Integral Criterion Research Articles

The substantiation of the application of the integral criterion at the data processing

The problem of online calibration of navigational instruments is considered. Calibration of devices implies minimizing the deviations between the real values and the measurement data. In the problem under investigation, the trajectory of motion is traced with GPS, which is taken as the real values of the trajectory coordinates. The accelerometer and gyroscope measurement data can also be used to calculate the trajectory. It is required by calibrating the sensors to achieve matching of these values, with the proximity of trajectories implying a uniform metric. It is proved in the article that the integral metric can be used in solving the problem of sensor calibration.

When content-centric networking meets multi-criteria group decision-making: Optimal cache placement policy achieved by MARCOS with q-rung orthopair fuzzy set pair analysis

Assessing the cache placement policy (CPP) is a crucial step in the deployment process of content-centric networking (CCN), which is still an open question. In this paper, assessing the CPP is formulated to be a multi-criteria group decision-making (MCGDM) issue since it involves the consideration of multiple experts, and a new aggregated MCGDM algorithm is presented for dealing with this issue. On that account, an assessment criteria system is to formulate to portray these experts’ considerations for assessing CPPs, and then the concepts of q-rung orthopair fuzzy set (q-ROFS) and set pair analysis (SPA) are presented to directly and indirectly define the group preference information of CPPs with respect to the criteria, respectively. Later, some revised aggregation operators are employed for aggregating the group preference information. Then, a new integrated objective criteria weights (IOCW) method based on score value and combined criteria weights based on non-linear comprehensive method are given for determining the important degrees of criteria. Based on IOCW method, non-linear comprehensive method, score function, distance measure, and aggregation operators, a new integrated q-rung orthopair fuzzy MCGDM model based on MARCOS (Measurement of Alternatives and Ranking according to COmpromise Solution) method is developed to rank CPPs. Finally, an example is given to illustrate the evaluation process of CPP, and the advantages of developed method are verified by comparative analysis.

Dual-Extended State Observer-Based Feedback Linearizing Control for a Nonlinear System with Mismatched Disturbances and Uncertainties

This research article presents the nonlinear control framework to estimate and reject the mismatched lumped disturbances acting on the nonlinear uncertain system. It is an unfortunate fact that the conventional extended state observer (ESO) is not capable of simultaneously estimating the mismatched lumped disturbance and its derivative for the systems. Moreover, the basic ESO is only suitable for systems with integral chain form (ICF) structures. Similarly, the conventional feedback linearizing control (FLC) approach is not robust enough to stabilize systems in the presence of disturbances and uncertainties. Hence, the nonlinear control framework is proposed to overcome the above issues, which are composed of (a) a dual-extended state observer (DESO), and (b) a DESO-based FLC. The DESO provides information on the unmeasured state, mismatched disturbance, and its derivatives. The DESO-FLC utilizes the information from the DESO to counter the effects of such disturbances and to stabilize the nonlinear systems around the reference point. The detailed closed-loop analysis is presented for the proposed control framework in the presence of lumped disturbances. The performance robustness of the presented design was validated for the third-order, nonlinear, unstable, and disturbed magnetic levitation system (MLS). The results of the DESO-FLC approach are compared with the most popular linear quadratic regulator (LQR) and nonlinear FLC approaches based on the integral error criterion and the average electrical energy consumption.

