Criminal Research Articles

Кримінальна відповідальність за злочинні порушення порядку трансплантації органів або тканин людини: проблеми та шляхи їх вирішення

Стаття присвячена дослідженню складу злочину, передбаченого ст. 143 Кримінального кодексу України, а також розкрито проблематику пов’язану із законодавством щодо транспланталогії в Україні. Детально проаналізовано наукові публікації вітчизняних вчених і вже на власних висновках, в статті запропоновані шляхи вирішення проблем цієї сфери. Ключові слова: трансплантація, незаконна трансплантація, порушення встановленого законом порядку трансплантації органів або тканин людини, кримінальна відповідальність

Enforcement of Hudud in Islam and Its Relevance to Human Rights

Enforcement of penalties in legal schools has been recognized as the bond of law enforcement. Hadd is one of the penalties which are of paramount importance in criminal law of Islamic system. In fact, enforcement of Hudud is of various degrees in view of the nature of crime. Thus, the types and limits of the penalties are already determined by the legislator and the criminal courts proceed to determine the penalties and issue the verdict within the limit determined by the legislator. With regard to the principles of enforcement of penalties and Hudud, in Islamic jurisprudence rules, penalties are considered as a kind of correction of the criminal in which a particular attention has been paid to human dignity and the principles of freedom and justice and not merely to the revenge on the convict. Then, Islam as a nature rite in the enforcement of Islamic penalties has defended human rights and provided the ground for its perpetuation contrary to the claims of other legal systems. In the present study, Hudud enforcement and its relevance to human rights and international codes have been investigated from Islam’s point of view. Please cite this article as: Fatullahi M, Rohani Moghadam M, Sabryan A. Enforcement of Hudud in Islam and Its Relevance to Human Rights. Bioethics Journal , Special Issue on Human Rights and Citizenship Rights 2019; 37-55.

دور المجنى عليه في إباحة الجريمة(1)

يعتد المشرع الجنائي بالمركز القانوني للمجنى عليه أحياناً ويجعل منه مناطاً لإباحة بعض الأفعال، سواءً أكان هذا المركز ناشئاً عن العلاقة الزوجية بين طرفي الجريمة، أو قد يكون ناشئاً عن تصرف صادر من المجنى عليه يتمثل إما في رضاءه بالإعتداء الواقع على حق من حقوقه، أو يتمثل في مبادرته بالإعتداء على الجاني الذي يرد هذا الإعتداء بإعتداء مماثل.

Il delicato bilanciamento costituzionale fra libertà di parola e tutela del sentimento religioso: profili comparati

SOMMARIO: 1. Premessa - 2. Il quadro costituzionale in Pakistan - 3. La tutela del sentimento religioso nel codice penale pakistano - 4. Il quadro costituzionale tedesco - 5. La tutela del sentimento religioso nel codice penale tedesco - 6. Conclusioni.The delicate constitutional Balance between Freedom of Speech and the Protection of religious Sentiment: comparative ProfilesABSTRACT: The article focuses on the issue of freedom of speech and freedom of religion from the point of view of two countries with specific legislation in place (Pakistan and Germany). In particular, we will examine the two Constitutions and the two Criminal Law, which proved to have very different ways of expressing their sensitivity and a great attention to the religious sentiment of the population.

VULNERACIÓN DEL DERECHO AL DEBIDO PROCESO EN LA APLICACIÓN DEL PROCEDIMIENTO ABREVIADO EN MATERIA PENAL

El siguiente artículo tiene como objetivo analizar la constitucionalidad de las normas del COIP. Estas, son relativas al procedimiento penal abreviado en el cumplimiento de las garantías al derecho del debido proceso. Por ello, se desarrolló un estudio descriptivo de tipo revisión bibliográfica. Además, se propone una estrategia metodológica que responde al paradigma cualitativo. Sobre esta base, fue necesario la utilización de los métodos de investigación científica: exegético y analítico–sintético. Asimismo, el empleo de la técnica de análisis de contenido. Consecuentemente, las entrevistas realizadas permitieron determinar qué el procedimiento abreviado compromete varios derechos, garantías y principios consagrados en la Constitución y en el Pacto de San José de Costa Rica. Los mismos son: los Derechos Humanos al violentar el derecho de toda persona sindicada a no ser obligada a declarar en contra de sí misma; la presunción de inocencia; el principio de carga de la prueba; el principio de igualdad de armas; el principio de justicia; la certeza efectiva de la culpabilidad; el plazo razonable y la acreditación de la verdad procesal. Lo anterior, evidencia la existencia de fisuras en el procedimiento abreviado que contradice el postulado de un auténtico Estado de derecho y de justicia.

