underline the necessity to distinguish the criteria of legal progress and the progress viewed as a social phenomenon generally. Using teleological approach to the study of the criterion, the article states that the ontological criterion of the legal progress mostly expresses the success in the development and functioning of the legal reality. This success depends on the degree of achievement of the goal of the legal progress. The article interprets goals, tasks, mechanism of transformation as a legal criterion. The authors update axiological, subjective, objective criteria of the legal progress. They underline that the criteria of the legal progress have dual nature (subjective and objective). This nature is caused by interpretative peculiarities of this category, the representatives of societies and reflection about different legal interests. That is the reason why they cannot be universal. The legal progress in general is socially and culturally dependent and cannot be examined without a certain historical period of development and the level of legal reality.

A Rapid and Accurate Non Extractive Procedure For Analyzing Monocrotophos In Environmental Samples By Spectrophotometry

An organophosphorous insecticide monocrotophos is increasingly being utilized in agriculture to control insects on a broad range of crops. In this study a new reaction system using spectrophotometric method for quantitative determination of monocrotophos is proposed. The method is based on the bromination of monocrotophos to form dibromomonocrotophos which react with Potassium iodide-Potassium iodate mixture in the presence of leuco malachite green (LMG) to form a water soluble greenish blue colored complex. The change in absorbance as a criterion of the bromination reaction progress was followed spectrophotometrically. To obtain t he maximum sensitivity the effective reaction variables were optimized. The absorbance maximum was observed at 620 nm. Under optimized experimental conditions calibration graph was linear over the range of 10.0-60.0 µg. The molar absorptivity of the colored system is 3.66×104 L mol-1 cm-1 and sandell’s sensitivity is 0.25×10-2 µg cm-2. The calculated detection limit was 0.44 µg mL-1. The interfering effect of various species was also investigated. The present method was successfully applied to the analysis of monocrotophos in different environmental and water samples.

Співвідношення держави і анархізму в теоретико-політичній спадщині Михайла Драгоманова

The article is devoted to the analysis of the peculiarities of the interpretation of the role of the state in public life in the political theory of scientist and public figure Mikhail Drahomanov, whose ideas had a powerful influence on political discourse not only in Ukraine and Russia but throughout the European continent. Сonsideration of the interpretation of liberalism by Mykhailo Drahomanov as the basis of his socio-political theory and the impact on his views of the European progressive tradition address the main issues of this study. Scientist’s definition of individual freedom as the main criterion of social progress and the restrictive influence of the state on its implementation is also revealed. Mykhailo Drahomanov proceeded from the fact that, despite the historically progressive nature of the state, it, in essence, restricts the freedom of the individual, and the logic of development, constantly seeks to narrow the boundaries of this freedom. Attention is also paid to M. Drahomanov’s interpretation of the issue of creating conditions for free self-realization of the individual. The thinker opposes the community to the state as a voluntary association of free people, the relationship between which is regulated not by coercion but by means of moral regulation. The article emphasizes that for the Ukrainian political theorist, federalism is a way of organizing interaction between the subjects of the political process. It is noted that anarchist rhetoric was used by M. Drahomanov not so much to liquidate the state as such, but to weaken it as much as possible in favor of individual rights and freedoms. It is also specified that according to the scientist, history and the formed foundations of national character and political traditions determine the place of Ukraine and Ukrainians in universal progress and the transition of mankind from the state organization of society to its self-organization on the basis of socialism.

Digital technology in the humanities and public life in the context of justice

The article explores some methodological issues and the role of digital technologies in the humanities, education system, and public life. The relevance of the research topic is confirmed by the rapid development of digital resources and technologies in public life, including humanities and education. The positive role of digital technologies for the development of humanities and education is emphasized; they are characterized by interdisciplinarity and open up new possibilities for research. It is argued that the process of digitalization is a reflection of the new historical realities of social life, including science and education, a reflection of the new needs of society in the research environment. And materialistic understanding of the phenomena of social life as the most important method of research, comprehension, and evaluation of social processes is used as the main method of research. It is argued that digital technologies in the humanities and education have serious negative consequences. This manifests itself in a potential decrease in intellectual activity, analytical abilities, and physical development of a person. Digital technologies are capable of taking a person into another reality, disrupting the process of traditional socialization, live communication. Such processes have a negative impact on his personal development, which contradicts the criterion of justice and social progress, which are expressed in the comprehensive development of the individual. It is argued that even the most advanced digital technology cannot replace the moral and psychological moments of live teacher-student communication.