Evaluation of the functional state of taekwondo athletes 7-13 years old according to the indicators of the finger-tapping test

Background and Study Aim. The functional state of organs and systems determines the level of preparedness of athletes in modern sports. The evaluation of the state of the central nervous system is of particular importance. The purpose of the study is a comparative analysis of the results of the tapping test of taekwondo athletes of different ages. Material and Methods. 42 taekwondo athletes were divided into groups of 14 people depending on age: group 1 - (7.50±0.14) years, group 2 - (10.07±0.22) years, group 3 - (13.36±0.27) years. Participants of groups 1 and 2 were engaged in the amateur level, and group 3 had a skill level of 2 Gup - 1 Dan. A special computer program for devices with the iOS operating system was used. An Apple tablet was used - iPad, 4th generation with a screen diagonal of 9.7 inches. The finger-tapping test was carried out for 60 s, 12 subtests of 5 s each. For analysis, we evaluated the total number of depressions during the entire test, the average number of depressions per 5 s, the number of depressions in each subtest, the duration of depressions in each subtest, and the dynamic performance index (DPI). Group results were compared using the nonparametric Rosenbaum test (Q) and sign test (z). Results. It was found that the athletes of the 2nd group performed more depressions in the test as a whole and in 11 out of 12 subtests compared with the athletes of the 1st group. Comparison of the middle and senior groups also confirmed the best results of the athletes of the senior group in 6 subtests out of 12. The senior athletes had a longer duration of depressions in 2 subtests. The most pronounced differences were established when comparing the results of the junior and senior groups. A significant excess in the number of depressions was confirmed for senior athletes in all subtests. The duration of depressing was longer in senior athletes in 2 subtests. A significant reduction in the number of depressions from the beginning to the end of the test was determined. Changes in the duration of depressions were opposite, and the time increased from the beginning to the end of the test. Conclusions. The presence of a direct dependence of the results of the finger-tapping test of taekwondo athletes on age is determined. An increase in the number of depressions in the test, an increase in the integral criterion - an indicator of dynamic performance was determined. The results reflect an increase in the strength of nervous processes, positive changes in the functional state under the influence of regular training loads. This condition should be evaluated as a predictor of the success of taekwondo athletes. The computer version of the test is mobile, informative and valid. It can be used in monitoring the functional state of combat sports athletes.

Assessment of orthopedic treatment quality in patients with complete absence of teeth

Objective. To evaluate the effectiveness of dental orthopedic treatment in patients with complete absence of teeth using removable plate prostheses applying integral qualitative and evaluative indicators. The relevance of the study is dictated by the need to improve the quality of orthopedic treatment in patients with complete absence of teeth, through the introduction of new composite materials, the use of which provides high strength of prosthetic structures. For an objective assessment of the effectiveness of dental orthopedic treatment of patients using removable plate prostheses, integral approaches based on the calculation of qualitative and evaluative indicators have been modified.
 Materials and methods. In order to improve the quality of orthopedic treatment of patients with complete absence of teeth, a design of a complete removable plate prosthesis with a combined basis and a method of its manufacture based on the use of digital technologies was developed. In the course of the work, the evaluation of the effectiveness of treatment in patients with complete absence of teeth in the long-term follow-up using integral qualitative and evaluative indicators was carried out.
 Results. Clinical and laboratory stages of manufacturing a new design combining analog and digital metols were developed and tested. As a result of clinical studies, it was found that the type of construction of a complete removable plate prosthesis does not significantly affect the indicator of the integral assessment of the quality of orthopedic treatment, with the exception of the criterion of the prosthesis integrity.
 Conclusions. To conclude, it was found that the type of construction of a complete removable plate prosthesis does not significantly affect the integral assessment of the quality of orthopedic treatment, except for the criterion of the integrity of the prosthesis; the introduction of a composite material based on fiberglass into the design of a combined prosthesis allows to improve the strength properties of the prosthesis basis and increase the performance characteristics of the structure. The use of CAD / CAM technologies provides the possibility of using high-strength composite materials, gives sufficient accuracy in the manufacture of the frame of a combined full removable plate prosthesis. Due to satisfactory physical and mechanical properties, the application of the developed design contributes to the predicted increase in the durability of prostheses.

