Criminal Purposes Research Articles

Topical issues of the realization and protection of human rights in the practice of smart contract technology application

The subject and the aim of the study. The article analyzes the approach to smart contract technology, which is reflected in the scientific literature and legislation of Russia and foreign countries, formulates the advantages and disadvantages of a smart contract that affect the implementation and protection of certain constitutional rights, including freedom of contract, the right to protect, the right to manage personal data.Methodology. Guided by formal dogmatic and comparative law methods in research, the author formulates approaches to the concept of a smart contract that has been developed in the practice of foreign countries and deduces how each of the approaches affects the implementation of constitutional human rights. The paper notes that the use of a smart contract based on the federal blockchain does not allow the full implementation of such rights as freedom of contract, the right to self-defense, and the right to manage personal data. In addition, the transnational nature of smart contracts usage, their pseudonymity and failure to unified concept of legal regulation create obstacles to the effective implementation of the right to judicial protection.The main results. The practice of legal regulation of smart contracts in foreign countries, aimed at minimizing the negative consequences of the use of technology is considered. Some countries follow to the concept of recognizing a smart contract as a form of contract (Italy, United States, Republic of Belarus) and a way of guaranteeing fulfilment of obligations (China, Italy, Republic of Belarus, Russian Federation). The second concept is considered as being the most restrictive for digital progress from one side but being able to guarantee protection of human rights such as right to judicial protection or freedom of contract. The first concept which shows smart contract being a type of contract carries additional risks associated with conclusion of a treaty - inconsistency of the smart contract with the actual will of the parties. The third concept considered smart contract as a type of contract is accepted in the Republic of Malta. The Republic of Malta regulated procedure of voluntary certification for smart contracts that allow to eliminate such threats as violation of human rights and the use of smart contracts for criminal purposes. The experience of legal regulation of smart contracts in the Republic of Malta is recognized as reasonable and effective, however, it is concluded that certification will achieve its goals only if it will be implemented in the legal system of wide range of the countries.Conclusions. It is concluded that despite the fact that the smart contract technology has high potential for its implementation in various fields of social and economic life, the effective implementation of smart contract technology in various spheres of society requires the formation of general legal principles for their application, the definition of areas in which the use of smart contracts is prohibited, as well as the development of international standards for their safe execution.

The Other Face of Insulin-Overdose and Its Effects.

Insulin is the most effective glycemic-lowering drug, and for people suffering from type 1 diabetes it is a life-saving drug. Its self-dosing by patients may be associated with a higher risk of overdose, both accidental and deliberate. Insulin-induced hypoglycemia causes up to 100,000 emergency department calls per year. Cases of suicide attempts using insulin have been described in the literature since its introduction into therapy, and one of the important factors in their occurrence is the very fact of chronic disease. Up to 90% of patients who go to toxicology wards overdose insulin consciously. Patients with diabetes are burdened with a 2–3 times higher risk of developing depression compared to the general population. For this reason, it is necessary to develop an effective system for detecting a predisposition to overdose, including the assessment of the first symptoms of depression in patients with diabetes. A key role is played by a risk-conscious therapeutic team, as well as education. Further post-mortem testing is also needed for material collection and storage, as well as standardization of analytical methods and interpretation of results, which would allow for more effective detection and analysis of intentional overdose—both by the patient and for criminal purposes.

Identification of cyberbullying by neural network methods

The authors consider in detail the identification of cyberbullying, which is carried out by fraudsters with the illegal use of the victim's personal data. Basically, the source of this information is social networks, e-mails. The use of social networks in society is growing exponentially on a daily basis. The use of social networks, in addition to numerous advantages, also has a negative character, namely, users face numerous cyber threats. Such threats include the use of personal data for criminal purposes, cyberbullying, cybercrime, phishing and cyberbullying. In this article, we will focus on the task of identifying trolls. Identifying trolls on social networks is a difficult task because they are dynamic in nature and are collected in several billion records. One of the possible solutions to identify trolls is the use of machine learning algorithms. The main contribution of the authors to the study of the topic is the use of the method of identifying trolls in social networks, which is based on the analysis of the emotional state of network users and behavioral activity. In this article, in order to identify trolls, users are grouped together, this association is carried out by identifying a similar way of communication. The distribution of users is carried out automatically through the use of a special type of neural networks, namely self-organizing Kohonen maps. The group number is also determined automatically. To determine the characteristics of users, on the basis of which the distribution into groups takes place, the number of comments, the average length of the comment and the indicator responsible for the emotional state of the user are used.

