Criteria Of Identity Research Articles

Losing One's Head or Gaining a New Body?

A surgical head-transplant technique, HEAVEN, promises to offer significantly improved quality of life for quadriplegics and others whose minds are functional, but whose bodies require artificial support to continue living. HEAVEN putatively actualizes a thought-experiment long debated by philosophers concerning the definition of personhood and criterion of personal identity through time and change. HEAVEN's advocates presume to preserve the identity of the person whose head is transplanted onto another's living body, leaving one's previous body behind as one would their corpse. Various classical and contemporary theories of personhood and personal identity would support this presumption, while others would contest it as providing an accurate or complete view of what is essential for a human person to persist through this procedure. This paper brings such theories to bear in analyzing whether HEAVEN can indeed deliver on its promise of complete ontological survival for the person whose head is transplanted.

Междисциплинарный анализ научной категории профессиональное определение

The present article introduces the concept of professional identity. The term defines not only a significant social phenomenon, but also a structural and complex problem that affects economic relations, professional motives of students, and the level of their professional training. The author approaches the concept of professional identity from the epistemological, economic, and cultural aspects in order to highlight its fundamental features. Thus, professional identity is 1) the driving force of self-development that defines the relationship between external causes and internal conditions; 2) an active, conscious, incomplete, open, and cyclical process associated with an identity crisis, which is resolved by choosing the trajectory of further development and career path; 3) a significant cycle of adolescence; 4) a cognitive process aimed at analyzing and solving the life situation; 5) the result of career choice, i.e. a conscious activity to achieve psychological readiness for choice; 6) a kind of self-identification based on the criteria of economic well-being, as well as social and financial prosperity; 7) it depends on the culture and society and can be interpreted through the construct of career choice; 8) a system and a process that continue the socio-economic policy of the state. According to the economic approach, the main criterion of professional identity is one’s desire to achieve a high quality of life. In Russia, this process takes place in conditions of limited choice.

There is overlap in letters: a mereological definition of word types

Classical mereology seems unable to characterise the identity conditions of word types. For example, the same letter types ordered differently result in different word types; but mereological fusions of the same letters are identical, regardless of the order of the letters. We show, however, that by combining classical mereology with plural logic one can give a definition of word types that satisfies the identity criteria of word types. This means that it is not necessary to abandon classical mereology in order to give an analysis of the mereological structure of word types.

Excluded entailments and the de se/de re partition

ABSTRACT We show that some PRO-sentences (sentences containing an unpronounced subject in an infinitive clause) appear to receive de re interpretations when they occur in suitable discourse contexts or linguistic environments. This finding is surprising given the received view that such sentences are unambiguously de se [Morgan. 1970. “On the Criterion of Identity for Noun Phrase Deletion.” Papers from the Sixth Regional Meeting of the Chicago Linguistics Society, Chicago, IL, 380–389; Chierchia. 1990. “Anaphora and Attitudes de se.” In Semantics and Contextual Expression, edited by R. Bartsch, J. van Benthem, and P. van Emde Boas, 1–32. Dordrecht: Foris]. We argue that these apparent de re readings are not genuine readings assigned by the grammar, but rather arise via a pragmatic process that results in what we call ‘excluded entailments’. The interpretation of PRO-sentences thus shows a certain amount of pragmatic latitude that is reminiscent of other cases of non-literal language, such as examples of ‘pragmatic slack’ first discussed in Lasersohn [1999. “Pragmatic Halos.” Language 75: 522–551]. However, we show that there are crucial differences between the puzzling data at hand and more familiar cases of pragmatic slack, and argue that they constitute a different class of non-literal meaning that has received less attention in the literature. This class of meanings is akin to that introduced by the modifier ‘in effect’. Our view has consequences for semantic methodology, understanding the limits of non-literal language use and interpretation, and the division of labour between semantics and pragmatics in the analysis of attitude reports.

Deserving Hukou: An Exploration of How Chinese People Evaluate Migrants’ Welfare Deservingness

AbstractWithin the welfare deservingness literature, the question of how people conceive of deservingness criteria is still underexplored. Theoretical insights indicate that identity and reciprocity criteria are more fluidly conceived by people than much deservingness literature describes. Through a qualitative analysis, I explore how Chinese people evaluate the deservingness of a group of Chinese nationals (identity) who contribute (reciprocity) but are excluded from welfare: intranational Chinese migrants. I find that Chinese people have multiple conceptions of identity and reciprocity criteria. Some conceive of identity through larger communities, such as the nation, while others conceive of it through local communities, such as the family. Reciprocity can be conceived of in a less conditional way, which means that contributions generally make one deserving, and in a more conditional way, where one’s deservingness depends on one’s ability to make more specific kinds of contributions. Welfare recipients’ deservingness becomes very dependent on respondents’ conceptions of these deservingness criteria.