Voltage control for membrane capacitive de-ionization cell for higher energy efficiency in salt removal

Membrane Capacitive DeIonization (MCDI) cells have proven to be advantageous in water desalination and ions removal. Therefore, the time has come to introduce an alternative water purification technique to reduce the global water shortage. MCDI is known to be environmentally friendly, energy efficient and economical. Besides its reduced energy footprint, recent applications underline the regenerated energy during the desorption phase, which makes the MCDI as a potential cleaner energy source. Thus, a large number of scientific publications addressing problems and enhancing the performance of an MCDI have been published. In this paper, we have developed a simple and inexpensive method to control the adsorption voltage of the cells. So, the ion adsorption/desorption mechanisms of the MCDI will be controlled by a variable charging voltage applied to the cell.The entire response of controlled MCDI integrated model was created and he simulated results were compared with the experimental ones in order to validate the results. Accordingly, the controller parameters were tuned using the genetic algorithm optimization technique, based on the integral time absolute error criterion. Furthermore, the experimental results reveal that the control of the cell had increased the salt retention by 50%, the quantity of removed salt by the energy unit was improved by 10%, and the cell energy ratio from 28% to 32%.

Civilizational security: A logical-epistemological ascent to the essence of the concept

Subject. This article examines the dynamic relationship between socio-cultural traditions and innovations of the same name in the context of increasing complexity of the internal and external environment. Objectives. The article aims to show that the interpretation of the essence of civilizational security characterizes the system-related functionality of the organic unity of relevant socio-cultural values. Methods. For the study, we used a statistical and semasiological research method and the heuristic potential of paired categories of dialectics. Results. The article substantiates the thesis that the civilizational identity of the individual and society is both an integral criterion of socio-cultural integrity and a parameter of the stability of civilization. It proposes certain arrangement of a new discursive space, involving criticism of neoliberal socio-cultural simulacra, which are a threat to the development of Russia. Conclusions. The article comes to the conclusion that within the framework of a democratic State, there are always more chances for the arrangement of highly effective socio-cultural practices and the expanded re-creation of socio-cultural innovations that ensure civilizational security.

Robust Trajectory Tracking Control for Serial Robotic Manipulators Using Fractional Order-Based PTID Controller

The design of advanced robust control is crucial for serial robotic manipulators under various uncertainties and disturbances in case of the forceful performance needs of industrial robotic applications. Therefore, this work has proposed the design and implementation of a fractional order proportional tilt integral derivative (FOPTID) controller in joint space for a 3-DOF serial robotic manipulator. The proposed controller has been designed based on the fractional calculus concept to fulfill trajectory tracking with high accuracy and also reduce effects from disturbances and uncertainties. The parameters of the controller have been optimized with a GWO–PSO algorithm, which is a hybrid tuning method, by considering the time integral performance criterion. The superior and contribution of the GWO–PSO-based FOPTID controller has been demonstrated by comparing the results with those offered by PID, FOPID and PTID control strategies tuned by the GWO–PSO. The examination of the results showed that the proposed controller, which is based on the GWO–PSO algorithm, demonstrates better trajectory tracking performance and increased robustness against various trajectories, external disturbances, and joint frictions as compared to other controllers under the same operating conditions. In terms of the trajectory tracking performance for robustness, the superiority of the proposed controllers tuned by GWO–PSO has been confirmed by 20.2% to 44.5% reductions in the joint tracking errors. Moreover, for assessing the energy consumption of the tuned controllers, the total energy consumption of the proposed controller for all joints has been remarkably reduced by 2.45% as compared to others. Consequently, the results illustrated that the proposed controller is robust and stable and sustains against the continuous disturbance.