Quadriceps strength to body weight ratio is a significant indicator for initiating jogging after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction

BackgroundQuadriceps strength recovery after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction is an important criterion for progress in rehabilitation and return to sports. The purpose of this study was to determine whether quadriceps strength to body weight ratio (QS/BW) is a significant indicator for initiating jogging after ACL reconstruction. MethodsIsokinetic quadriceps strength at 60°/s was measured and a jogging trial was completed 3 months after ACL reconstruction with hamstring tendon autograft in 83 patients (36 male, 47 female; mean age, 26.6 ± 12.4 years). Based on the jogging trial results, patients were assigned to either a successful jogging group (mean velocity ≥ 9 km/h) or an unsuccessful jogging group (mean velocity < 9 km/h). The association between QS/BW and successful jogging after surgery was investigated by multivariate logistic regression analysis and the cut-off value was determined by receiver operating characteristic analysis. ResultsForty-four patients (53.0%) were assigned to the successful jogging group and 39 (47.0%) to the unsuccessful jogging group. QS/BW was independently associated with initiating jogging 3 months after surgery. The cut-off value of QS/BW for successful jogging was 1.45 Nm/kg (area under the curve = 0.94; sensitivity = 88.6%, specificity = 87.2%). All of the patients who initiated jogging with QS/BW of > 1.45 Nm/kg at 3 months returned to sports without recurrence or contralateral injury by 10 months after surgery. ConclusionsQS/BW is a significant indicator for safely initiating jogging 3 months after ACL reconstruction. The cut-off value of QS/BW for initiating jogging was 1.45 Nm/kg.

К ВОПРОСУ О ПРАВОСОЗНАНИИ КАК ИДЕОЛОГИЧЕСКОМ ИСТОЧНИКЕ ПРАВА

The article explores the relationship between "source of law" and "form of law." It is noted that in modern legal science there is no single approach to this problem. The "ideological" sources of law, which include legal consciousness and legal ideology, are analyzed. It is emphasized that this source of law has not been sufficiently researched. It is concluded that legal awareness and legal ideology are the intellectual basis of the law, capable of streamlining relations between the subjects of law and the role of such phenomena of law as legal awareness, legal culture and the legal ideology is very significant, as they, reflecting spiritual values, are an integral criterion of the legal progress of society and determine the vector of social development. Ideological sources of law are at the heart of legal practice, defining the public importance and expediency of its legal regulation.

THE PROBLEM OF THE OUTFLOW OF HUMAN CAPITAL FROM UKRAINE: EDUCATIONAL ASPECT

The article deals with the problematic issues of the outflow of human capital, ie people with acquired education, work experience, ideas, etc., in the context of reforming the higher education system in Ukraine.&#x0D; The concept of human development, which has emerged in the world over the last 20-25 years, considers human development as the main goal and criterion for social progress. Considering one of the human rights - free movement and choice of place of residence - this concept is crucial in shaping international migration flows in the modern world.&#x0D; The level of economic and social development of the individual country and the world as a whole depends on the distribution of the population by countries and on the quality of human capital. Therefore, the migration policy of many countries is aimed at selecting the highest quality human capital through labor migration: employment quotas are formed for the purpose of attracting either the intellectual potential or representatives of the most rare professions.&#x0D; The educational aspect of human capital discussed in the article is the quality and accessibility of higher education, its ability to meet the demands of modern business and to become a factor in maintaining quality human capital in Ukraine.&#x0D; Ukraine is now in the process of an active outflow of human capital, including young people, who are choosing places of education to other countries. Among the reasons for this situation is the desire of Ukrainian youth to secure employment abroad, since the level of wages abroad far exceeds the level of wages in Ukraine.&#x0D; The issue of human capital outflows is multidimensional, so the solution to the problem must be complex. Together with the reform of the education system in Ukraine, all spheres of public life should be reformed, taking into account the experience of the European countries and the most developed countries of the world.