Law Enforcement Agencies' Repression of the Unlawful Use of Unmanned Aircrafts

The subject of the study is the peculiarities of legal regulation of piloting (operation) of unmanned aircrafts. As example of such legal regulation author studied the legislation of the Russian Federation as well as the legislation of other countries. The object of the study is the conditions under which the piloting of such aircrafts is permitted from the point of view of flight safety. The authors consider in detail such aspects of the topic as possible undesirable consequences of the use of unmanned aircraft. Particular attention is paid to the consequences that may occur in the case of malicious use of this aircrafts for criminal purposes, namely during the transportation of drugs, interception of valuable cargo, interception of traffic information flows, intentional or accidental injury to people. The study presents the main problematic issues that need to be addressed by legislation. The main contribution of this study is detection of the problematic issues that need to be addressed by Russian legislation as well as by the norms of international law in terms of ensuring flight safety in all its manifestations. A special contribution of the authors of the research is a practical overview of the main safety threats caused by the use of the unmanned aircrafts. The novelty of the research lies in the systematization of these threats (especially personnel training for remotely piloted aircraft flaws). This scientific work can be considered as a set of measures to improve safety during the operation of unmanned aircraft.

Approaches to Understanding and Normative Definition of the Category “Cybercrime” and Related Concepts in the Practice of Regional International Organizations

INTRODUCTION. Against the background of the unfolding epidemic of coronavirus, the trends in cybercrime that appeared in previous years have reached unprecedented magnitudes. The rapid transfer of many basic spheres of social functioning to a digital platform in an actual legal vacuum provided criminals with almost unlimited opportunities. In these circumstances, the task of improving and unifying the basic categories in the field of combating the «new form of crime» is of paramount interest not only from the point of view of theory, but also in order to create an effective international legal mechanism to counter this threat.MATERIALS AND METHODS. The material for the study were legal documents developed under the auspices of 14 regional international organizations, which represent one or another regional group, scientific works of foreign and domestic scientists. The methodological basis of the study was the general scientific and private scientific methods of cognition, traditional for legal work.RESEARCH RESULTS. The study revealed inconsistencies in terminology, the absence of a uniformly understood and applied normative definition of a «new form of crime» and related concepts that would meet the criterion of authenticity. Regional international organizations operate with such concepts as "cybercrime", "attacks against information systems", "crimes in the field of computer information", "crimes in the field of information technology", "information crime", "crimes related to computers and networks", "digital security risks", "the use of information and communication technologies (ICTs) for terrorist and criminal purposes". All this indicates the absence of common approaches to understanding the very essence and specific features of this criminal phenomenon.DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS. The author draws attention to the fact that the term "cybercrime" is used in 7 out of 14 groups of international documents of a regional nature. Analysis of the work of domestic and foreign researchers confirms the validity of the use of the term "cybercrime", as most fully and accurately reflecting the unique properties of this type of crime, its technical component. Based on the correlation and comparative study of the terms "information crime", "computer crime", "cybercrime", the author formulates basic provisions that can be taken into account when trying to develop a unified concept. The author draws attention to the fact that, taking into account the specific nature of the object, subject and virtual environment of committing these crimes, any legal norm should be formulated and correlated with the objective possibility of its practical implementation, taking into account technical characteristics.

Seizure of property: Counteraction to the investigation of crimes and the execution of a sentence

The authors study the procedural, organizational, and tactical issues related to the seizure of property in order to overcome the counteraction to the investigation and execution of the sentence. The relevance of this article is confirmed by the fact that in recent decades, the system of forms and methods of such counteraction on behalf of suspects, accused, and other persons tends to expand, and any gap in the procedural regulation or organizational and tactical support for the investigation of crimes is used for criminal purposes. Moreover, the authors, considering the seizure of property as a means of overcoming the opposition to the investigation and execution of the sentence, offer recommendations aimed at minimizing it. The article states that the actual basis for the seizure of property is a set of evidence indicating that a crime has caused determined harm, or that a suspect or accused has committed an act that provides for the possibility of applying property penalties. Based on the results obtained, the authors conclude that the seizure of property has a preventive and interim nature, which is suppressing the intent of the suspect (accused) aimed at concealing, selling, or other illegally alienating property, money, securities, and other valuables in order to avoid the seizure of these objects.

