Criminological Perspective Research Articles

Military social harm: An agenda for research

This article presents a critical framework for understanding the harms produced by military institutions. Assessments of military harms are undertaken across the sociological study of the military, ranging from public-facing military issues to more inwardly directed research conducted by entities with vested state interests. Building upon and advancing the available scholarship, we introduce the concept of ‘military social harm’, drawing on criminological perspectives that situate harm in a broader range of social and political contexts. This term serves as a tool to explore the pervasive and varied impacts of military activities on society, illustrated through an examination of British military compensation as reparation. This example reveals how compensation regimes weaken a holistic approach to reparation, by undermining elements such as a right to truth or efforts to prevent recurrence. We propose an interdisciplinary research agenda for studying military social harm, aiming to challenge and extend existing scrutiny of military institutions and their accountability mechanisms, thereby engendering a fuller understanding of the direct and indirect costs of retaining and deploying military power.

Legal Protection of Children Involved in Cases of Fights Between Studentss Based on a Criminological Perspective

This study aims to analyze the basic principles in the juvenile justice system in Indonesia as well as legal protection for children involved in cases of fights between students. This study uses normative legal research methods with conceptual, legal, and case approaches. The juvenile justice system in Indonesia is based on the principle of parens patriae based on the provisions of Article 6 paragraph (2) of Law Number 4 of 1979 which states that children found guilty of violating the law must be provided with services and care. Legal protection for children involved in cases of fights between students can be categorized into two, namely preventive and repressive legal protection. Preventive legal protection can be done in two ways, namely by conducting socialization and raids to prevent fights between students. Repressive legal protection can be done in three ways, namely by carrying out restorative justice, punishment based on a judge’s decision, or rehabilitation.

New Approaches to Researching AI Crime: Institutionalization of Digital Criminology

Objective: the article deals with modern scientific approaches to the “digital society”, identifies new criminological perspectives, such as that of digital criminology in an ever-changing hybrid world, in the scientific study of the potential use of AI by criminals, including what is referred to here as AI crime.Methods: this article is an essay commonly used in humanities and social sciences, as the author aims to present provocative arguments to encourage readers to rethink AI issues in relation to criminality in the “hybrid world” based on a non-systematic literature review. The arguments should be supported by relevant references to “digital criminology” and its non-binary way of thinking in favour of a techno-social approach.Results: the era of divided perspectives is coming to an end, and it’s time for synergies, especially at the interdisciplinary level. The «mirror of artificial intelligence» can help identify flaws and solutions, ensuring the future of AI and human society is decided by the people. In a digital society, technology is integrated into people’s lives, including crime, victimization, and justice. Digital technologies blur the boundaries between online and offline realities, creating a human-technological hybrid world where crimes occur in virtual networks. AI has potential for social good and Sustainable Development Goals, but concerns about human rights violations need to be addressed. Multidisciplinary approaches are needed to ensure safe use, address education inequalities, enhance justice, and identify online behavior as deviant or criminal. In the context of emerging technoethics, the idea that this unofficial norm, derived from a popular belief, will be the ‘touchstone’ for characterising online mediated behaviour as deviant/ crimninal, is missing - or rather in the process of being formed.Scientific novelty: the author aims to provide some insightful thoughts on formulating the right questions and interesting reflections from a technoethical perspective on the phenomenon of the use of information and communication technologies for criminal purposes under the catalytic influence of AI, recognising the social challenges arising from technological disruption (e.g. prediction and prevention through the transformation of policing, increased surveillance and criminal justice practises) in “digital society”.Practical significance: some of the initial ideas of this theoretical material can be used in the elaboration of proposals for amendements and additions to the current crime legislation, as well as in pedagogical activity, especially in the implementation of educational courses or modules on crime in the context of the digital transformation of society.