Forty Years of Reform and Opening Up: The Birth and Development of China’s Criminal Justice System

Forty Years of Reform and Opening Up: The Birth and Development of China’s Criminal Justice System

Social distance, social roles, criminals, alcoholics, drug addicts, aid to ex-criminals.

Artykuł prezentuje wyniki badań, których celem było ustalenie roli zasobów osobowościowych i zachowań zdrowotnych jako czynników warunkujących satysfakcję z życia w grupie osób uzależnionych od alkoholu i narkotyków. W artykule prezentujemy całościowy model predyktorów uwzględniający prężność, wspólnotowość sprawczość, zachowania zdrowotne i satysfakcję z życia. Jego dopasowanie było testowane poprzez analizę wielu zmiennych, które dotychczas były badane oddzielnie: prężność wspólnotowość, sprawczość i zachowania zdrowotne jako zmienne wyjaśniające oraz satysfakcja z życia jako zmienna wyjaśniana. Założyliśmy, że orientacja sprawcza i wspólnotowa, prężność i zachowania zdrowotne jako zasoby osobiste można uznać za czynniki wpływające na kształtowanie satysfakcji życiowej a w konsekwencji na przebieg terapii uzależnień. Z naszych badań wynika, że zasoby osobiste są czynnikami determinującym satysfakcję życiową co może przyczyniać się w znacznej mierze do walki z chorobą w tym z uzależnieniem.

Beyond Recidivism: The Value of Higher Education in Prison

In 2016, the Obama administration launched the Second Chance Pell Grant, a pilot program that provides funding to eligible state and federal prisoners as they pursue undergraduate degrees during the period of their incarceration. The initiative represents the first meaningful effort to restore some of the educational opportunities eliminated from state and federal prisons in the mid 1990s. The administration justified the restoration of education programs in prison in terms of recidivism rates, citing research that demonstrates that educational attainment decreases the odds that a prisoner is reincarcerated for new crimes or parole violations following his or her release. While recidivism is a critical consideration in the restoration of prison higher education, it is not and should not be the only one. In this article, we describe our experience as faculty and administrators of Villanova University’s undergraduate degree program at SCI-Graterford, the largest maximum security prison in Pennsylvania. We argue that education is a fundamental right that is not comprised by criminal conviction or imprisonment. Higher education in prison enhances self-knowledge and empathy, bolsters social capital and collective efficacy, and facilitates the development of just and democratic communities both inside and outside prison walls.

Punish ability and Punishment for Careless Transport Crimes

The main purpose of this study is to analyze the system of punishment for transport crimes and make proposals for its improvement. According to the Concept of the Legal Policy of Kazakhstan for the period from 2010 to 2020, the Criminal Code 2014 should continue the policy of humanization of responsibility for persons who have committed careless crimes, including transport crimes, to expand the scope of application of criminal penalties not related to imprisonment, establishing the proportionality of punishment in the sanctions of articles of the Criminal Code, etc. However, these guidelines have not been fully implemented. The analyses of the road traffic criminal infractions system showed that legislators made some mistakes. The study points out that the sanctions of articles of the system are excessively overstated or unreasonably understated or have unjustifiably large intervals between the upper and lower limits, and therefore do not fully correspond to the nature and degree of social danger of these crimes. In this regard, the authors formulated proposals for improvement of the system of punishment for transport criminal infractions: to reduce the term of punishment in the form of imprisonment for transport crimes provided by Art. 344, 345, 346, 358, 360 of the Criminal Code from ten years down to seven or eight years; to expand the sanctions of the relevant articles by including penalties not related to imprisonment - fine, corrective labor, restriction of liberty, to amend Art. 46 of the Criminal Code. To solve this problem, the study used theoretical and empirical scientific methods: theory, analysis, deduction and synthesis, research and measurement, experiment, as well as historical, logical, comparative-historical, retrospective and statistical methods.

