Criminology Science Research Articles

Fear Of Crime As One Of The Varieties And Non-Material Consequences


 
 
 
 The article substantiates the importance of criminological study of the intangible consequences of crime in general, and the fear of crime in particular. The level of fear of crime is an important indicator of the state’s ability to achieve the maximum level of security of the population, directly influencing criminal policy towards enhancing its repressive potential or liberalization.
 The basic approaches to the analysis of fear of crime in the modern science of criminology are considered. In the context of the victim approach, the importance of the media in the process of objective and competent informing of the population of crime and its main characteristics, which is accompanied by consequences in the form of increasing / decreasing level of concern / fear of the society against crime, is revealed. The position of «criminological control» over mass communications is supported, which will help to improve victim’s security of citizens. Based on relevant sociological data, it is concluded that the fear of crime, by the importance of the problem for the population, is inferior to the desire to resolve the military conflict in the East of Ukraine and the realization of socio-economic wishes and interests.
 
 
 
 

Editorial do dossiê “Meios alternativos, consenso e a participação da vítima no processo penal”: Participação da vítima na solução do conflito penal

El resurgimiento de la víctima, como sujeto de interés para las ciencias criminológicas y el derecho penal,ha provocado la necesidad de cuestionarse si los tradicionales modelos de justicia penal son adecuados para satisfacer sus intereses, considerando que se trata de un protagonista del conflicto penal. Recogiendo diversas experiencias restaurativas y con apoyo de la victimología más moderna, los sistemas de justicia penal dejan de enfocarse solo en el castigo al infractor penal y se abren a la adopción de programas de justicia restaurativa, que reconocen en la víctima un sujeto titular del derecho a la reparación del daño.

A Scrutiny on Differential Calculus in Criminology and Forensic Science

A Scrutiny on Differential Calculus in Criminology and Forensic Science

Employment Array of Bachelor of Science in Criminology Graduates in Nueva Ecija University of Science and Technology

Abstract: In this modern world where contemporary educators are now dwelling in an ever-changing domain of corporate trends, innovations, transformation and improvements, it is, therefore, substantial to identify whether the programs offered by our academic institution can adapt to these moving developments. This objective can be achieved by following and tracing the arrays of our graduates. This study delved at tracing the graduates of Bachelor of Science in Criminology of Nueva Ecija University of Science and Technology for Academic Year 2015–2016. In order to provide adequate and reliable information for the evaluation of the study, the descriptive method of research was used by the researcher to facilitate the gathering of information on the traceability of the abovementioned graduates. Results have shown that the majority of the graduates were male which means that the program is a male-dominated program. Furthermore, it was found out that at the present time, the majority of the graduates were employed under permanent status. It is also good to note that majority of the respondents were able to serve the country under their purpose due to the fact that majority of the criminology graduates were connected to different law enforcement agencies like the Philippine National Police, Bureau of Fire Protection and Bureau of Jail Management and Penology. It was also discovered that the majority of the respondents were able to get hired within six months after graduation. It can be concluded that the skills they have acquired from the college are relevant to their present job since these agencies found the need to hire them. It is recommended that the college should continue to make interventions in order to upkeep the performance of their graduates not just in the board exam but also in getting a better opportunity after passing the board exam and that is through improvement of the curriculum to make it more relevant for the better future of the graduates in order to achieve full employment of their products. The Alumni and Placement Services of the university should also intercede and help the graduates of the university in general and the College of Criminology in specific to give assistance to the graduates in terms of proper job placement and employment to minimize underemployment of its graduates.

Trainers’ Feedback on the Performance of Bachelor of Science in Criminology during their On–The–Job Training in the Tri–Bureau in the Province of Nueva Ecija

This study was conducted to identify the feedback of the trainers from the Philippine National Police (PNP), Bureau of Jail Management and Penology (BJMP) and the Bureau of Fire Protection (BFP) where the student–trainees who were enrolled in the Internship Program of the College of Criminology undertook their On–the–Job Training. A total of one hundred thirteen (113) students were evaluated based on their performance in terms of their personal characteristics, attitude towards the job, job performance and job competence. Feedback from their trainers indicated that they exceptionally exhibited skills during their On–the–Job Training which resulted in a very satisfactory response from their trainers. The trainers noticed that the students were well–equipped and trained to the jobs related to the different areas in the field of Criminology. It was also recognized by their supervisors that the students were very enthusiastic to learn new skills. However, some recommendations were also proposed by the researchers and that include the revisiting of the existing curriculum of the program to ensure that it is aligned with the skills needed in the industry.