WORD COMBINATION AND ABBREVIATION AS THE COMPLEX-TYPE COMPONENTS IN THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE

Abstract 
 Background. Not only word can be considered as a nominative unit of some language according to the adepts of word-centrism. Such a unit is reasonable to be considered as a certain invariant capable of containing characteristics of a word and its forms or characteristics of a word combination and its forms respectively. Nominativeness and semantic-grammatical identity of all the forms of different form and structure are the main factors to identify a linguistic invariant. Thus, it turns to be an abstract unit being separated from all its implementations; it acts as something general being present to some extent in a set of homogeneous specific units with the status of its variants or doublets. Invariants are always represented by their modifications.
 Purpose of the paper is to analyze features of abbreviations as one of the linguistic implementations of the complex-type nominathemes. The purpose has stipulated the following tasks: 1) to study motivation relations established between a word combination and its condensed equivalent; 2) to describe criteria of identity of a nominatheme with its modifications – word combinations and abbreviations.
 Methods. The research has involved a series of methods being in compliance with its topic, i.e.: method of continuous sampling to accumulate actual material; method of distributive analysis to differentiate the concepts; and descriptive method to describe and generalize the status of the units under consideration.
 Results. We tend to determine abbreviations as the words appeared as a result of verbal – synthetic – modification of a word combination, which have identical lexical and grammatical meaning as well as syntactic function and which are the result of an abbreviation process. Relations between an abbreviation and its corresponding word combination are understood as the equatable relational (form-generating) ones under conditions of semantic identity. There is a series of intralinguistic and extralinguistic reasons of the formation of abbreviations, which are similar to the formation of univerbs as well. Firstly, that is compression in word formation that is explained by the law of saving of linguistic means; it is especially clear in the colloquial speech. Secondly, it is motivated by the origin of new phenomena that require certain determination. Thirdly, there can be some reasons to change a name of something already existing. That can be stipulated by the factors from the sphere of politics, economics, communication etc. Fourthly, that is the striving to save linguistic efforts of speakers. Fifthly, it is a manifestation of compensator properties of a linguistic system.
 Discussion. A nominatheme is the main linguistic unit to be analyzed; the unit is capable of containing characteristics of a word combination and its form respectively. Eight structural varieties of a nominatheme have been singled out, along with which generally 14 varieties are available. Abbreviations as the units, in which nominathemes with a dominant-word combination of a complex type are implemented verbally, make up a great share of such structural invariants, namely: 1) word combination + abbreviation + elliptic univerb; 2) word combination + word combination of a juxtaposition-abbreviation type + elliptic univerb; 4) word combination + abbreviation-type composite + abbreviation + elliptic univerb; 5) word combination + abbreviation-type composite + elliptic univerb + elliptheme (main word) + abbreviation; 6) word combination + abbreviation-type composite + elliptheme (main word); 7) word combination + elliptic univerb + abbreviation + compressive univerb; 8) word combination + elliptic univerb + abbreviation-type composite + elliptheme (main word); 9) word combination + elliptic univerb + abbreviation + elliptheme (dependent word); 10) word combination + word combination of a juxtaposition-abbreviation type + elliptic univerb + elliptheme (main word).
 Keywords: complex-type nominatheme, abbreviation process, abbreviation, word combination, identity.

A Roadmap for the Production of a GMP-Compatible Cell Bank of Allogeneic Bone Marrow-Derived Clonal Mesenchymal Stromal Cells for Cell Therapy Applications.