The Scope of Judicial Review in the German and U.S. Administrative Legal System

The scope of judicial review of administrative decisions is one of the most important issues in administrative law. The question of the scope of judicial review is a typical problem of public law. Prior to the decision of an administrative law court, there is usually a decision of a public agency. In contrast to that, civil or criminal law cases begin without a state-run decision because these courts have to judge the behavior of private persons. In Chevron U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, the Supreme Court held that if it determines Congress has not addressed the question at issue, “the court does not simply impose its own construction on the statute, as would be necessary in the absence of an administrative interpretation [emphasis added].” Summarized in a simple formula, one can say that civil and criminal courts decide, while administrative and constitutional courts control.

The Kanun as a self-governance code in Italian-Albanian criminal contexts: A research conducted in the Republic of Albania.

The Kanun is an important manifestation of Albanian consuetudinary law in force at a given historical moment. It is characterized by the absence of institutions or bodies set up to design and impose rules, norms or precepts that could maintain order and ensure that within the community, the associates can live and carry out their activities in observance of and compliance with the rules and precepts imposed by the State authorities. Active operation according to the Kanun rules is not only common among the populations settled in the mountains of Albania but also, and above all, in the context of Albanian criminality which, as is well known, has also spread to Italy, creating partnerships and cross-contaminations with Italian crime. The research was carried out mainly in Albania at the bodies and institutions responsible for dealing with and controlling crime in the nation, but also focuses on the issue of connections with, and influences on, Italian crime.

After the Italian Constitutional Court's ruling on the absence of criminal liability for assisted suicide: the role of ethics committees and clinical ethics. Editorial.

The Constitutional Court handed down a judgment on 25 September 2019 following on from that Court’s Order No 207 of 24 October 2018. The issue of constitutionality of Article 580 of the Criminal Code, in the part about the punishment of the aid to suicide, was raised by the Court of Milan. According to the Court “under certain conditions, a person who facilitates the execution of the suicide intention, autonomously and freely formed, of a patient kept alive by life support treatments and affected by a irreversible pathology, source of physical or psychological suffering that he considers intolerable but fully capable of making free and conscious decisions”. According to the Court, a local ethics committee must provide an opinion in all cases involving a request for medically-assisted suicide.

The Criminal Law Issues about Blockchain and Virtual Currency -Focus on recent Supreme Court Decision in Korea-

본 연구에서는 비트코인의 몰수 및 추징가능성에 관한 최근 대법원 판결의 해석을 통해 블록체인 기반의 새로운 정보기술환경에서 나타날 수 있는 형사적 쟁점과 전망에 대하여 간단히 검토해 보았다. 먼저 판례의 태도를 비추어 볼 때 비트코인과 같은 가상화폐, 암호화폐는 현행 범죄수익 은닉규제법상 중대범죄에 해당하는 범죄의 대상이 되는 경우에는 몰수할 수 있는 무형의 재산에 해당한다고 볼 수 있다. 다만 이러한 중대범죄에 해당되지 않는 경우에는 형법상 몰수 대상인 ‘물건’, ‘유체물’로 몰 수 없으며 향후 입법상 해결할 필요가 있다고 생각된다. 다만 현행 해석으로도 재물의 관리가능성설의 입장에서 볼 때 재산적 가치있는 무체물도 배타적 이용이 가능하고 이를 정보처리시스템상 물리적 관리가능하다고 볼 여지가 있다면 이를 통해 입법적 불비를 어느 정도 해결할 수 있으리라 생각된다. 둘째, 비트코인과 같은 암호화폐의 추징과 관련하여는 몰수가 불가능할 경우 추징해야 할 액수의 산정 시점이 문제가 될 수 있다. 현해 판례 해석상으로는 몰수 선고시(재판시)라고 보고 있지만, 본 대상판결은 특별한 설시 없이 환전 당시의 시세를 기준으로 판단하고 있는 것으로 보인다. 이는 대법원이 판례를 변경한 것인지 아니면 비트코인과 같은 시세변동성이 있는 가상화폐의 특성을 고려한 것에 불과한 것인지에 대한 향후 심도 깊은 논의가 더 필요한 부분이라 생각되지만, 실제 피고인에게 실질적으로 귀속된 이익금인 환전당시의 금액을 기준으로 추징액을 정하는 것이 타당하다고 생각된다. 셋째, 이러한 새로운 기술기반의 환경에서 발생하는 형사법적 문제들에 대하여 간단히 소개하였다. 그 중 가장 논의가 필요한 부분은 블록체인 시스템의 탈중앙화 특성과 스마트 계약의 자기집행성 등을 고려할 때 기존의 형법 규정으로 해결할 수 없는 난제들이 있으며, 이를 해결하기 위한 해석이나 입법적 보완이 필요함을 서술하였다.