Crime prevention technologies: problems of formation and development

The limitations and prerequisites of the development of the domestic theory and practice of crime prevention are analyzed. The concept is proposed and the characteristics of crime prevention technologies are given. Based on the author’s empirical studies, the main obstacles to their formation and development are considered: inertia of criminological science; conservatism and bureaucratization of anti-criminal practices, its isolation from criminological science; deficiencies in legal regulation; problems of personnel and organizational support. A meaningful characteristic of the perspective crime prevention technologies are given: cyber prevention, marketing, social advertising, participation of citizens and non-governmental organizations in crime prevention, assessment of the quality of preventive measures and their implementers, programming and planning, using of mass communication tools in crime prevention, individual preventive action and prevention of crimes in small groups.

Nils Christie – ojciec norweskiej kryminologii. Koncepcje sprawiedliwości naprawczej i społecznego rozwiązywania konfliktów

Nils Christie has been a key figure for the Norwegian science of criminology, sociology and criminal law for over half a century. He was not only a great theoretician, but also his original ideas contributed to the introduction of real social and legal changes. He was extremely active in the public debate, and his thought was an impulse for action in many areas. His contribution to the development of the idea of restorative justice can not be overestimated, and his views are still alive and provoke discussion on the direction of development of contemporary legal systems.

Employer’S Feedback on College of Arts and Sciences Graduates: An Exploratory Study in JRMSU – Main Campus Dapitan City

Graduate employability has been increasingly the focus of higher education institutions in the Philippines. The demand for a higher level of skill includes frequent updating of skills, and excellent technical skills, thus, employers look for graduates who are flexible and willing to learn on the job, technically competent, and committed to excellence. Meanwhile, this research undertaking aimed to gather employer’s feedback on the performance of graduates in Jose Rizal Memorial State University. Specifically, it determines the number of graduates employed in terms of the course program. Further, this paper finds out the employer’s rating as to various attributes of the graduates. It utilized a descriptive survey method, utilizing a checklist questionnaire with 86 employers as target sample respondents of the study who hired graduates of JRMSU from SY 2010 – 2011 to 2014 – 2015. The result revealed that most of the employed employees are the Bachelor of Science in Criminology and Computer Science graduates of JRMSU. Moreover, there are industries that cater to or hire JMRSU graduates though their course is not suitable. It also further noted, industries suggestion that there are areas the graduates of JRMSU should pay attention such as verbal communication skills, analytical and critical thinking skills, and initiative and enterprise. Generally, employers are quite positive about the performance and competence the graduates of the College of Arts and Sciences possessed. It is recommended that the university curriculum designing may be participated by stakeholders and various industries that would maximize the new graduate achievement and capabilities that count for early professional success.

The emerging science of evolutionary criminology

The emerging science of evolutionary criminology

Some Random Thoughts about Victimological Movement in the World with Special Reference to India

Historically, priority of the criminal justice system was always to establish the guilt of the accused and provide a punishment to the offender. Even after the advent of scientific criminology, focus was on all aspects of the offender, to the complete neglect of the victim. Victim was always treated as a witness, and victim justice has been a struggle throughout the world. Many scholars and criminal justice administrators recommended urgent measures to improve the conditions of victims, particularly after the historic Report of President’s Task Force in 1982 in the USA. Since then a victimological movement emerged which culminated in the creation of UN Declaration of Basic Principles of Justice for Victims of Crime and Abuse of Power, 1985. In this article, the emergence of victimological movement, its impact and the subsequent developments in India are discussed.

Social Internet Networks and crime prevention: contemporary trends

One of the trends in the development of criminological science at the present stage is the study of the possibilities of using the Internet to prevent crime, and in particular, such an element as social Internet networks. It should be noted that the Internet is actively changing our lives and imagining the modern world without social networks becomes virtually impossible.The negative sides of social networks include: open distribution of confidential information; the ability to deal with inappropriate content (violence, offenses, etc.); the likelihood of the use of personal information by third parties in order to obtain the benefit; cybercrime; the possibility of coordinating the activities of criminal gangs, etc.It should be noted that social networks are quite actively used in the United States to prevent crime. The main directions of this work are: direct placement of information on crime prevention in social networks; development of blogs; chat organization; creation of digital media files, for example, in the form of lectures; dissemination of information on various crime prevention measures in social networks.Thus, the use of social networking websites to prevent crime is one of the current trends in the development of criminological science. This is also evidenced by international experience. In particular, it is expedient to use the entire spectrum of opportunities of social Internet networks to increase the level of prevention of crime, in particular: the conduct of specialized blogs; creating audio and video files of a pre- ventive nature; monitoring of criminological relevant information, etc.