Signifiers of desistance from a positive criminology perspective: The case of responsibility taking in restorative proceedings

Restorative Justice is a framework of mutual dialogue that offers people involved in wrongdoings, a more profound understanding of the harms experienced by the victims of the offense. It does this by applying the notions of responsibility taking and accountability differently from the traditional retributive criminal justice systems: instead of passively enduring a punishment, the prepetrator proactively seeks to remediate the harm caused. The aim of this study, the first of its kind in Israel, was to examine the subjective perceptions of graduates of the Geffen Victim-Offender Mediation Program, operated by the Adult Probation Service in Israel, of their past offenses. Through narrative analysis of the personal accounts of people who offended and took part in Restorative Justice dialogue proceedings, we found that they acknowledged and took responsibility for their transgressions and their manifold consequences—coupled with remorse, shame, and a desire to make amends. Participants also noted the positive attitude of the probation officers who helped them in the process. The article discusses these findings from the perspective of positive criminology and desistance theory.

PERAN KORBAN ANAK DALAM TINDAK PIDANA KEKERASAN SEKSUAL (PERSPEKTIF HUKUM, KRIMINOLOGI, VIKTIMOLOGI)

Crimes of sexual violence against children are still very common, there are many factors that cause this incident. This research examines the role of victims in the occurrence of criminal acts of sexual violence against children from three perspectives, namely a legal perspective, a criminological perspective and a victimological perspective. This research also examines future criminal law policies related to sexual violence against children. This research uses a normative juridical research type (legal research). This type of normative juridical research out by examining various formal is carried legal regulations such as laws and regulations related to the issues discussed. The problem in this research are the approaches used case approach, the statutory approach and the conceptual approach. In this research, there is a vacuum in norms, so the government as a policy maker must review and create new policies related to criminal law, especially regarding criminal acts of violence against sexual children.

“You walk on glass if you are in that space”: Risks and harms of corruption in wildlife justice pathways in Uganda

Wildlife crime drives existential harms including biodiversity loss and climate change, disproportionately affecting the Global South. Criminal justice approaches dominate the public response, yet scant evidence exists on how corruption, an economic crime, undermines deterrence and exacerbates inequalities. This primary research study utilises a qualitative approach to examine the risks and harms of corruption within wildlife enforcement and justice in Uganda. Using a red-green criminological perspective and drawing upon semi-structured interviews with experts and practitioners from government and civil society, this paper identifies corruption risks in wildlife criminal justice and explores their related harms and consequences. The study finds wildlife enforcement in Uganda suffers from institutional corruption, including perverse incentives which distort targeting and resource prioritisation, leading to discrimination against low-level offenders. Furthermore, differential access to individualist corruption opportunities along the justice pathway enables wealthy or well-connected suspects to avoid sanctions, resulting in sentencing inequities. Despite resulting in differential outcomes for affluent and subsistence offenders, the study concludes that corruption in wildlife justice neutralises deterrence for both offender types. By creating impunity for elites, organised crime actors are attracted to the trade. Moreover, by amplifying sentencing inequalities, subsistence offenders are further impoverished, increasing re-offending. Corruption in wildlife justice thus drives significant long-term environmental, socioeconomic, and political harms, and erodes the rule of law.

Prevention of Online Gambling Crime as an Effort to Protect Children in Indonesia from the Perspective of Criminology

Prevention of Online Gambling Crime as an Effort to Protect Children in Indonesia from the Perspective of Criminology

Kendala pembangunan PLTSa dalam tinjauan kriminologis

Background: The development of Waste Power Plants (PLTSa) is an alternative waste management that can significantly reduce waste volume, especially in 12 areas with large amounts of waste. However, to this date, the development of PLTSa has faced obstacle, despite numerous regulations issued to accelerate its implementation in these areas. The issue of waste accumulation is urgent as it can have adverse effects on the environment and community’s well-being. Because it is regarded as a form of environmental pollution, the accumulation of waste become an environmental crime. Method: From a criminological perspective. Findings: Actions that are causing delays in PLTSA development can be categorized as environmental crimes due to subjective deviations and actions that objectively violate existing regulations. Conclusion: With the urgency of rising waste volumes, there is a need for reinforcement of regulations regarding of the implementation of PLTSa development, including the Presidential Regulation No. 35 of 2018, which pertains to accelerating the construction of PLTSa developments.