BackgroundAllogeneic mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have been used extensively in various clinical trials. Nevertheless, there are concerns about their efficacy, attributed mainly to the heterogeneity of the applied populations. Therefore, producing a consistent population of MSCs is crucial to improve their therapeutic efficacy. This study presents a good manufacturing practice (GMP)-compatible and cost-effective protocol for manufacturing, banking, and lot-release of a homogeneous population of human bone marrow-derived clonal MSCs (cMSCs).MethodsHere, cMSCs were isolated based on the subfractionation culturing method. Afterward, isolated clones that could reproduce up to passage three were stored as the seed stock. To select proliferative clones, we used an innovative, cost-effective screening strategy based on lengthy serial passaging. Finally, the selected clones re-cultured from the seed stock to establish the following four-tired cell banking system: initial, master, working, and end of product cell banks (ICB, MCB, WCB, and EoPCB).ResultsThrough a rigorous screening strategy, three clones were selected from a total of 21 clones that were stored during the clonal isolation process. The selected clones met the identity, quality, and safety assessments criteria. The validated clones were stored in the four-tiered cell bank system under GMP conditions, and certificates of analysis were provided for the three-individual ready-to-release batches. Finally, a stability study validated the EoPCB, release, and transport process of the frozen final products.ConclusionCollectively, this study presents a technical and translational overview of a GMP-compatible cMSCs manufacturing technology that could lead to the development of similar products for potential therapeutic applications.Graphical Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12015-022-10351-x.

Thin Mereological Sums, Abstraction, and Interpretational Modalities

AbstractSome tools introduced by Linnebo to show that mathematical entities are thin objects can also be applied to non‐mathematical entities, which have been thought to be thin as well for a variety of reasons. In this paper, I discuss some difficulties and opportunities concerning the application of abstraction and interpretational modalities to mereological sums. In particular, I show that on one hand some prima facie attractive candidates for the role of an explanatory plural abstraction principle for mereological sums (in terms of pluralities of summed entities) are not really explanatory; on the other hand, singular abstraction principles (in terms of single summed entities) are materially inadequate. Nonetheless, explanatory criteria of identity and conditions of existence for mereological sums are provided by classical extensional mereology independent of abstraction principles. Thus, given classical extensional mereology, the reasons why, according to Linnebo, mathematical abstracted entities are thin also hold for mereological sums. Finally, I contend that interpretational modalities can be used to characterise the process by which a subject adds sums of previously admitted entities to the domain of quantification.

Thin entities

AbstractOystein Linnebo's book Thin Objects is partly devoted to defending the view that some objects are “thin” in that their existence does not impose any substantive demands on the world. In this paper, I discuss the concern that the defense relies on there being entities that serve as the referents of predicates. Linnebo thus seems to assume the thinness of those entities. In the course of my discussion, I also discuss what Linnebo says about the role of criteria of identity in his discussion of reference and existence.

Proofs, what they prove and their representations: remarks in connection with identity of proofs and the normalisation thesis

A topic of de Castro Alves (2019) stands in need of re-visitation, namely: possible ways of specifying restrictions on the notion of proof and some other related ones that are relevant in connection with the discussion on identity of proofs. This effort is dedicated to start a compensation for relevant shortcomings of some ideas proposed in that work. More concretely: by taking some very generic traits of proofs as a departure point, we proceed to the identification of possible outset conditions upon the investigation of identity of proofs (instead of proposing a taxonomy of criteria of identity of proofs, as in de Castro Alves (2019)). We will describe and briefly comment on two kinds of such conditions: one given in terms of how the identity of proofs is conditioned by the identity of what is proved, and other in terms of how equivalence relations between proof (re)presentations are conditioned by, on the one hand, how many distinct (collections/kinds of) proofs can be (re)presented by them, and, on the other, how many distinct (re)presentations a collection of proofs may have. To exemplify the meaningfulness of these considerations, they will be used here as basis for some critical remarks on the normalisation thesis on identity of proofs.

Contemporary Subject’s Identity

The paper is devoted to the problem of investigating the identity of a personality in contemporary philosophy. The author states that some factors (intensification of cultural and communicative exchange, population migration, information technologies) have led to a significant transformation of the phenomenon of identity at the civilizational stage. The presented points of view and approaches of contemporary philosophers (representatives of psychoanalysis, existentialism, etc.) that the author relies on indicate a crisis of identity. The author of the paper describes creativity, communication, reflection, value-semantic sphere, cultural and symbolic environment as the criteria of identity. The author also constructs her own model of the identity system based on the famous Russian researcher, G.P. Shchedrovitsky’s concept of the system, as the way to avoid a crisis of identity. The author comes to the conclusion that the identity of a modern person is wholly constructed, in contrast to the phenomenon of pseudo-identity. The results of the paper can be applied in sociology, cultural studies, psychology in the context of the problem of personal and collective identity.