ТЕРРОРИЗМ — УГРОЗА НАЦИОНАЛЬНОЙ БЕЗОПАСНОСТИ: СТРАТЕГИЯ АНТИКРИМИНАЛЬНОЙ БЕЗОПАСНОСТИ ЛИЧНОСТИ

The fight against terrorism is one of the urgent problems at the present stage, the nature of which is determined by objective-subjective factors, reflecting the socio-legal, socio-economic nature. The socio-economic nature of terrorism requires a systematic approach to the study of cause-effect relationships that determine the nature of interpersonal, intrapersonal factors that have a direct impact on a specific real situation. The establishment of cause-effect relationships of a specific crime event is determined by the study of natural processes of interaction, reflection and manifestation of subject-subject, subject-object relations, determined by factors of social, economic, psychological nature. In this regard, in order to effectively counter terrorism, it is necessary to study the causal relations of the formation and development of criminal activities of a terrorist orientation, the implementation of which is conditioned by the improvement of criminological policy. Improving criminological policy in the light of crime prevention, the development of effective methods and ways of organizing countermeasures contributes to solving the problems of disclosing, investigating and preventing crimes of a terrorist nature on the basis of identifying, defining typical manifestations, and natural processes of reflecting objectively subjective factors. Criminological policy should be aimed at determining the dominant areas of crime prevention, including crimes of a terrorist nature. Preventive activities, the definition of preventive measures at the state level, the improvement of criminal policy in the field of combating crime, organized transnational, which includes crimes of a terrorist orientation, requires a systematic, science-based approach, the development of effective methods and techniques developed by the science of criminology, criminology to solve criminal legal, criminal procedure and criminal executive tasks.

К вопросу о криминалистическом обеспечении cудебного разбирательства по уголовным делам об убийствах

Currently one of the promising directions of development of criminology is the development of forensic guidelines for public prosecutors and judges with a view to their application in court. This area is still little developed, as at present, forensic science is the prevailing view on the Iimitation of the subject of criminology only within the preliminary investigation. The article presents the point of view of leading Soviet and Russian scientists-criminalists made at different times regarding the possibility and necessity of using forensic science in Court. The necessity of constructing a full-structure forensic methodology of preliminary and judicial investigation of criminal cases of murder is substantiated. The necessity of knowledge of criminalistic characteristics of crimes and criminalistic characteristics of their investigation is mentioned. The points of view regarding the definition of the subject of science of criminology are given. The authors substantiate the point of view on the need to use in the construction of full-structure forensic techniques of preliminary and judicial investigation in criminal cases of murder of the provisions of synergetics. The author provides the definition of the concept of full-structure forensic methods of preliminary and judicial investigation in criminal cases of murder.

Positive Criminology — the Criminology of the Future?

Reflections of scholars on the future of criminology have become acute. This is not just a natural process of its development, but the reaction to the existing uncertainty in the formation of its future methodological principles and the reflection of a complex, contradictory and even destructive period of reforming basic foundations of the society itself with negative forecasts of its development. The direction of the future criminology development, to a significant extent, will depend on the format and degree of perfection of the future society. The need to modernize conceptual and theoretical foundations of fundamental criminology in the face of changing forms and dimensions of crime is now universally recognized, with many basic categories of criminological science being under consideration and not receiving satisfactory answers because of the researchers' adherence to outdated theoretical views. Today, there is a need to create conceptual foundations for the future criminology as an integrative science with the perspective use of ideas put forward and grounded by philosophical and psychological science and, possibly, esoteric provisions that have not been included in the methodology of criminology so far but could be useful for solving criminological problems . It is necessary to support proposals for determining and substantiating fundamentally new approaches to expanding methodological and theoretical arsenals of criminology, for uniting the efforts of representatives of all humanitarian and even natural and exact sciences. It seems important to actualize the problem of the possibility and expediency of using a humane-personal approach as a counterweight to total robotization and violence, as well as critical rethinking of established views on the omnipotence of belligerent solution of social problems, including crime. The assumption that any crime is a manifestation of not just immorality, but spiritual slavery (with the only exception when the state itself and its laws are criminal) needs thorough specific examination. Speaking about inadmissibility of exaggerating the role of compulsory methods of ensuring public security and increase in the degree of tolerance of society to deviant behavior, we must also see a certain limit that can not be overstepped in order not to disturb the delicate balance between human rights and public security interests.