Systematic Review of Psychosocial Risk and Protective Factors in Children Reported from Developmental Criminology.

Evidence indicates that persistent transgressive behaviors often begin early in development and increase around age twelve, and warns that children who exhibit transgressive behaviors in childhood or early adolescence tend to develop criminal behaviors in adulthood which makes childhood a critical unit of analysis for timely intervention. The study examines risk and protective factors in childhood related to illegal behavior, through the perspective of developmental criminology. The observation of risk and protective factors in early stages allows us to design interventions that prevent social adjustment problems in children from becoming more complex by maintaining the transgression of social norms over time. Factors identified by developmental criminology can be organized according to ecological systems theory and discussed in relation to previous criminological studies. Using a systematic review based on the PRISMA method, the study identifies 24 updated developmental criminology articles that study early protective factors between birth and age twelve. Risk factors at the individual level include biological, socioemotional, behavioral, symptomatic aspects and adverse life experiences. Individual protective factors include cognitive, socioemotional, and personality development aspects. Risk factors at an interpersonal and contextual level are related to family, school, peers, socioeconomic situation and governance. This review highlights the importance of recognizing risk and protective factors in child development, contemplating interventions at multiple levels where an articulation between the various institutions involved in child care is possible.

The Impact of The Application of The Death Penalty on Reducing Crime Rates: Legal and Criminological Perspectives

The application of the death penalty as a punishment for severe crimes has long been a controversial topic in legal and criminological discourse. This article explores the impact of the death penalty's application on reducing crime rates from two main perspectives: law and criminology. This study uses a qualitative approach with in-depth literature analysis of death penalty policies in various countries, as well as empirical data on crime trends before and after the implementation of the death penalty. From a legal perspective, this article examines how the death penalty is justified as the most extreme tool of law enforcement and how it is integrated within the existing legal framework in several jurisdictions. From a criminological point of view, this article examines theories and research that evaluate the effectiveness of the death penalty as a determinant against crime. The analysis includes a study of the psychological effects of the death penalty on potential offenders, as well as a statistical evaluation of the correlation between the death penalty and a decrease in crime rates. The results of the analysis show that although there is some evidence to support the effectiveness of the death penalty as a crime deterrent, this evidence is often inconclusive and influenced by many contextual factors. In addition, we found that the application of the death penalty usually carries significant ethical and social implications, which can limit its effectiveness and acceptance in society. This article concludes with a discussion of the policy implications of these findings. It provides recommendations for law enforcement and policymakers in balancing crime prevention goals with the principles of justice and human rights. We also call for the need for more holistic research to fully understand the impact of the death penalty on crime levels.

Causes of Sexual Violence By Biological Parents Againts Biological Children (Incest) From The Perspective of Criminology

Hildren are a gift and trust from God Almighty, possessing full human dignity and self-worth. To protect this dignity and self-worth, children are entitled to appropriate legal protection from the justice system. Cases of sexual violence against biological children are rarely disclosed and only a few are reported by the community. Victims may be afraid or ashamed if the case is known to others. Factors causing sexual violence, such as a father's rape of his daughter, are influenced by various factors like poverty (systemic poverty), unemployment, low education, and lack of religious knowledge. Another contributing factor is that the perpetrator's wife often has to work outside the home, leaving the father alone with the child.

Peran Keluarga dalam Pencegahan Perilaku Kriminal pada Anak Kajian Kriminologi

Criminal behavior in children is a complex phenomenon and requires serious attention from various parties, including families. Criminology as a science that studies the causes and prevention of crime provides an important foundation in understanding the role of the family in preventing criminal behavior in children. This research aims to examine the role of the family in preventing criminal behavior in children from a criminological perspective. This study uses literature analysis methods to identify factors that influence children's criminal behavior and the role of the family in preventing it. The results of the analysis show that the family has a significant role in shaping children's character and behavior. Harmonious family conditions, open communication, and the formation of strong moral values can be protective factors in preventing children from being involved in criminal behavior. However, there are also risk factors in the family environment that can increase the likelihood that children will be involved in criminal behavior, such as domestic conflict, neglect, and domestic violence. Therefore, the role of the family in preventing criminal behavior in children needs to be strengthened through intervention programs that support the formation of a healthy family environment and support positive child development. This research concludes that to reduce crime rates among children, preventive measures must involve the active role of the family as the smallest unit in society. By understanding the factors that influence children's criminal behavior and the role of families in preventing it, effective intervention strategies can be designed to create a safe environment and support the quality growth of children.