Education to legality and doping.

When planning actions to prevent doping in the general population, public health operators may collide against the interests of criminal organizations involved in illicit trafficking of drugs. In addition to technical and professional expertise, or clinical and pharmacological skills, also a deep knowledge of legal and social issues is strongly required to face the problem and assure the effectiveness of the preventive actions. Sports competitions, athletes training or adapted physical activity may all represent conditions and environments at risk for misusing or abusing drugs and dietary supplements. A correct approach to sport and physical activity implies respect of competition rules, attention to own body limits and knowledge of risk factors. Health education campaigns and preventive actions should also consider education to legality in the different settings. The comprehension of the complex net that is available to access doping, locally or globally through online Internet sites, is essential as well as the awareness of the huge economic burden of crime interests behind the illicit trafficking of drugs. A modern whole rounded approach needs to consider doping not only as a violation of sport rules but also of the own body health, representing almost a form of addiction involving individuals and communities, and being supported by crime. Within this frame, doping is considered not just as a sport violation or a risk factor for individual's health, but as a disease of the society, in the society, against the society. A peculiar equilibrium seems to prevail between crime external pressures and resigned internal acceptance, according to the 'mafia hypothesis' model, where hosts accept parasitism to avoid retaliation. Here, main contributes and topics from the Erice 53rd Course are summarized and reviewed, providing links and references for further studies in the field. Health education and education to legality represent two sides of a same question, concerning both the general population and the health authorities. In conclusion, education to legality is a key component for prevention of doping and a priority for public health operators involved in protecting population health.

Colorado: Budgetary Reform, Revenue Gains, and a Prosperous Economy

Author(s): Berry, Michael J. | Abstract: During the final year of Governor John Hickenlooper's second term as governor the General Assembly passed a state budget including $11.42 billion in General Fund spending that increased funding for nearly every state department. Governor Hickenlooper prioritized increased spending for education and the criminal justice system as Colorado residents also considered tax increases for education and transportation. Colorado’s economic trajectory remains generally positive, and recent budgetary reform has allowed policymakers to make greater investments in key issue areas.

Castration of Sex Offenders: Indonesian Criminal Law Reform

The rise of cases of sexual violence today makes people become restless. This research is a normative legal research, where in this study the author analyzes various laws and regulations relating to sanctions for chemical castration in the perspective of criminal law. This study also uses various comparisons of theories to answer existing problems relating to criminal law policy in the case of applying chemical castration sanctions. The results show that The increasingly widespread cases of sexual crimes against children that can have a major impact on the child's psychic development. It deserves to be given a severe punishment and appropriate to the perpetrator. The imprisonment sanction that is deemed to be irrelevant and has no deterrent effect can be answered by the punishment of the last choice of child sex offender. Thus, the enforcement of the criminal law of nuisance is reasonable in the technical context of the sentence after a permanent legal court ruling stating the punishment of the left. It aims to create a comfortable environment where children grow and develop and guarantee the future of Indonesian children.