КРИМИНАЛЬНЫЙ ПРОФЕССИОНАЛИЗМ: СОВРЕМЕННЫЕ ТЕНДЕНЦИИ

The article gives an analysis of professional crime in Russia in the modern period. Its constituent features, potential and main development tendencies are considered, as well as the specificity of its prevention. It is emphasized that the study of professional crime is one of the most important tasks of the Russian criminological science. The significance of the problem analyzed is determined by the system-forming character of professional criminality for all criminality as a whole, its determining influence on the reproduction of primary criminality. Along with this, professional criminality poses a special danger by that it is exclusively intentional in nature, possesses economic power, is linked to organized crime. All this, in the final analysis, complicates the general criminal situation in the country

Mapa zagrożeń przestępstwami na tle seksualnym jako instrument sytuacyjnej prewencji przestępczości w Polsce – uwagi krytyczne

Ustawa o przeciwdziałaniu zagrożeniom przestępczością na tle seksualnym została uchwalona 13 maja 2016 r. Przewidziane w jej przepisach instytucje i instrumenty prawne mają przeciwdziałać przestępczości seksualnej. Jednym z wprowadzanych rozwiązań jest mapa zagrożeń przestępstwami na tle seksualnym. O ile sama konstrukcja tego rodzaju narzędzia analizy rozmiarów i fenomenologii przestępczości nie budzi zastrzeżeń z punktu widzenia nauki kryminologii, o tyle wydaje się, że to rozwiązanie w polskim wydaniu jest nieadekwatne do realizacji zamierzonego celu. Artykuł poświęcony jest ocenie polskich rozwiązań w zakresie konstruowania mapy zagrożeń przestępstwami na tle seksualnym w kontekście dorobku i dotychczasowych ustaleń kryminologii środowiskowej, w tym w szczególności nurtu zapobiegania przestępczości przez kształtowanie bezpiecznej przestrzeni oraz sytuacyjnej prewencji przestępczości.

Forensic Science in Criminology and Criminal Justice Programs

Forensic Science in Criminology and Criminal Justice Programs

Criminal Responsibility and Its Histories: New Perspectives for Comparative Legal History

This article discusses the implications for comparative legal history of Nicola Lacey’s In Search of Criminal Responsibility. I emphasize the importance of both diachronic comparison and comparison between different legal systems to analyze the changing patterns of responsibility- attribution, focusing on four themes: (1) the rationalization of a general part of criminal law by late-medieval European doctrine; (2) the growth of regulatory offenses and the changing boundaries of criminal law in the nineteenth century; (3) the role of character in sentencing and the creation of security measures under the influence of scientific criminology; and (4) the political meaning of capacity-based responsibility and the underlying idea of individual freedom in authoritarian penal systems.

R.S. Belkin and the Establishment of Forensic Biology and Forensic Ecology

Professor R.S. Belkin's role in the development of criminology and forensic science is widely recognized. The theory he advanced to connect criminalistics and the natural sciences was of great importance for the establishment of new forensic disciplines. During his time as head of the department of forensic science theory Professor Belkin focused on newly emerging fields of forensic research and the development of their theoretical foundations. His vision was marked by a deep understanding that ecology is a subfield of biology, but forensic ecology is not part of forensic biology. It is largely due to his talent to anticipate the emergence of new trends in response to the needs of investigative practice that these forensic disciplines were established and continue to develop.

CITES, wild plants, and opportunities for crime

The illegal trade in endangered plants damages both the environment and local communities by threatening and destroying numerous species and important natural resources. There is very little research which systematically addresses this issue by identifying specific opportunities for crime. This article presents the results of an interdisciplinary study which brings together criminological and conservation science expertise to identify criminal opportunities in the illegal wild plant trade and suggest strategies in order to prevent and mitigate the problem. Methodologically, the study adapts a crime proofing of legislation approach to the UN Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora and is based on documentary and interview data. Situational crime prevention is used as a framework to provide points for effective intervention.