Киберпреступность как угроза национальной безопасности России

The aim of this article is determination of main lines on rise efficacy of anti-cybercrime in Russia. This article describes the Russian law base and international law acts about anti-cybercrime, and also norms of project of Convention United Nations Countering the use of information and communications technologies for criminal purposes, which Russia sent to United Nations in 30 July of 2021. There are the terms “cybercrime”, “cyberspace”, “cybersecurity” in according with international standards of International Organization for Standardization and International Telecommunication Union in this article. There is classification of cybercrimes in this article, which is in criminal law theory. The author makes proposals of main lines of national politics in sphere of anti-cybercrime.

Counteract Illegal Trafficking of Nuclear, Radioactive and Other Materials that Pose an Increased Danger

The article assesses the threats to the national security of the country associated with the use of nuclear, radioactive and other materials for terrorist purposes, including the use of modern information technologies. The classification of various types of terrorism is given, based on the analysis of the features that characterize this crime. Its criminal-legal characteristics are considered. The danger of religious, political and “state cyberterrorism”, which has been gaining popularity in recent times, is emphasized to destabilize the functioning of various critical infrastructure facilities, including arsenals of weapons of mass destruction, nuclear power plants, nuclear waste storage facilities, etc. A system of interdepartmental counteraction to the smuggling of potent, poisonous, explosive, radioactive substances, radiation sources, nuclear materials and other objects that can be used by intruders for criminal purposes. The exceptional importance of protecting the state and customs borders of the Russian Federation, as well as the entire Eurasian Economic Union, is noted in order to exclude the possible import into and export from the country of substances and materials intended for the manufacture of technical devices that pose an increased danger from the point of view of a terrorist threat. Particular attention is focused on the powers in this area of the customs authorities. It is concluded that within the framework of interstate cooperation in the fight against smuggling of nuclear, radioactive and other materials that pose an increased danger from the point of view of a terrorist threat, it is necessary to unify the criminal, criminal procedural and operational-search legislation of the member states of the Eurasian Economic Union.

Вовлечение несовершеннолетних в немедицинское потребление, а также распространение наркотических средств, психотропных веществ или их аналогов в условиях информационной глобализации

The analysis of the current criminogenic situation in the field of illegal distribution of narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances and their analogues among minors was carried out. It is argued that in the context of the development of information and telecommunication systems, the ways of involving minors in non-medical consumption, as well as the distribution of narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances or their analogues, have changed significantly. It is noted that new technologies have greatly simplified the communication carried out for criminal purposes. It is concluded that a highly efficient and extensive logistics network for the distribution of drugs has been created and is functioning, catalyzing the drug addiction of the population. Recommendations are formulated for improving the legislation and the system for the prevention of drug crimes among minors.

Защита персональных данных пациентов при использовании телемедицинских технологий в период пандемии COVID-19

Introduction. The pandemic of COVID-19 has promoted the development of information and telemedicine technologies but also has risen some questions about their challenges. One of them is the secure of personal data. This review is aim to discuss those issues. Materials and methods. We have sought publications in the databases PubMed, e-Library, Google Scholar, Guarantor, Consultant and on the official websites of Russian state institutions using the keywords «personal data», «telemedicine», «protection», «threats», «personal data», «security», «threats», «telemedicine». Forty three publications were found and included in this review. Results. The review presents the basic concepts related to personal data, lists the types of threats to them and the levels of security, systematizes measures to ensure the protection of personal data and provides a brief description of them. The features of the collection, processing, storage and use of personal data when using telemedicine technologies are also outlined. Discussion. Personal data may be collected for administrative, scientific, commercial or criminal purposes. The emergence of modern "big data" technologies has greatly facilitated the process of data collection and processing, as well as access to them, but also increased their vulnerability. The process of information protection requires the complex application of various legal, organizational and technical measures, which requires significant financial, material and time costs. For the rational use of resources, information requiring protection is grouped by security levels, which are determined by the category, characteristics of the data and the type of threats to them. Conclusions. The current legislative principles of regulation in this area are significantly lagging behind the rapid development of technologies, which requires a fundamental revision of them. To date, the leading role in ensuring the security of personal data belongs to organizational and technical measures.