ОБЛІКОВО-АНАЛІТИЧНА СКЛАДОВА ІНФОРМАЦІЙНОЇ СИСТЕМИ ЗАБЕЗПЕЧЕННЯ ЕКОНОМІЧНОЇ БЕЗПЕКИ ПІДПРИЄМСТВА

In today's conditions of a full-scale war with the Russian Federation, every business entity in Ukraine operates in a complex, unstable and dynamic environment, the changes of which are accompanied by constant strengthening of competition, acceleration of inflationary processes, growth of business risks and the danger of destruction of logistics and partnership ties. Currently, the quantitative and qualitative properties of the enterprise regarding the ability to survive and ensure development in the conditions of the destabilizing effect of unpredictable and hard-to-forecast external and internal factors come to the fore. The enterprise's ability to timely implement anti-crisis measures, effective functioning and dynamic development is an indicator of its economic security. Therefore, the accounting and analytical component of the information system for ensuring economic security is an extremely urgent problem that needs to be solved and is under increased attention of both domestic and foreign scientists and specialists in financial and economic security. The purpose of the article is to reveal the possibilities and prospects of creating a complex accounting and analytical information system at the enterprise, which allows achieving systematicity and complexity, structure and organization of the enterprise management process within the framework of the concept of economic security. The article considers the importance of accounting and analytical information necessary for enterprise management. The main sources of threats to the economic security of the enterprise, which are formed in the accounting system, are revealed. The internal ФІ НА НС И , О БЛ ІК І О П ОД АТК УВ А Н НЯ Випуск І (89), 202338 control system of the enterprise is presented as the main element of economic security. A scheme for the movement of accounting management information has been developed. The main tasks of the complex information accounting and analytical system for ensuring the economic security of the enterprise are outlined. It has been proven that information security in Ukraine during the war must necessarily be subject to the criteria of confidentiality, integrity and availability.

Обобщенная задача динамического уравновешивания и перспективные направления ее применения

The paper considers the generalized problem of the machines and mechanisms dynamic balance in terms of ensuring the given laws of altering reactions in the selected links. Representation of equations of the mechanical systems dynamics in the form of differential algebraic equations was used making it possible to obtain mathematical models of the nonlinear mechanical systems dynamics with the arbitrary structure of kinematic and force connections. With this approach, the constraint reactions are determined by algebraic equations from the system coordinates. The problem solution is based on changing the bonds selected reactions due to the impact on reactions in the other selected bonds by adding non-stationary terms to the selected bonds equation. Conditions for rigorous solution of the optimal control problem for a mechanical system are shown for the integral quality criterion not explicitly containing the control functions. The method is aimed at numerical models of the mechanical systems widely used in the programs for dynamic analysis of the coupled systems of bodies. Test examples are provided for manipulator, anthropomorphic robot and controlled suspension of a transport vehicle. The method was realized in the software package for simulating the controlled motion dynamics of the coupled systems of bodies.

Development of information and analytical procurement methodology of public administration in the sphere of providing civil control over the sector of security and defense of Ukraine

The problem that is solved in the research is to increase the efficiency of decision making in management tasks while ensuring the given reliability, regardless of the hierarchy of the system. The object of the research is the decision making support system in the field of democratic civilian control over the security and defense sector (FDCCSDS). The subject of research is the decision making process in management tasks using fuzzy cognitive maps and evolving artificial neural networks. The hypothesis of the research is to increase the number of sources of information about the components of the FDCCSDS, with restrictions on the efficiency and reliability of decision making. The research proposed a method for evaluating the information and analytical provision of public administration in FDCCSDS. It was established that the proposed method has a higher efficiency compared to the known ones by an average of 40 %, compared to the methods used to evaluate the effectiveness of strategic management decisions. The specified method will make it possible to assess the state of information and analytical provision of public administration in the FDCCSDS and to determine effective measures to improve efficiency. The method will allow to analyze possible options for the development of FDCCSDS in each phase of development and moments in time when it is necessary to carry out structural changes that ensure the transition to the next phase. At the same time, subjective factors of choice are taken into account while searching for solutions, which are formalized in the form of weighting coefficients for the components of the integral criterion of efficiency. The specified method allows to increase the speed of assessment of the state of information and analytical support of the FDCCSDS, to reduce the use of computing resources of and decision making support systems, to form measures aimed at increasing the efficiency of information and analytical support