Criminological Study of Traffic Violations on Numbing Island

Traffic violations are no longer commonplace among society. This often happens in the community, sometimes even causing economic and physical losses due to traffic accidents. Positive law in Indonesia has explicitly regulated traffic safety rules which are regulated in Law Number 22 of 2009 concerning Road Traffic and Transportation. To study this, researchers took the research location Numbing Island, which is one of the islands in the Riau Islands Province. And from a criminological perspective, researchers want to examine in more depth what is the basis for the perpetrator to commit this offense. The research method used is empirical juridical research. As support in building the arguments for this research, researchers used primary and secondary reference materials. Data collection techniques used by researchers include observation methods, interviews and literature review. The research data analysis technique was carried out using a qualitative method, then in developing a line of thinking, the researcher used a deductive method. The results of this research show that the level of traffic violations on Numbing Island is sociologically caused by a lack of public awareness on the grounds that the application of traffic laws in the island area is not necessary, in terms of law enforcement factors, supervision by Bhabinkamtibmas is still not strictly implemented so that there is a form of negligence on the part of the authorities. law enforcers to enforce traffic regulations.

Failure of International Agreements in Confronting Environmental Crimes: A Case Study of the Climate Crisis in Vanuatu

The fossil fuel non-proliferation agreement comes in response to the escalating climate crisis threatening Vanuatu, which was raised by the President of Vanuatu at the 77th General Assembly of the United Nations. This article analyzes the failure of international agreements as an effort to prevent environmental crimes that cause the global climate crisis, especially those felt by Vanuatu, as well as the extent to which international agreements can play a role in addressing these problems, as well as safeguarding the well-being of people in affected countries. The use of fossil fuels, which is still the primary energy in various countries, has become a focus in the context of environmental crimes because of its negative impact on the environment, including the climate crisis. Although these efforts are considered a step in the face of environmental crimes, their implementation is still limited. From a criminological perspective, the restriction of action through the law is a common approach to tackling crime. However, the issue of environmental crimes and international agreements shows the complexity involving many stakeholders. Taking into account the urgency of addressing the climate crisis and its impact on human rights, countries are expected to prioritize people's well-being. Through literature analysis, this article concludes that international treaties will not be effective in tackling environmental crimes without the support of domestic laws and policies, as well as the commitment of state leaders.

Fraud and corporate psychopaths: The proposition for reintroducing personality traits of the economic crime offender

There is strong evidence that corporate psychopaths – ruthless people who willingly engage in fraud and even enjoy outwitting and stealing from others – are a dominant force at senior levels in financial organizations. While corporate psychopathy has obvious implications for fraud and causes significant societal harm (both financial and non-financial), its correlation with fraud has had minimal coverage in both the academic accountancy literature and counter-fraud literature. This paper fills this gap by discussing the presence of corporate psychopaths in organizations as a theoretical antecedent to fraud. The paper outlines what are the most common personality traits of corporate psychopaths and how they might be correlated with fraud. By introducing the concept of corporate psychopath into the counter-fraud discourse, this paper aims to enrich criminological perspectives on personality of economic crime offenders for effective prevention and policing. The paper notes the systemic influence that leaders with personality disorders, like psychopathy, may have on the ethical climate of an organization and concludes that further empirical research on the links between corporate psychopaths and fraud is needed. Eight specific research propositions are suggested.