PREVENTION OF CRIMES COMMITTED IN THE DIGITAL URRENCY (CRYPTOCURRENCY) TURNOVER

In modern Russia, thanks to the development of digital technologies, the usual image of economic relations is radically changing. The list of possibilities of their application in the modern world is rapidly expanding. The construction of a digital economy system as the most optimal environment for the application of these technologies is the logical outcome of digital transformation. Against this background, virtual economic relations, electronic payment services, virtual crypto exchanges, crowdfunding are actively developing, which contributes to the development of electronic money and digital currencies. These processes have increased the number of criminal manifestations, crime has been modernized, new types of crime have appeared, as well as new objects, methods and means of committing crimes. The results of the author’s comprehensive crime study indicate an increase in crimes committed using digital currency (cryptocurrency) [1, p. 89; 2, p. 287]. In this connection, consideration of the problems of its conceptual apparatus, legal regulation, study of the issues of legalization of this digital asset, criminal activities with its use may be now necessary to ensure criminological security, since national authorities do not control digital currency (cryptocurrency); it can compete with national fiat currencies and lead to their weakening. At the same time, the development of the digital currency (cryptocurrency) market and the growth of transactions is increasing daily. Sometimes they are used for criminal purposes. However, the insufficiency of its regulation is not conducive to the prevention of crimes in which it is the means of commission and the object of criminal activity. The purpose of the article is to develop scientifically sound proposals for improving criminal legislation and preventing crimes committed both in relation to digital currency (cryptocurrency) and with their use. Methods. In the course of the study, general scientific methods of cognition are used, as well as special scientific methods (system-structural, formal-logical extrapolations, prognostic, documentary analysis, statistical, interviewing, etc.). The results of the study show a high level of acts committed both in relation to the digital currency and with its use. Such crimes are characterized by a high degree of public danger, determined by the damage caused to the individual, society and the state, as well as the commission of acts by representatives of transnational organized crime, characteristics of the object and means of committing such crimes, social consequences, and a high level of latency. The relevance and expediency of criminalization of these crimes is proved, as evidenced by crime statistics, materials of judicial practice, the nature and degree of their public danger, and the possibility of influencing them by legal means. Proposals have been prepared and presented to improve criminal legislation in the field of preventing crimes committed using digital currency (cryptocurrency).

POSSIBILITIES OF USING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN POST-PANDEMIC GEORGIA

The COVID-19 pandemic has caused an economic crisis in almost every country in the world and has exacerbated economic, social, cultural, legal, educational, and other problems. Artificial intelligence, as the technology of the future, offers new ways to solve the problems of the post-pandemic period, to make technological decisions, to develop business processes using modern innovative advances, to improve management processes, to improve medical services opportunity etc. Artificial intelligence is a field of special interest for researchers, one of the promising technologies of modern digital culture, which seeks not only to understand the nature of intelligence but also to create artificial systems with intelligent behavior. The potential of artificial intelligence can be harnessed in healthcare, agriculture, finance, energy, communications, economics, cybersecurity, and many more. However, artificial intelligence is associated with many risks, such as its use for criminal purposes, loss of jobs, or potential replacement. The main goal of the research is to determine the possibilities of introducing artificial intelligence systems in Georgia in the post-pandemic period, to select innovative approaches to increase economic efficiency, and to find ways to solve the postpandemic socio-economic problem. In the scientific paper, to determine the possibility of using artificial intelligence in the post-pandemic period and indepth analysis of the current situation, both Georgian and foreign scientific literature, studies, and statistical data were studied. Using quantitative-statistical research methods, some conclusions and recommendations were developed based on the sharing of existing practices related to the use the artificial intelligence. Artificial intelligence plays a special role in the process of sustainable development of the post-pandemic economy and maximization of economic prosperity.

The possibilities of blockchain technologies in the investigation of criminal offenses committed into the cyber space

The threatening trends in the digital economy have been reviewed. The role, place and significance of cryptocurrencies and blockchain technologies in the modern world are generalized. Emphasis is placed on the problematic issues of using cryptocurrencies as a means of payment on the Internet, which is used in illegal activities. The peculiarities of conducting transactions with cryptocurrencies carried out by criminals to finance illegal activities are considered. The directions of law enforcement activity aimed at prevention and technological blockade of illegal operations with cryptocurrencies are detailed. The achievements and accomplishments of the use of “Crystal” software are highlighted. The problematic issues of seizing and confiscating cryptocurrency funds used for criminal purposes are outlined. The principles of improving law enforcement activities in the field of investigation of criminal offenses committed in the cyber space are determined