Integrable Systems: In the Footprints of the Greats

In his 1842 lectures on dynamics C.G. Jacobi summarized difficulties with differential equations by saying that the main problem in the integration of differential equations appears in the choice of right variables. Since there is no general rule for finding the right choice, it is better to introduce special variables first, and then investigate the problems that naturally lend themselves to these variables. This paper follows Jacobi’s prophetic observations by introducing certain “meta” variational problems on semi-simple reductive groups G having a compact subgroup K. We then use the Maximum Principle of optimal control to generate the Hamiltonians whose solutions project onto the extremal curves of these problems. We show that there is a particular sub-class of these Hamiltonians that admit a spectral representation on the Lie algebra of G. As a consequence, the spectral invariants associated with the spectral curve produce a large number of integrals of motion, all in involution with each other, that often meet the Liouville complete integrability criteria. We then show that the classical integrals of motion associated, with the Kowalewski top, the two-body problem of Kepler, and Jacobi’s geodesic problem on the ellipsoid can be all derived from the aforementioned Hamiltonian systems. We also introduce a rolling geodesic problem that admits a spectral representation on symmetric Riemannian spaces and we then show the relevance of the corresponding integrals on the nature of the curves whose elastic energy is minimal.

Model for evaluating the effectiveness of the educational activities of the class teacher

Introduction. The relevance of the research topic is due to the importance of the role of a class teacher in international educational practice. At the present stage, the institution of class leadership exists in the territory of the post-Soviet space, in China, France and a number of other countries. In the United States, a special structure has been formed – the dean’s office, which deals with issues of education. In many countries, there are positions of an educator, who is freed from educational work, attached to classes, as well as a mentor, tutor, who performs the function of the class teacher. In conditions of political tension, the activity of the class teacher acquires a leading character, creating the basis for the consolidation of society, ensuring national security on the basis of national and universal values. The class teacher provides pedagogical support for the educational process, cooperation with all participants in educational relations, is a key person in education. The personal development of students and the effectiveness of the educational system of the school largely depend on the activities of the class teacher. The ambiguity and multifunctionality of the activity of the class teacher require an objective evaluation of his/her work. The evaluation of the effectiveness of the educational activities of the class teacher is an integral part of diagnosing the quality of educational activities at school. In this regard, there is the need to develop a model for evaluating the effectiveness of the educational activities of the class teacher and the possibility of its implementation in the conditions of an educational organisation.Aim. The aim of the study is the theoretical and methodological substantiation, development and testing of a model for evaluating the effectiveness of the class teacher.Methodology and research methods. The study was based on the methodology of personality-oriented, system-activity, integrative, criteria-level, acmeological, competency-based and integrated approaches. Theoretical methods (theoretical analysis, generalisation and systematisation, modelling), empirical methods (questionnaires, the method of expert evaluations) were used as research methods. The study was carried out in 5 educational institutions of the Nizhny Novgorod region, which are the bases for the training of future teachers and class teachers of the Minin University (Nizhny Novgorod).Results. As a result, a structural-functional model for evaluating the effectiveness of the class teacher’s educational activities was developed and substantiated as a way of comprehensive diagnostics of his/her professional activities, improving the quality of interaction with all participants in educational relations. The model is presented in the unity of the target, content, procedural-organisational and result-evaluative components. The results of testing the developed model for evaluating the effectiveness of the class teacher are presented.Scientific novelty. The scientific novelty consists in the development of a structural and functional model of a complex-differentiated expert evaluation of the effectiveness of the class teacher, reflecting the multidimensionality of his/her activities and including value-targets, an integrative criteria matrix, evaluation procedure, diagnostic tools, evaluation trajectories and technology of their construction, a mechanism for calculating the results that determine the effectiveness of the educational activities of the class teacher. The designed expert evaluation model forms the basis for the development of a methodology for evaluating the effectiveness of the class teacher.Practical significance. The designed model for evaluating the effectiveness of the class teacher’s educational activities can be used in the practice of educational organisations to develop a system for encouraging the activities of the class teacher, supporting his/her professional growth, creating individual professional development trajectories, analytical conclusions and examinations.

