Criminology Science Research Articles

Tinjauan Kriminologis terhadap Tindak Pidana Penelantaran Anak Oleh Orang Tua di Kepolisian Resor Kota Jambi

Child neglect by parents is very often found in society, including in Jambi. Based on data from the Women and Children Protection Unit (PPA) of the Jambi City Police, in the 2020-2022 period there were at least 8 (eight) cases of child neglect. For this reason, the author will examine this problem with the help of criminological science to obtain conclusions regarding the factors that cause the crime of child neglect, the obstacles faced by the Jambi City Resort Police PPA, and also efforts to overcome them. The research method used is empirical juridical with interview techniques. The results of related research suggest that the factors causing the crime of child neglect by parents in Jambi City are economic factors, internal family factors and also environmental factors. The obstacles faced by the Jambi City Police PPA Unit in handling the crime of child neglect by parents are difficulties in collecting evidence and witnesses and related parties not being cooperative. Efforts to overcome this criminal act are pre-emptive, preventive and finally repressive.

The Connection of Archival Science with Graphology and Criminology Studies

Graphology is a branch of science used to try to determine a person’s individual characteristics and details about that person based on a person’s handwriting. It was first started by the French clergyman-archaeologist Jean-Hippolyte Michon in 1871 and its use area has expanded in Europe over time. The science of graphology is a useful method that can also be used to evaluate people’s emotional development, give people career advice for the future, and even provide psychological analysis. For example, it is known that many international company managers today use the science of graphology to evaluate the personal characteristics of job applicants during or after the interview stage. However, there are also criticisms that the science of graphology cannot always produce clear results. To put it more clearly, in the science of evidence (criminology), a broad consensus on the validity of graphology studies has not been reached. Based on this point, the benefits and shortcomings of graphology were analyzed in the study and evaluations were made about the place and importance of graphology in archival science. In addition, the impact of graphology science on archiving science has also been evaluated by focusing on the connection between criminology science. The study, which focuses on the contribution of graphology science to archiving and information and document management sciences in particular, was completed by making various suggestions to support future academic studies.

The objective side of the criminally punishable violation of legislation on plant protection

The article is devoted to the study of the elements of the objective side of the composition of a criminal misdemeanor, provided for in Art. 247 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine “Violation of legislation on plant protection”. The foreign experience of criminal protection of flora is partially highlighted. It has been established that within the framework of several criminal law prohibitions, in which damage to objects of plant life appears as one of the alternative consequences of encroachment on various spheres (elements) of the environment, the Criminal Code of the Federal Republic of Germany embodies a different from Art. 247 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine approach toward an end-to-end regime for the protection of plant life, which is a manifestation of law-making authenticity. It has been established that a similar approach was reflected in the project of the new Criminal Code of Ukraine. The content of the blanket disposition of Art. 247 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine is detailed; acts of regulatory legislation are listed, on which the law enforcement officer must rely when incriminating this criminal law prohibition; actions that can be regarded as a corresponding socially dangerous action – violation of the legislation on plant protection are specified. Based on the results of the analysis of the text of the criminal law and the limited practice of the corresponding law enforcement, both the justification of the construction of the disposition of the researched prohibition according to the blanket type, and the generally practical problem absence of its proper specification in the way of referring to a number of acts of regulatory legislation have been proven. Considerations regarding the content of severe consequences as an element of the objective side of the composition of the analyzed criminal offense against the environment have been expressed. The expediency of the existing legislative approach has been pointed out, according to which the delimitation of the composition of the criminal offense provided for in Art. 247 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, from the composition of related administrative offenses has been carried out on the grounds of socially dangerous consequences. It has been established that Art. 247 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine remains among the “dead” prohibitions, the reasons for which must be clarified by criminological science. The opinion has been expressed that the problem of the inevitability of the criminal law response to the most dangerous violations of the legislation on plant protection lies not in the legislative, but in the law-enforcement sphere.

Level of Awareness and Practices on Solid Waste Management at Initao College, Misamis Oriental, Philippines

This study examines the awareness and practices related to solid waste management (SWM) among students at Initao College. The findings indicate that students possess adequate knowledge about several key aspects of SWM, including the definition of solid waste, the consequences of improper disposal, relevant laws, prohibited activities, the importance of SWM, and the roles and responsibilities of students.Specifically, students enrolled in the Bachelor of Science in Business Administration (BSBA) and Bachelor of Elementary Education (BEED) programs demonstrated a higher level of awareness. These students scored "extremely aware" on most questions, indicating a thorough understanding of SWM concepts. In contrast, students in the Bachelor of Science in Criminology (BSCRIM) and Bachelor of Science in Hospitality Management (BSHM) programs exhibited moderate awareness of SWM, suggesting room for improvement in their understanding.In terms of SWM practices, the results show that students at Initao College generally engage in good practices. They are active in segregating waste, reducing waste generation, reusing materials, recycling, and properly disposing of waste. This indicates a positive application of their knowledge in everyday activities, contributing to effective SWM at the college.