O the issue of conditions and grounds of the criminal procedure application of art. 25 (Code of criminal procedure of the Russian Federation)

o the issue of conditions and grounds of the criminal procedure application of art. 25 (Code of criminal procedure of the Russian Federation)

Recent amendments in the acts related to medical practice

Introduction- The Indian Penal Code, 1860 governs the substantive part and the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 along with the Indian Evidence Act, 1872 governs the procedural part of the criminal law of the country. Material and Methods- A thorough study was made from the available online resources and books. Result- It is worth mentioning that the amendments in laws from time to time make it flexible for implementation in present context. Conclusion- Indian Penal Code is derived from British Penal Code which is primitive in present context. So, many laws prevailing in India, codified as IEA, CrPC, and IPC needs amendment from time to time.

THE NEW ITALIAN RESIDENTIAL FORENSIC PSYCHIATRIC SYSTEM (REMS). A ONE-YEAR POPULATION STUDY

The process of deinstitutionalization of the Italian forensic psychiatric system consisted mainly of the replacement of forensic psychiatrichospitals with the Residences for the Execution of Security Measures (REMS), and with community treatment of forensic psychiatricpatients. The 30 existing REMS are regional-based community residential facilities with no more than 20 patients each, designed to accomplisha preeminent therapeutic/rehabilitative purpose, with limited duration of treatment and the absence of police officers. Thepresent study aims to describe the clinical, criminological, and treatment characteristics of the REMS patient population between June2017 and June 2018. The health managers of the 28 participating REMS provided data through an ad-hoc form relating to N = 730patients (80 females), with average age of 41.7 (SD 11.8) years with a mean long history of disease. The patients were mostly already inpsychiatric care at crime time (82.2%), and 48.4% had previous criminal convictions. Most patients suffered from schizophrenia (33.0%),personality disorder (32.0%) and substance-related and addictive disorders (21.4%). Significant psychiatric comorbidity emerged. Thecrimes underlying the measure were homicide/attempted homicide (26%), personal injury/threats/harassment (24%), domestic violence(29%), property crime (12%), violence against a public official (7%), stalking (7%), sexual crimes (4%), and misdemeanors (1%). Most ofthe victims were family members (45%), followed by previously unknown persons (31%). The most frequently used therapeutic approachwas pharmacotherapy (98%), followed by psychiatric rehabilitation (81%) and psychotherapy (57%). We found a significant degree of variabilityof aggressive behavior in the REMS as measured by the Modified Overt Aggression Scale, with a predominance of verbal andphysical aggression, but no gender differences emerged. Among recorded critical events we found absconding (5.3%), involuntary admissionto civil hospital (5.9%) and physical restraint (4.1%). The REMS-based Italian forensic psychiatric system has some criticalities that shouldbe deepened and addressed in order to preserve aspects of the protection of patients and the community.

Ethical and Legal Considerations in Dealing with Adolescents' Exposure to Cyber Pornography

Background and Aim: One of the most important risks for adolescents in useing the internet is to visit pornographic sites that are easily accessible to them. The aim of this study is to investigate the ethical and legal considerations in combating and criminalizing adolescent pornography in cyberspace. Materials and Methods: In this analytical study, texts and related published articles purposeful searched to examine the effects and factors influencing virtual pornography in adolescents and to discuss ethical and legal considerations in dealing with this abnormal. Findings: The effects of cyber pornography on adolescents include preference for premarital sexual behavior, promotion of sexual discourse among them, irresponsible behavior and poor family relationships. Ease of access, anonymity of users, lack of media literacy and lack of supervision are some of the factors influencing the formation of virtual pornography. By adopting criminal and non-criminal solutions in the form of situational, social prevention and regulatory measures, this crime can be prevented. On the other hand, it is necessary that the legislatore considers ethical principles such as respect for human dignity, prohibition of harm and caution in dealing with vague matters, in matters related to cyberspace, as well as enacting laws in line with technological progress. Conclusion: Although it is not possible to completely prevent adolescents from facing pornography in cyberspace, it can be controlled by strengthening components such as education of children and monitoring how they use cyberspace and also establishing rules based on ethical principles. Please cite this article as: Fasih Ramandi M. Ethical and Legal Considerations in Dealing with Adolescents' Exposure to Cyber Pornography. Bioethics Journal 2019; 9(34): 81-93.