Introduction to Completely Geometrically Integrable Maps in High Dimensions

We introduce here the concept of completely geometrically integrable self-maps of n-dimensional (n≥2) cells, cylinders and tori. This concept is the extension of the geometric integrability concept previously introduced for the self-maps of a rectangle in the plane. We formulate and prove here the criteria for the complete geometric integrability of maps on the cells, cylinders and tori of high dimensions. As a corollary of these results, we obtain, in particular, the generalization of the famous Sharkovsky’s Theorem for the set of periods of periodic points of completely geometrically integrable self-maps of multidimensional cells.

Optimum Setting Algorithm Based PI Controller Tuning for SRF-PLL Used Grid Synchronization System

Synchronous reference frame-phase lock loop (SRF-PLL) is most widely used for grid synchronization applications. PLL structure typically consists of a phase detector (PD), loop filter (LF) and voltage control oscillator (VCO). Design and tuning of proportional-integral (PI) controller based LF is a changeling task under distorted grid voltage conditions. Conventional tuning methods such as symmetrical optimum (SO) and Ziegler-Nichols techniques are used to tune the PI controller, resulting in increased phase margin (PM) of the system. However, high bandwidth develops harmonics in the extracted signals under non-ideal grid conditions and affects the stability. In this research article, a new optimum setting algorithm is proposed to tune the PI controller and effective synchronization is achieved. The plant is reduced as a first-order plus dead time delay (FOPDT) model and critical gain; critical frequency of the open loop system transfer function is used to model the LF of the SRF PLL system. The controller parameters are derived such that minimization of time-weighted integral performance criteria is achieved and phase angle, frequency of the grid voltage is accurately extracted. The performance of the proposed optimum setting algorithm for the SRF-PLL grid synchronization technique is discussed in detail and simulation results are presented.

Relevant criteria for selecting project delivery methods in sustainable construction

There is a lag in incorporating sustainability in core project management practices such as the selection of project delivery methods. Available literature focuses on traditional selection criteria of project delivery methods. These criteria, while important, may not address the challenges associated with sustainable construction projects’ delivery. There is a need to develop relevant selection criteria that increase the success rate of sustainable construction projects. This paper bridges this gap by identifying relevant criteria and modelling the correlation between the selection criteria exogenous variables and their corresponding latent variables as well as evaluating the impact of the relevant selection criteria on the success of sustainable construction projects. A partial least square structural equation model (PLS-SEM) is developed based on a survey that was administered to construction professionals in the UAE to collect their perceptions on the significance of the selection criteria. 110 responses were collected using a snowball sampling technique and the results revealed that all of the selection criteria proved to be significant. These include: level of integration, green team, green contract, green liability and technology. It is recommended to prioritize the level of integration, green team and green liability criteria groups for the PDM selection in sustainable construction projects.

Landslide susceptibility evaluation based on active deformation and graph convolutional network algorithm