Organized Criminal Groups in the Modern World: Theoretical Foundations, Structure and Functional Aspects

This article is a comprehensive study of organized criminal groups (OCGs) in the modern world, covering the theoretical foundations of their study, structural characteristics and functional aspects of their activities. The paper traces the evolution of the concept of organized crime in criminological science, analyzes modern approaches to the definition and classification of OCGs, and considers the legal aspects of their definition at the international and national levels. Special attention is paid to the analysis of the structural characteristics of modern organized crime groups, including traditional hierarchical models, network structures, hybrid forms of organization, as well as new forms such as cluster and project organization. The study shows a trend away from rigid hierarchical structures towards more flexible and adaptive forms of organization, which allows OCGs to effectively resist law enforcement pressure and adapt to changing conditions. The article also examines key functional aspects of organized crime groups, including their role in the shadow economy, establishment of corruption links, transnational activities, use of modern technologies and adaptation to countermeasures. The impact of globalization and technological progress on the evolution of OCG forms and methods of operation is highlighted. The study demonstrates the need for an interdisciplinary approach to the study of organized crime, taking into account the complexity and dynamism of this phenomenon. The work contributes to the understanding of current trends in the development of organized crime and can serve as a basis for the development of effective strategies to counter organized crime.

ВОССОЗДАНИЕ ОТЕЧЕСТВЕННОЙ КРИМИНОЛОГИИ И ЕЕ СОВРЕМЕННОЕ СОСТОЯНИЕ

The article presents a general overview of the achievements and omissions of the modern Russian science of criminology. The milestone is marked from which the reconstruction of this science begins in the 50s of the last century, in connection with which the scientific work of A.B. Sakharov, I.I. Karpets, A.A. Herzenzon, V.N. Kudryavtsev and other researchers who recreated Russian criminological science is analyzed. Currently, there is a decrease in activity in cognition of criminological phenomena, imperfection of methods for collecting empirical information, insufficient use of achievements of other sciences.

Criminal Personality in Criminological Science: A Comprehensive Criminological-Legal, Socio-Psychological and Medical-Psychiatric Approach to the Study

Criminal Personality in Criminological Science: A Comprehensive Criminological-Legal, Socio-Psychological and Medical-Psychiatric Approach to the Study

DIRECTIONS FOR IMPROVING THE LEGISLATIVE REGULATION OF BEATINGS IN THE LIGHT OF COUNTERING DOMESTIC VIOLENCE

The analysis of changes in the Russian criminal legislation establishing responsibility for the commission of beatings is carried out in terms of their impact on the prevention and counteraction of domestic violence. The inconsistency of the legislator in adopting these changes has been revealed, which is a consequence of the lack of consistency in the legislative regulation of countering domestic violence, insufficient use of the potential of criminological science in the legislative process. The analysis of statistical data for 2016-2022 allowed us to conclude that the latency of family and domestic crime has increased due to the decriminalization of single beatings against loved ones, as well as the artificial latency of torture (Part 1 of Article 117 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation). Based on the results of the analysis of the empirical base, the authors concluded that the commission of serious domestic violence is preceded by the infliction of beatings and minor harm to the victims and convicts. The suppression and prevention of beatings as a crime with double prevention is a prerequisite for an effective fight against the grave consequences of domestic violence. It is proposed to return the criminalization of single beatings against close people, expanding this concept by including other close people in addition to relatives and relatives.