A Critical Analysis of the Need for a Stronger International Legal Framework for Cyber Ethics in Times of Pandemic

Cyber technologies have changed both social and international relations dramatically. The influence of information and telecommunication technologies (hereafter – ICTs) extends from daily life to fundamental freedoms, economies, public administration and political relations. Recent changes brought by coronavirus has emphasized the world’s heavy dependence on ICTs. The technologies provide a virtual environment for normal working processes, ensure e-procurement for medical equipment and supplies, raise awareness of coronavirus prevention, maintain people’s life at hospitals etc. However, ICTs not only provide considerable benefits to society as a whole, but also can be used for criminal purposes as well as in manner inconsistent with the Charter of the United Nations to inflict substantial damage to critical infrastructure of a state, interfere in elections, block e-government and bank services etc. The pandemic has led to the introduction of new cyber challenges and risks. At the same time, there is no international treaty on cybersecurity as well as on combating cybercrime concluded under the auspices of the United Nations that could be applicable to cope with these newly emerged threats. In this situation, cybersecurity challenges might be addressed through ethical norms, which are more flexible than international legal norms. Thus, in the absence of comprehensive legal response to cyber risks cyber ethics is particularly important. Therefore, the article analyzes international legal basis for international cyber ethics. It distinguishes the types of international relations that are regulated by ethical norms. The research defines new risks to cyber security that have emerged during the pandemic and discusses possible ways to respond them through cyber ethics. The paper expresses a view that ethical rules concerning friendly and responsible state behaviour in the context of combating cybercrime should be reflected in an international convention on countering the use of information and communications technologies for criminal purposes, which is going to be developed under the auspices of the United Nations.

The Accountability of Software Developers for War Crimes Involving Autonomous Weapons

This Article considers the extent to which the joint criminal enterprise doctrine could be invoked to hold software developers criminally accountable for violations of international humanitarian law involving autonomous weapons. More specifically, it considers whether the third part of the concept—which concerns common criminal purposes—might be brought to bear to achieve this end. The doctrine is deconstructed into five components, and each component is analyzed both in abstract and in terms of practical application. The Article establishes that, in certain contexts, software developers can and should be held accountable through this mechanism. Thus, it demonstrates that it is possible to avoid the emergence of a “responsibility gap” if, or more likely when, autonomous weapons with offensive capabilities are finally deployed on the battlefield. 

О необходимости развития криминалистической общественной профилактики в целях организации противодействия киберпреступности на территории Российской Федерации

This article provides a statistical analysis of registered and solved crimes committed by using computer and telecommunications technologies on the territory of the Russian Federation, and offers a definition of cybercrime. Further, the author identifies the types of criminal behavior, in his opinion, related to cybercrime in general. Based on the content of the report of the Secretary-General of the United Nations «Countering the use of information and communication technologies for criminal purposes», the article examines the main problems that accompany the prevention of this category of crimes on the example of 61 reports of UN Member States, prepared as part of the requests of the Secretary-General, on the basis of General Assembly resolution No. 73/187 «Summary of national and international difficulties encountered in combating the use of ITT for criminal purposes». This research examines the current state of criminalistic crime prevention in Russia, provides an analysis of the current state associated with the disclosure and investigation of cybercrimes. The article presents proposals for amendments to the draft federal law «On Cyberdrugs», and suggests the development of a centralized forensic public prevention of cybercrime. Based on the responses to the relevant requests to the most well-known public organizations involved in the prevention of cybercrime, the author analyzes the activities of cyberdrugs on the territory of the Russian Federation. In the resolving part of the article, the author forms reasoned proposals for formatting the activities of Russian cyber-soldiers, in order to increase the effectiveness of their activities.

BIOLOGICAL SAFETY: MODERN CHALLENGES (CRIMINAL LAW ASPECTS)

This article presents a study on a topical and highly controversial topic of criminal law protection of modern biosafety of the Russian Federation. The paper presents a qualitative study of the relatively new term for the domestic legal order, "biological safety" in the context of its criminal law protection. Purpose of the study: to analyze the modern criminal law opposition to the use of pathogenic, bioactive agents that are different in nature and are used purely for criminal purposes. Methodology and methods: the article uses both general scientific methods of analysis, synthesis, deduction, induction, and the method of interpreting legal norms, which make it possible to better comprehend the institutions of criminal law and determine the main directions of their development. Conclusions: based on the systematization of normative and doctrinal sources in the designated area, the author highlights the most relevant manifestations of biological security threats, offers tools for effectively countering socially dangerous acts committed using pathogenic biological agents. In order to more effectively ensure the biosafety of the state, society and the individual, the author proposes the adoption of a special Federal Law designed to eliminate gaps in Russian legislation.