Animal cruelty legislation in India: A green criminological exploration

We see laws being constantly updated responding to the onslaught of changing times and circumstances and value settings of society. However, such dynamism in the legal spectrum appears to be lopsided once laws on animal cruelty are glanced over. Laws on animal cruelty seem to be following a pattern that is not so dynamic and abreast of the evolving moral compass of society. It is critically observed in the course of this research that much like the legislation preventing animal cruelty, cruelty against animals, ironically, exhibits an upward graph. In pursuit of resolving this irony, especially in the context of India, the aim of this paper is to explore the concept of ‘animal cruelty’ within the Indian animal protection legislation to identify substantive and conceptual gaps while situating the statutes within the theoretical perspective of green criminology. The paper explores and critiques the concept of ‘animal cruelty’ within the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita and the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act of 1960. The research exercise reveals that the laws display a strong hue of anthropocentric instrumentalism denigrating animals as commodities in service to humans. The statutes under study allow for a wide array of abuse towards animals, permitting those harms as necessary suffering. The grandest of the lacunae is the absence of provisions for protecting animals from sexual and psychological violence. This green criminological exposé is supplemented, in conclusion, by valuable insights and remedies sourced from the green criminological theory itself in the form of a radical deconstruction and rethinking of how animals are treated in legal practice and ways to expand our notion to a non-specialist understanding of crimes, victims and justice.

Supporting musical affordances for desistance and resistance in youth justice settings

ABSTRACT As criminological perspectives of youth justice shift from rehabilitative ideals to desistance frameworks whereby young people assume a central role in their own identity-development and relationships with others, child-centred approaches that afford youth with agency and voice have been seen as increasingly important. However, noting that desistance is not only a process of identity (re)construction but a relational one in which individuals establish a sense of belonging, who young people engage with have a significant impact on their desistance journeys. The research reported in this article examined how musicians conceptualise their aims and practices in youth detention centres in relation to the desistance journeys of incarcerated youth in Australia. Findings illustrate music’s affordances for desistance as spaces of asylum for young people, providing respite from carceral pains, opportunities for agential creativity and enjoyment, but also political and disruptive potentials to resist the inequities and injustices of the status quo and create alternative futures.

Towards a Critical Race Criminology: Decolonising Criminological Practice

This article presents a rationale and strategy for bringing urgent attention to ‘minority’, ‘excluded’, and ‘marginalised’ perspectives within contemporary mainstream criminology. Russell (2022) has previously called for the development of ‘Black criminology’, whilst Phillips and Bowling (2003) further argued that there is a need to develop ‘minority perspectives’ within mainstream criminology. In allyship with these traditions, this article applies a Critical Race Theory lens to provide a rationale for a new criminological perspective presented here as Critical Race Criminology (CRC). CRC is applied here to demonstrate the necessity for centring on ‘race and the racialization of crime’ within the discipline of criminology specifically, and within a global context more widely. It further calls for the development and articulation of a ‘counter narrative’ around race and crime within the discipline of criminology itself. Achieving this requires transcending the binary of the Global North–South divide, moving towards a unifying ‘Critical Race Criminology’ (CRC).

Investigating the Inheritance of Digital Currency: Legal Challenges and Criminological Perspectives

This article aims to explore the legal nuances and criminological implications of inheriting digital currency, highlighting the inadequacies and potential risks involved in the current legal framework. Employing induction and deduction, the study distinguishes between traditional, electronic, and digital currencies, analyzing their classifications and legal considerations. The findings indicate a lack of comprehensive legal recognition and regulation concerning the inheritance of digital currencies in Kazakhstan and globally, identifying only two legally non-contradictory methods of inheritance: by law or will, with a closed will deemed safer yet simpler. This research underscores the necessity for legislative refinement to mitigate risks and ambiguities in digital currency inheritance, offering criminological insights into the prevention of fraud and misuse in the digital inheritance process. Its practical significance lies in providing a critical analysis beneficial for Kazakhstani citizens in navigating digital currency inheritance and urging legislative bodies towards enhancing the legal framework governing digital assets.

Crimes in Medical: A Criminological Perspective on Causes, Conditions and Prevention

Crimes in Medical: A Criminological Perspective on Causes, Conditions and Prevention