A Review on the 3D Cartographic and Spatiotemporal GIS Models for Safety of Accidents in Deep Underground Coal Mines

The aim of this study was the safety risk assessment of accidents that occur because of production dynamics in deep coal mining, one of the highly dangerous business class, with spatiotemporal GIS. In this study, accidents that occur at certain times during production in underground mining workplaces are discussed based on evaluations of spatial and temporal dimensions. Accordingly, various analyses have been handled using criminology science tactics and strategies such as 80–20, kernel density, space–time cube, and hot spot, which have been adapted to GIS tools. Implementations have been realized on 3D underground cartographic models covering accident data from deep coal mine workplaces in the Zonguldak-Kozlu basin in Turkey between 2019 and 2021, at an average elevation of – 400 m. Space–time cube, kernel density, and time series analyses suggest that the Annual Bonus Incentives, which are repeated every year and given before the new year, increase the psychosocial risks for employees. It has been determined that this situation can lead to problems such as poor concentration among miners and loss of focus in some shifts. Additionally, significant relationships were found between the number of accidents and monthly production progress rates as a temporal parameter. The results demonstrate that applying a reactive approach with spatiotemporal GIS to accidents in deep coal mines is becoming increasingly important.

­Questionable Research Practices and Open Science in Quantitative Criminology

­Questionable Research Practices and Open Science in Quantitative Criminology

СТАН НАУКОВОГО ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ ЗЛОЧИННОСТІ У СІМЕЙНІЙ СФЕРІ

The article reveals the need to study crime in the family sphere in the works of Ukrainian scientists. This can be explained by the fact that it is criminological science that investigates such crime as a system with exceptionally complex types of criminal offenses committed by the offender during their common life. So, there is a significant need for a scientifically based and comprehensive analysis of this crime and the development of effective forms and methods of its prevention, because the family is constantly in social relations with the state and its institutions. These relationships are based on social ties that unite people into a functional whole, while creating equality and inequality in the rights and obligations not only of spouses, but also within the social group of society. It was noted that among the criminological problems of crime in the family sphere in Ukraine, the problem of domestic crime, which in most cases was and remains the most latent among other criminal offenses, became the agenda. And therefore, recognizing the family as the center of society, it should be noted that without the support of the state and its institutions, unfortunately, the problem of crime in the family sphere is almost impossible to solve. And this is due to the fact that the family is not always able to fulfill its main function – ensuring the proper well-being and upbringing of children. History shows that the main types of crime in the family sphere are: domestic, economic, psychological, sexual and physical violence. Taking into account that there is a war in Ukraine, the problem of criminalization in the family sphere takes on special importance, and we consider it as an object of criminal offenses committed by the offender. The consequence of this is the divorce of husband and wife, a decrease in the standard of living of children, their lack of protection, poverty, and the weakening of the infrastructure of health care, education and culture. Key words: criminal offenses in the family sphere, offender, family violence, marital conflict.

Toward a Cognitive Criminological Future

Criminology and Criminal Justice are bifurcated on multiple dimensions: education, publication patterns, and epistemological orientation. These asynchronous efforts might plausibly be remedied through a three-pronged pursuit of improved science, adherence to trial and error in justice practice, and evidence-based practice. Unfortunately, these potential solutions face a triple threat of criminal justice being built on a monopolistic (single producer) and monopsonistic (single purchaser) foundation, limits on rationality (including biases in theory and practice), and fundamental limitations of tacit knowledge. Although these are likely to always be present, one option may be the development of an area with new possibilities for criminological research and criminal justice practices. In revisiting a scholarly exchange over agency, we consider how moving toward cognitive criminology could foster a more enriched understanding of human action. This may offer opportunities for both fields, including unifying the basic science of Criminology with the application of Criminal Justice.

Temporal Observations of the Scope and Structure of Crime

Because of updating the methodological foundations of Russian criminological science, an epistemological potential of the historical method can be revived. Within the framework of historical criminology, crime is understood not as a fixed number of crimes committed in a certain period of time, but as a social process observed during this time period. At the same time, the historical method is important not only for understanding the dynamics of crime as a whole. It can also be used to correct and clarify existing ideas about its internal characteristics. In particular, the use of the historical method to study traditional quantitative indicators of crime — scope and structure — gives researchers new opportunities. Under this approach, the actual scope of crime should be determined by the present (crimes that have been committed and identified at the moment), the past that must be remembered (latent crimes), and the past that must be forgotten (expired and decriminalized acts). The structure of crime in its historical analysis appears as a combination of independently changing «stable» and «variable» parts of crime. The point of connection of the past and the future in the scope and structure of crime represent criminogenic properties of crime social consequences, revealing themselves in the mechanism of its self-determination. At the same time, the historical cross-section of this mechanism includes a deterministic effect of consequences of past crimes and the fear of future crime. The data on the state, structure and consequences of crime, clarified through historical analysis, can not only correct the prevailing theoretical ideas about crime’s danger, but also makes a significant contribution into our ideas about the real scope of preventive and law enforcement activities.