Thallium Use, Toxicity, and Detoxification Therapy: An Overview

Thallium (Tl) is released into the environment, where is present at very low levels, from both natural and anthropogenic sources. Tl is considered as one of the most toxic heavy metals; it is a non-essential metal, present in low concentrations in humans. Tl toxicity causes dermatological and gastrointestinal diseases and disorders of the nervous system, and may even result in death. Many isotopes of Tl exist, with different uses. One of the isotopes of this metal (201Tl) is used in cardiovascular scintigraphy and for the diagnosis of malignant tumors such as breast or lung cancer and osteosarcoma bone cancer. Many Tl compounds are tasteless, colorless, and odorless. Due to these characteristics and their high toxicity, they have been used as poisons in suicides and murders for criminal purposes, as well as instances of accidental poisoning. Impaired glutathione metabolism, oxidative stress, and disruption of potassium-regulated homeostasis may play a role in the mechanism of Tl toxicity. Solanum nigrum L. and Callitriche cophocarpa have been suggested as promising agents for the phytoremediation of Tl. In addition, macrocyclic compounds such as crown ethers (18-crown-6) are good candidates to absorb Tl from wastewater. Through this review, we present an update to general information about the uses and toxicity of Tl. Furthermore, the attention is focused on detoxification therapies.

Federated learning-based scheme for detecting passive mobile attackers in 5G vehicular edge computing

Detecting passive attacks is always considered difficult in vehicular networks. Passive attackers can eavesdrop on the wireless medium to collect beacons. These beacons can be exploited to track the positions of vehicles not only to violate their location privacy but also for criminal purposes. In this paper, we propose a novel federated learning-based scheme for detecting passive mobile attackers in 5G vehicular edge computing. We first identify a set of strategies that can be used by attackers to efficiently track vehicles without being visually detected. We then build an efficient machine learning (ML) model to detect tracking attacks based only on the receiving beacons. Our scheme enables federated learning (FL) at the edge to ensure collaborative learning while preserving the privacy of vehicles. Moreover, FL clients use a semi-supervised learning approach to ensure accurate self-labeling. Our experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed scheme to detect passive mobile attackers quickly and with high accuracy. Indeed, only 20 received beacons are required to achieve 95% accuracy. This accuracy can be achieved within 60 FL rounds using 5 FL clients in each FL round. The obtained results are also validated through simulations.

The Practice of Detecting and Investigating by the Investigative Bodies of the Investigative Committee of the Russian Federation of Legalization (Laundering) of Proceeds of Crime and Terrorism Financing

The paper examines countering extremism, terrorist crimes, as well as legalization (laundering) of proceeds of crime, as an important element of comprehensive measures undertaken to ensure national security. These crimes constitute global threats, and their suppression is one of the priorities of the Investigative Committee of the Russian Federation. It should be emphasized that the public danger of legalization (laundering) of proceeds of crime lies in the fact that it undermines the country’s financial system by means of providing the material basis for corruption and terrorism.In modern conditions, the risks of legalization of proceeds of crime, as well as the use of digital currency for illegal or criminal purposes, may arise, for example, when converting digital currency. In view of this, according to the author, it is necessary to establish clear criteria for transactions for which criminal liability for the illegal use of digital currencies may arise, including cases when the digital currency acts as a means of payment for the illegal circulation of weapons, drugs or other items, for the circulation of which criminal liability is established, as well as when illegal gambling or illegal banking are organized. With this in mind, there is a need to introduce criminal liability for illegal circulation of a digital currency and violation of the rules for making transactions with it.One of the main tasks in the field of preventing financing of terrorism and extremism is to counter the spread of radical ideology. To effectively solve this problem, it is required to apply an integrated approach, and, above all, active participation in this process of not only state authorities, but of various institutions of civil society, the scientific community, educational structures, public and religious organizations, as well as the mass media.