НАУКОЕМКОСТЬ И ИННОВАЦИОННОЕ РАЗВИТИЕ ПРЕДПРИЯТИЙ МАШИНОСТРОЕНИЯ

The article presents the research of knowledge intensity and innovative development of the mechanical engineering enterprises. The development degree of mechanical engineering is a measure of industrialization of the world economy. The level of implementing the advanced technologies and innovations into production activity of the mechanical engineering enterprises has been found not to meet the criterion of progress, which current rates concede to economies of the developed countries. Fragmentation approaches to identify sectors hamper revealing and justifying the knowledge-based mechanical engineering and requires the criteria concretization for this sub-sector. The identifying criteria for high-tech machinery should be taken from the other economic branches, such as personnel, cost, process, product, technology, complex or integral. In international practice, high-tech industries are referred to the service sector. It has been stated that the current practice involves using the category of “knowledge intensity” as applied to production and should be explained by the wrong interpretation from foreign publications, as well as by the concept of “capacity”, which in this case acts as a measure of consumption of the results of science, research and development. In terms of the industry criterion, the science-intensive engineering enterprises should include machine-tool construction, electrical engineering, instrumentation, aircraft engineering and rocket and space engineering, which have a significant research and development reserve in the production. As a result of the analysis, it has been found that the development of science-intensive engineering enterprises requires attracting investment, expanding the scope of research and development and production, improving approaches to state regulation of the industry, as well as taking into account trends in global development and the rate of technological inflation. The need to stimulate the demand for high-tech engineering products by improving their quality and competitiveness, organizational and economic measures, updating technology and improving the reproductive function that provides these processes has been proved.

Ageing of Society — Local Disparities. Classification of the Pomorskie Voivodship Communes According to the Pace and Progress of Local Communities’ Ageing

The article deals with the issues of local disparities in the field of advancement and pace of demographic ageing. The subjects of the research were communes of the Pomorskie Voivodship. The purpose of the article — i.e., diagnosing and assessing the progress and pace of ageing of local communities in all 123 communes of the Pomorskie Voivodship, was achieved using a combination of traditional measures of ageing: age factor, the rate of double ageing, median age and the old age dependency ratio. In addition, grouping of the surveyed communes based on the criterion of progress and pace of population ageing was proposed. The results of the conducted analyses may be of practical use — they can be used by the commune and county governments, as well as by the regional government of the Pomorskie Voivodship to optimize the activities within the framework of development policies in view of the current demographic changes.

A New Kinetic Spectrophotometric Method for the Quantitation of Amorolfine.

Amorolfine (AOF) is a compound with fungicide activity based on the dual inhibition of growth of the fungal cell membrane, the biosynthesis and accumulation of sterols, and the reduction of ergosterol. In this work a sensitive kinetic and spectrophotometric method for the AOF quantitation based on the AOF oxidation by means of KMnO4 at 30 min (fixed time), pH alkaline, and ionic strength controlled was developed. Measurements of changes in absorbance at 610 nm were used as criterion of the oxidation progress. In order to maximize the sensitivity, different experimental reaction parameters were carefully studied via factorial screening and optimized by multivariate method. The linearity, intraday, and interday assay precision and accuracy were determined. The absorbance-concentration plot corresponding to tap water spiked samples was rectilinear, over the range of 7.56 × 10−6–3.22 × 10−5 mol L−1, with detection and quantitation limits of 2.49 × 10−6 mol L−1 and 7.56 × 10−6 mol L−1, respectively. The proposed method was successfully validated for the application of the determination of the drug in the spiked tap water samples and the percentage recoveries were 94.0–105.0%. The method is simple and does not require expensive instruments or complicated extraction steps of the reaction product.

A new technique for quantitative determination of dexamethasone in pharmaceutical and biological samples using kinetic spectrophotometric method.

Dexamethasone is a type of steroidal medications that is prescribed in many cases. In this study, a new reaction system using kinetic spectrophotometric method for quantitative determination of dexamethasone is proposed. The method is based on the catalytic effect of dexamethasone on the oxidation of Orange G by bromate in acidic media. The change in absorbance as a criterion of the oxidation reaction progress was followed spectrophotometrically. To obtain the maximum sensitivity, the effective reaction variables were optimized. Under optimized experimental conditions, calibration graph was linear over the range 0.2–54.0 mg L−1. The calculated detection limit (3s b/m) was 0.14 mg L−1 for six replicate determinations of blank signal. The interfering effect of various species was also investigated. The present method was successfully applied for the determination of dexamethasone in pharmaceutical and biological samples satisfactorily.