A study on relationship between the individual, deviance and the power of social control

Starting from the most significant theoretical contributions, the present study aims to analyze the relationship between deviance, social norms and legal norms, investigate the complex field of interpretative problems of the term deviance, delve into the dimension of social role expectations, investigate the phenomenon of labeling and the related processes, understand, finally, how much social control can impact deviant phenomena, also in terms of prevention. Over time, as is known, the social and criminological sciences have focused their interest on individual behaviors linked to deviance phenomena, the latter of which can be classified as the distancing of individuals or groups from shared norms within each specific social context and on criminal behavior, in clear violation of legal-regulatory precepts, to which a sanction is attributed. In the modern panorama and in advanced industrial societies, what increases interest in the study of deviance in general is the growing fear of crime and victimization, which generate feelings of insecurity and fear in members of society. The multiple forms of deviant behavior have therefore, over the years, been increasingly analyzed and debated, given the increase in their visibility, their representation and emphasis on the mass media, but, above all, due to their treatment within public, control and prevention policies. Parsons (1965) underlines that the term "deviance" was introduced into the sociological debate in the 1950s.

Praskovya Nikolayevna Tarnovskaya and her contribution to the Russian, European and global criminology: historical and criminological research

Objective: to describe and evaluate the contribution of Praskovya Nikolayevna Tarnovskaya to the Russian, European and world criminology based on the analysis of her works and expert opinions.Methods: general scientific (analysis, synthesis, comparison, grouping, modeling, interpretation) and special (historical-legal, content analysis of media publications) scientific methods, which are used in modern criminological science.Results: new literary sources were identified and introduced into the scientific turnover, i.e. Praskovya Nikolayevna Tarnovskaya’s works published in the late 19th – early 20th century in Russian and foreign languages and devoted to the issues of combating female criminality. The significant contribution of P. N. Tarnovskaya to the formation and development of the Russian, European and world criminological science was established.Scientific novelty: for the first time in criminological science, the content of a maximum number of literary sources by P. N. Tarnovskaya, one of the founders of the world criminology, published in Russian, French and Italian languages, was assessed. Based on the reviews, commentaries and other information published in scientific periodicals, the author monitored how P. N. Tarnovskaya’s contemporaries assessed her works. A proposal is made to develop a new branch of Russian criminology – historical criminology.Practical significance: the work can be used to prepare textbooks, manuals and other teaching materials on the course “Criminology” and to fill with new content the section “History of the Russian criminology”. It may also be useful for the theoretical development of a new scientific area of the world, European and Russian criminology – historical criminology.

A Dual Enrollment Police Academy with Master of Science in Criminology and Criminal Justice: The Student Officers’ Experiences

Despite the recommendations of the President’s Task Force on 21st Century Policing (2015), the U.S. lacks collaborative innovations in police training between law enforcement and higher education. In this article, we describe the experiences of students in the pilot cohort of a unique program, which combines a Master of Science in Criminology and Criminal Justice degree with a full-time police academy. We employed focus groups at the beginning and end of the program to understand the students’ perceptions. The focus groups revealed that the program overall was received positively by the students, and it met their expectations. Our results describe the program’s strengths and challenges as well as the students’ perceived learning outcomes. The findings illustrate that a dual enrollment academy program is feasible for students to complete, but also provide insight into the academy environment including the unique challenges for female students and the process of socialization into police culture.

The problem of criminal statistical casuistry of the category of "extremist crimes" based on examples of qualitative and quantitative analysis of their indicators.

The subject of the study consists of separate statistical indicators of extremist crimes in their relationship with the formal definition of the list of such acts in Russian legislation. Special attention is paid to various approaches to explaining the phenomenon of extremism by sciences other than criminology; the content of criminal law signs of the phenomenon under consideration; analysis of the place of extremist crimes in the structure of modern Russian crime; the problem of forming objective criminal statistics due to the adoption of novelties of administrative and criminal legislation; issues of registration discipline of this group of criminal encroachments and the latency of illegal acts. The purpose of the presented work is to put forward and verify the hypothesis of the presence of specific statistically significant dependencies in the registration of the phenomenon of criminal extremism and to analyze the impact of the completeness of the data obtained in this way on the conclusions of criminological science. Methodologically, in our theoretical judgments, we relied on the universal method of dialectical materialism. Private methods consisted in using methods of statistical grouping of data, correlation analysis. The scientific novelty of the work carried out consists in the fact that we explained the reasons (origins) of the use of the criminal statistical approach in the formulation of the definition of extremism (extremist activity) by the legislator in 2002. By analyzing various approaches to understanding extremism from other sciences, the inconsistency of other formulations of the concept was determined. From a dialectical-materialistic point of view, a hypothesis has been put forward that criminal extremism belongs exclusively to political crime. They pointed to the limited volume of recorded crimes from the point of view of the "law of large numbers" as one of the main applied shortcomings that arise when analyzing indicators in modern criminological research. They justified the absence of a linear correlation between "prejudicial" administrative offenses and the corresponding extremist elements of crimes, pointing out, however, that the relationship of states between them persists at three analyzed stages. In the conclusions, we pointed out the key problems of the formation of modern criminal statistics in terms of the formation of our objective ideas about the state of the phenomenon of criminal extremism.