Disastrous landslides have become a focus of the world’s attention. Landslide susceptibility evaluation (LSE) can predict where landslides may occur and has caught the attention of scientists all over the world. This work establishes integrated criteria of potential landslide recognition and combines the historical landslides and newly-identified potential landslides to improve the accuracy, rationality, and practicability of a LSE map. Moreover, slope units can well reflect the topographic constraint to landslide occurrence and development, and Graph Convolutional Network (GCN) can well portray the topological and feature relation among various slope units. The combination of slope units and GCN is for the first time employed in LSE. This work focuses on Wanzhou District, a famous landslide-serious region in the Three Gorges reservoir area, and employs multisource data to conduct potential landslide recognition and LSE and to reveal the distribution characteristics of high landslide susceptibility. Some new viewpoints are suggested as follows. 1) The established criteria of potential landslide recognition consist of the characteristics of active deformation, stratum and lithology, tectonics, topography, micro-geomorphology, environment, meteorology, earthquakes, and human engineering activity. These criteria can well eliminate 4 types of false alarm regions and is successfully validated by field survey. 2) 34 potential landslides are newly discovered, and the movement of these potential landslides were controlled or induced by the combined action of soft-hard interbedding rock mass, steep topography, frequent tectonic movement, strong fluvial erosion, abundant precipitation, and intensive road and building construction. 3) The GCN algorithm reaches a relatively high accuracy (AUC: 0.941) and outperforms the other representative machine learning algorithms of Convolutional Neural Network (AUC: 0.926), Support Vector Machine (AUC: 0.835), and CART Tree (AUC: 0.762). 4) High landslide susceptibility is caused by the coupled action of weathered rock cavities, soft rock and swelling soil, strong river erosion, abundant rainfall, and intensive human engineering activity.

Structuring the Post-COVID-19 Process of Digital Transformation of Engineering Education in the Russian Federation

The temporality of the socio-technological transformations of industry 4.0 has exacerbated the problem of introducing and using digital technologies in the educational process. The development in this area is due to the presence of unique global challenges, the availability of digital devices, and the experience of distance learning due to the COVID-19 pandemic. As part of the work, a statistical study was conducted aimed at establishing the average level of proficiency in the basic skills of independent search for information on the Internet. A classification of digital solutions is formulated, and an attempt is made to synthesize criteria for the successful integration of digital solutions into the educational process, the following groups are distinguished: organizational, auxiliary, structural, and specialized. Independent searching for information is considered an element of the educational process, which changes almost uncontrollably, unlike other solutions in the field of digitalization of education. The process of digitalization is presented as a set of four elements, the successful implementation of which will allow the effective implementation of digital technologies in the educational process. An element of digital infrastructure is highlighted; an element of organization, an element of integrating teachers into a new digital educational environment, and a student element. It is concluded that it is necessary to introduce courses of additional competencies dedicated to working with information; the idea of integrating master’s students into research aimed at solving modern global challenges with the help of digital technologies is proposed.

Features of making soft cheeses from the milk of cows-daughters of different bulls-producers

Relevance . Milk, along with being a food product itself, is also a raw material for the production of a variety of dairy products, including cheeses. In the production of cheeses, additional requirements are imposed on milk. For the preparation of cheeses, milk of the second type is better suited, which forms a clot for 15–40 minutes. The study of the possibility of using the milk of cows-daughters of different bulls-producers for the production of cheese is relevant and has practical significance. Methods . The research was carried out in one of the typical breeding reproducers for the breeding of Holstein black-and-white cattle of the Sverdlovsk region in the period 2018–2022. The evaluation included first-calf cows that completed the first lactation, obtained and grown on the farm. All cows are daughters, descended from breeding bulls: Das, Sayan, De-Su, Gavano, Touareg, Marrs, Cassio, Bentley, having 15 or more daughters. The object of the study was the qualitative composition of the milk of the daughters of bulls-producers, as well as the control product obtained from milk — cheeses of the brand "Table fresh" and "Amateur fresh". The qualitative composition of milk was determined in the dairy laboratory of the Ural State Agrarian University. Results . As a result of the conducted studies, it was found that there are differences both in the content of individual components of milk, and in integral criterion — DSMR (dry skimmed milk residue). By the protein and casein content the milk of cows-daughters of Holstein bulls-producers met the requirements, the ratio of MFF and MFP in milk, which should be 1.1 : 1.25, in our case was 1.17; 1.17; 1.29; 1.17; 1.16; 1.20; 1.17; 1.16 respectively by groups of daughters. In terms of casein content, milk from the daughters of bulls-producers Das, De-Su, Gavano, Touareg, Mars, Bentley had lower casein values than specified in the requirements (at least 2.70%) by 0.01–0.06%. Regular changes in the quality of the clot, the efficiency of the use of milk and its components in the preparation of soft cheeses, depending on the origin—belonging to the bulls-producer — have been established. The research is exploratory and was carried out within the framework of scientific research of the Ural State Agrarian University, state registration number: AAAA19-1191014000069.