ЕКОНОМІЧНІ АСПЕКТИ НАЦІОНАЛЬНОЇ ІДЕНТИЧНОСТІ ЯК УМОВА ЗАБЕЗПЕЧЕННЯ БЕЗПЕКИ ТА РОЗВИТКУ ДЕРЖАВИ

The lack of political will to build new common identifiers for citizens threatens national security and the possibility of the state's continued existence. For Ukraine in the conditions of war and transformation of the global economy, the formation of a common identity is one of the basic problems of national security and economic development of the state. The purpose of this study is to substantiate the theoretical and methodological foundations for ensuring the security of the state and the development of the national economy, taking into account national self-identification and the principles of economic nationalism. In order to perform the research tasks, the peculiarities and the significance of national self-identification are determined. National and spiritual self-identification as a subjective characteristic acquires special significance in the modern conditions of globalization and urbanization of life. National identification presupposes a number of obligatory social aspects and is defined as the state, social, cultural affiliation of an individual, and not his anthropological and ethnic identity. Threats to national self-determination and national security are formulated: the lack of linguistic and cultural homogeneity threatens damage to national interests – interregional confrontation, civil war, etc. Decreased levels of trust between people and the state, civic activity, negatively affects the functioning of democratic institutions, the economy and the involvement of people in political life. Modern features of national identity formation are identified. At the present stage, people living in megacities largely reproduce the trends and models of social behavior of alienation, degradation of social relations and a high level of irrationality of decisions. Having destroyed the traditional economic models of life of basic social groups (territorial communities), most states have failed to introduce new qualitative models of social interaction in terms of public resources and self-reproduction. It is substantiated that for the formation of common mechanisms of security and development of people need common means of communication, value systems, as well as a common goal of development, which are formed in the field of culture. That is why culture is a determining social institution for ensuring the security and life of the people from the standpoint of biological and socio-economic reproduction. It is proved that the optimal community for self-reproduction and formation of criteria of national identity is a territorial community in which it is possible to distribute social roles for all, build horizontal ties, create cultural institutions and ensure efficient management. The directions of development of national identity are formulated: established ethnic culture and traditions, supplemented by economic identifiers, developing joint management practices; transform existing and create new cultural practices that provide economic identity, mechanisms of collective economic interaction and models of rational collective choice; to promote the understanding that the culture of life and security ensures the development of the people and the state. Modern culture of security of the people and development of the state should be formed taking into account modern life practices, scientific and technical progress.

Bunjevačko pitanje u svetlu savremenih shvatanja nacije

This paper analyzes the theoretical framework of the discussion on the national identity of the Bačka Bunjevci. Based on the insight into the main currents within contemporary studies of nations and nationalism, and conceptual analysis of scientific papers that problematize the opening of the ˮBunjevci questionˮ after the breakup of socialist Yugoslavia, we conclude: a) that standard arguments of all parties assume that modern nations have identifiable roots deep in the past; b) that the ˮBunjevci questionˮ shows the opposite, that there are no objective or ˮscientificˮ criteria of a national identity, especially alternative narratives about it; and c) that the ˮBunjevci questionˮ, just like any other national question, is essentially political, that is a question about the collective strategy of a community's survival in the given historical circumstances.

Francisco de Vitoria as an Early Precedent of the Modern Idea of a Legal System

In general, the development of the theory of the legal system has focused on the contributions of legal positivism authors, leaving to one side the contributions of natural law theory. This study seeks to rebuild the theory of the legal system developed by the School of Salamanca’s founder, Francisco de Vitoria, showing its explanatory advantages in comparison with the first analytical legal theory of legal system formulated by John Austin. This study shows that, just as in Austin, it is possible in Francisco de Vitoria to reconstruct the existence and identity criteria of legal systems from the notions of command and sovereignty. These findings allow us to maintain that 300 years before Austin, and in a non-analytical environment, Francisco de Vitoria developed a theory of legal system.