About Ways to Commit Crimes Against Property on the Internet

Relevance of the article is due to the rapid growth in Russia of mercenary crimes committed using information and telecommunication technologies. The largest share of such crimes in the structure of criminal encroachments on property falls on fraud and extortion. The article provides an original analysis of the methods of their commission, which have become most widespread on the Global Network. It is predicted that this type of cybercrime in the future may become one of the serious problems, since criminal schemes for using network Internet resources are constantly updated, and it is not possible to establish all methods.The purpose of the study is to supplement scientific knowledge of available and new ways of committing mercenary crimes using the Internet to effectively counter them. Objectives: on the basis of judicial practice, media reports, Internet sources, to identify existing and new methods of committing mercenary crimes on the Internet. Methodology. When writing the work, methods of scientific knowledge (analysis, synthesis, induction and deduction), as well as statistical, documentary and formal-logical methods were used.The results of the study consist in describing the available and establishing new methods of committing crimes against property, affecting the qualitative and quantitative indicators of mercenary crime in general. A certain gap in criminological science on the problems of theft of someone else's property through fraudulent actions and extortion on the Internet has been filled. The results obtained can be used in the practical activities of law enforcement agencies.Conclusion. The socially dangerous consequences of committing cybercrimes against property are determined by their mass, huge number of victims, great damage and high latency. Rapid virtualization of all areas of society makes it possible to predict a consistent increase in encroachments against property on the Internet.

Совершенствование работы по предупреждению преступлений, совершаемых военнослужащими

The issue of preventing crime among military personnel was developed not so long ago, while for many years the subject of scientific analysis by scientists, as a rule, was only criminal manifestations of the category of citizens in question to the detriment of preventive activities. The author has convincingly proven that in modern conditions, work aimed at preventing criminal attacks by military personnel requires constant study, development of organizational components, increased effectiveness and improvement of the scientific and methodological basis. He comes to the conclusion that today there is a need to constantly conduct scientific research into military crime as a single phenomenon in order to determine the most typical causes and conditions for modern conditions that influence the development of these manifestations, determine the criminological possibilities of legal support and prevention similar acts. The implementation of this task closely connects representatives of criminological science with practical problems aimed at strengthening the combat readiness of the Russian Armed Forces, as well as increasing discipline and law and order in them.

Digital Forensics in Modern Society: Exploring Investigations of Computer Crimes in the Context of the Russian Federation's Criminal Code

In this work, the authors raise the issue of the need to use and improve digital forensics methods in the investigation of various types of computer crimes. The goals and features of digital forensics are considered, as well as special operational-search activities are identified that are related to the specifics technical equipment and are necessary when investigating computer crimes. Almost every science has developed its own understanding of information and studied its various forms and aspects. In the 20th century, a new type of information appeared - information circulating in computers, and subsequently, in other information technology devices. However despite the fact that more than 7 decades have passed since the appearance of the first computer (we believe that the first computer can be considered the British Colossus, launched in 1943), and from the theoretical justification of developments in the field of computers and computer information even more time (the theory was laid down by Charles Babbage in 1830), even a generally accepted term that reflects the essence of this information, as well as a universal approach to the interpretation of the category under consideration. The life of modern society is difficult to imagine without the use of computer equipment, smartphones, tablets, as well as provided such devices for accessing the virtual space of the Internet, social networks, online stores, services provided remotely. However, all the advantages and advantages of the era of widespread digitalization are accompanied by the emergence of criminal activity in this new environment of human existence. This, in turn, causes the need for active research into its specifics and use of the results obtained in law enforcement. Recently it has become quite firmly established and developed as a relatively independent, but organically closely related, based and inseparable from the science of criminology, a direction called digital forensics.