Vitamin D as an adjunct to antibiotics for the treatment of acute childhood pneumonia.

Children with acute pneumonia may be vitamin D deficient. Clinical trials have found that prophylactic vitamin D supplementation decreases children's risk of developing pneumonia. Data on the therapeutic effects of vitamin D in acute childhood pneumonia are limited. This is an update of a Cochrane Review first published in 2018. To evaluate the efficacy and safety of vitamin D supplementation as an adjunct to antibiotics for the treatment of acute childhood pneumonia. We searched CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, and two trial registries on 28 December 2021. We applied no language restrictions. We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that compared vitamin D supplementation with placebo in children (aged one month to five years) hospitalised with acute community-acquired pneumonia, as defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) acute respiratory infection guidelines. For this update, we reappraised eligible trials according to research integrity criteria, excluding RCTs published from April 2018 that were not prospectively registered in a trials registry according to WHO or Clinical Trials Registry - India (CTRI) guidelines (it was not mandatory to register clinical trials in India before April 2018). Two review authors independently assessed trials for inclusion and extracted data. For dichotomous data, we extracted the number of participants experiencing the outcome and the total number of participants in each treatment group. For continuous data, we used the arithmetic mean and standard deviation (SD) for each treatment group together with number of participants in each group. We used standard methodological procedures expected by Cochrane. In this update, we included three new trials involving 468 children, bringing the total number of trials to seven, with 1601 children (631 with pneumonia and 970 with severe or very severe pneumonia). We categorised three previously included studies and three new studies as 'awaiting classification' based on the research integrity screen. Five trials used a single bolus dose of vitamin D (300,000 IU in one trial and 100,000 IU in four trials) at the onset of illness or within 24 hours of hospital admission; one used a daily dose of oral vitamin D (1000 IU for children aged up to one year and 2000 IU for children aged over one year) for five days; and one used variable doses (on day 1, 20,000 IU in children younger than six months, 50,000 IU in children aged six to 12 months, and 100,000 IU in children aged 13 to 59 months; followed by 10,000 IU/day for four days or until discharge). Three trials performed microbiological diagnosis of pneumonia, radiological diagnosis of pneumonia, or both. Vitamin D probably has little or no effect on the time to resolution of acute illness (mean difference (MD) -1.28 hours, 95% confidence interval (CI) -5.47 to 2.91; 5 trials, 1188 children; moderate-certainty evidence). We do not know if vitamin D has an effect on the duration of hospitalisation (MD 4.96 hours, 95% CI -8.28 to 18.21; 5 trials, 1023 children; very low-certainty evidence). We do not know if vitamin D has an effect on mortality rate (risk ratio (RR) 0.69, 95% CI 0.44 to 1.07; 3 trials, 584 children; low-certainty evidence). The trials reported no major adverse events. According to GRADE criteria, the evidence was of very low-to-moderate certainty for all outcomes, owing to serious trial limitations, inconsistency, indirectness, and imprecision. Three trials received funding: one from the New Zealand Aid Corporation, one from an institutional grant, and one from multigovernment organisations (Bangladesh, Sweden, and UK). The remaining four trials were unfunded. Based on the available evidence, we are uncertain whether vitamin D supplementation has important effects on outcomes of acute pneumonia when used as an adjunct to antibiotics. The trials reported no major adverse events. Uncertainty in the evidence is due to imprecision, risk of bias, inconsistency, and indirectness.