Sex determination using mesiodistal width of permanent maxillary molar

Background: Teeth are valuable material for forensic investigations since they are the strong and stable human tissue that is resistant to physical damage. Sex determination, which is usually the first stage in the human identification process, is one of the essential criteria of biological identity. Objectives: To evaluate the potential of mesiodistal width of permanent maxillary molar in sex determination. Methods: This analytical cross-sectional study was done in 120 dental casts prepared for different dental treatment purposes in Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Institute of Medicine, Maharajgunj, Kathmandu, Nepal from 5th October, 2021 to 5th November, 2021. Convenience sampling technique was used. The mesiodistal dimension of the permanent maxillary molar was measured with the help of a digital vernier caliper (Digimatic Eco, Precise, India). The data were entered in a Microsoft Excel sheet and analysed statistically using Statistical Package for Social Sciences Statistics Version 21. Results: The mean age of the patients was 21.05 ± 5.64 years. The mesiodistal dimension of maxillary first molar in males and females were not statistically significant on both the right and the left sides of the jaw. The sexual dimorphism percentage was 0.893% and 0.606% in right and left maxillary first molar respectively. Similarly, the frequency was 0.018 and 0.267 in right and left maxillary first molar respectively. Conclusion: Mesiodistal dimension of maxillary first molar did not significantly differ between the right and left sides of the jaw. This study could not establish sexual dimorphism among the right and left sides of the jaw.

Logical Identity: A Holistic Approach

It is my intention in this article to present some consequences of Quine’s thesis on the dependence of ontology on ideology (Quine, 1980), seeking an argument for my own thesis on the dependence (theoretical) existence of entities on identity type or ontology dependence on logic and language.If Quine's thesis is correct, then we can expand the resolution of this conclusion and say that ontology depends on the identity or on identification of the "identity criteria for conceptual schemes" (Davidson, 2001) which is constructed in the theory. Consequently I will speak about types of identity which adapts choice of ontology and of which depends ontology of a theory. Here I want to connect the different types of use of the term identity in Aristotle's writings and the different types of predications that are based on them with the concept of identity as the equivalence of symbols in modern logic. I want to reinterpret Quine's statement: "There is no entity without identity " in the form of imlication "What (kind of) identity such (kind of ) entity."

The Role of the Deservingness Criteria in the case of Single Mothers’ Perceived Welfare Deservingness in Hungary

AbstractA growing number of studies investigate the relative importance of the major deservingness criteria (control, attitude, reciprocity, identity, need) in explaining the perceived welfare deservingness of different social groups. This paper addresses the roles of those criteria in predicting the perceived deservingness of a rarely examined group, single mothers. We conducted a survey in Hungary and compare the responses to direct questions about deservingness to the results of a vignette-based survey experiment in which the deservingness criteria were translated to characteristics of hypothetical mothers. Our results show that in the absence of deservingness cues (direct questions), respondents relied on the attitude, reciprocity/control, identity (measured by traditional family values), and need criteria to the same extent. On the other hand, in the presence of specific deservingness cues (vignette experiment), people disregarded their family values and stereotypes, and the perceived need became the strongest predictor of single mothers’ deservingness. These results support the existence of the deservingness heuristic, however, compared to previous literature that emphasized the role of perceived control and reciprocity of recipients, in the case of single mothers, the deservingness heuristic seems to direct people’s attention to the perception of need.

Review: Romanland: Ethnicity and Empire in Byzantium, by Anthony Kaldellis

Review: <i>Romanland: Ethnicity and Empire in Byzantium</i>, by Anthony Kaldellis

Properties, Concepts and Empirical Identity

Properties and concepts are similar kinds of thing in so far as they are both typically understood to be whatever it is that predicates stand for. However, they are generally supposed to have different identity criteria: for example, heat is the same property as molecular kinetic energy, whereas the concept of heat is different from the concept of molecular kinetic energy. This paper examines whether this discrepancy is really defensible, and concludes that matters are more complex than is generally thought. The distinction between canonical and non-canonical designators, as applied to such entities as propositions, properties and concepts, is examined, as are causal realist accounts of the semantics of such terms as ‘electricity’ and ‘mass’.

Misfortune caused by death, personal identity and what matters in survival

This article presents and discusses concepts and arguments found in debates on three philosophical problems: the misfortune inflicted by death on the person who dies; personal identity; and what is important in survival. First, it outlines the debate raised in the argument by Epicurus, to whom death means nothing to those who die. Second, the rivalry between neo-Lockeans and animalists regarding the most plausible criterion of personal identity is presented and discussed. Finally, a discussion on whether the misfortune caused by death is or not related to personal identity is conducted. The paper concludes that the dimension of the misfortune caused by death depends on both the amount of goods one is deprived of by death and on the interest such an individual would have to continue living. The aforementioned philosophical problems make up a core of acute issues such as decisions regarding the maintenance of life and delaying death.