Criminal Guarantees Research Articles

PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE AGAINST INDIGENOUS PERSONS IN ECUADOR: AN ANALYSIS OF ITS CULTURAL AND LEGAL APPROPRIATENESS

Objetive: This article analyzes the appropriateness of pretrial detention when used as a precautionary measure in criminal procedures against Indigenous persons in Ecuador. Theoretical structure: The theoretical framework is based on the doctrine of criminal guarantees and the conventional obligations of the Ecuadorian state, mainly from inter-American jurisprudence. The discussion is complemented by a critical analysis of positivism and the persistence of the colonialist vision in the institutionality of the criminal justice system. Method: A doctrinal and jurisprudential approach is carried out, which is complemented with an analysis based on the ethnographic approach and interpretation of the normative as discourse. Conclusion: With regard to pretrial detention, Inter-American law has developed standards that will be analyzed in the framework of cultural diversity, seeking to establish a few guidelines for an intercultural interpretation, in which Indigenous authorities may participate in the precautionary guarantees. Therefore, the Constitutional Court of Ecuador has rendered many judgments that adhere to intercultural guidelines for cases and trials against Indigenous peoples and nationalities.

The correlation between the concepts of Democratic Rule of Law, substantial democracy and guarantee criminal law

When one enters the Theory of Criminal Guarantee, whose main representative is Luigi Ferrajoli, it is impossible not to deal with the concepts of Democratic Rule of Law and its link to the idea of Substantial Democracy. When one thinks of a guarantor Criminal Law, its concept is necessarily linked to the fundamental rights (inalienable, inalienable and unavailable) brought in the Federal Constitution. A Criminal Law considered guarantor is one that allows state interference in the individual liberties of citizens, however, this intervention is limited by the express observance of fundamental rights. Thus, Criminal Law can only limit rights if it observes the maintenance of fundamental rights. A criminal type or criminal procedure that removes fundamental rights violates Substantial Democracy, which underlies the Democratic State of Rights, so that it has no support in the legal system, losing its constitutional validity.

The Right to Clean Air in International Documents and Iranian Law, and Its Criminal Guarantees

Clean air is a crucial element of the right to a healthy environment. At the same time, air pollution is a form of environmental pollution that has detrimental effects on human life, putting the health of the environment and citizens at serious risk. This has made the examination of the right to clean air in international documents and Iranian law, as well as its criminal guarantees, a necessity. Based on this premise, the aim of the present article is to examine the approach of Iranian law and international documents towards the right to clean air and its criminal guarantees. This article is descriptive-analytical and uses a library research method to investigate the subject at hand. The findings indicate that both Iranian law and international documents support the right to clean air, and governments are obligated to enact the necessary laws and ensure compliance with these laws. On the international level, there is little to no discussion of criminal guarantees for the protection of this right because the criminal sanctions for environmental crimes have not developed sufficiently. However, domestically, in Iran, the legislator has prescribed penalties such as imprisonment and fines to protect both the right to clean water and clean air. Nevertheless, these enforcement mechanisms do not seem to be particularly deterrent.

PERAN BADAN KERJASAMA ANTAR DESA DALAM PERLINDUNGAN, PENGELOLAAN, PELESTARIAN HASIL PELAKSANAAN PROGRAM NASIONAL PEMBERDAYAAN MASYARAKAT MANDIRI KABUPATEN BANYUASIN

This studies audit modified into carried out to find out the general safety, manage, and conservation efforts that had been carried out to provide criminal guarantees, preserve sustainability, and increase the outcomes of the participatory trends that have been set up via PNPM and facilitated thru the guarantees). The trouble confronted thru BKAD is that it is a sustainable arrears from the SPP group in Banyuasin. This studies takes up the issue via the use of investigating the location of BKAD in defensive, coping with, and keeping the consequences of the implementation of PNPM in Banyuasin. The qualitative qualitative technique have become selected to study the trouble this is being investigated. The research statistics had been amassed through in-intensity interviews, observations, and documentation. The self-discipline of informants was done with the aid of way of purposive sampling and snowball sampling. Records is verified via regular participation, declaration, member checking, and triangulation. The information had been analyzed qualitatively, which consisted of facts collection, facts reduction, data presentation, and statistics verification. The research findings cowl three problems. First, BKAD takes safeguards aimed at inventorying SPP assets and properties through discussions. 2nd, BKAD carries out a manage software by using manner of restructuring consumer loans, taking element with all the corporations worried in PNPM. 0.33, the conservation efforts completed with the aid of using BKAD have resulted in sustainable SPP.

The Reality of the Green Economy in the GCC Countries & its Criminal Protection

The green economy is an activity based on environmentally friendly projects or at least an economy that does not add new hindrances to the environment or increase the degree of pollution. The GCC Countries encounter many challenges to transforming into a green economy in order to achieve sustainable development. The green economy movement might be inconsistent with the fact that the GCC countries are oil producer countries and depend mainly on fossil fuels, which directly affects the environment, and their economies are not based on the principle of greening. Accordingly, this study aims to explain the green economy by studying its history, definition, objectives, and how it can be implemented or transformed into it. The study moves to the GCC Countries’ experiences in the field of transition to a green economy in order to achieve sustainable development, and presents the most common green economy indicators. Finally, this study deals with the criminal guarantees available for commitment and continuation of this environmentally friendly economy, by addressing the means of criminal protection. To achieve the purpose of the study, the descriptive, analytical approach was used to present the theoretical literature and the initiatives of the GCC Countries. In addition, analyzing the Global Green Economy Index (GGEI) and the Environmental Performance Index (EPI) clarifies the aspects of criminal protection for the green economy. The study found the need to adopt the concept of a green economy for its impact on achieving sustainable development for the GCC. The study found that the GCC countries still occupy delinquent ranks in the green economy despite their adoption of many green initiatives and the existence of the legislative framework. Thus, it is crucial to reconsider the legislation with regard to the penal aspect, especially the expansion of green alternative penalties.

Retos de la jurisprudencia de la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos en la categorización de conductas como crímenes internacionalesChallenges of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights’ jurisprudence in the categorization of conducts as international crimes

Abstract The Inter-American Court of Human Rights has been carrying out a harmonious application of various regimes of International Law, in particular International Human Rights Law and International Criminal Law. One of the results of this harmonious application is the use of the figure of international crimes in its jurisprudence. This text explores the requirements of provenance that have been developed by the jurisprudence of the Inter-American Court for the application of the figure of international crimes in the contentious cases of the Court, as well as the challenges that derive from this application. Some of these challenges are: (i) different legal qualifications of the same facts due to the differences between the evidentiary standards of human rights and international criminal law; (ii) possible effects on the judicial independence of national judges; and (iii) possible effects on the criminal guarantees of those allegedly responsible for the crimes.

Contrahegemonías antirrepresivas. Un estudio de caso de la protesta en Barcelona (2011-2015)

El 15-M y los movimientos sociales que se fortalecieron gracias a la fuerza que tuvo este movimiento (los movimientos sociales contra los desahucios, contra la reforma laboral, contra la austeridad y contra los retrocesos de los derechos de las mujeres) han sido una reacción contra la gestión neoliberal de una crisis en cuya génesis también se encontraba el neoliberalismo. Ante estos conflictos, el Estado desarrolló un arsenal policial, judicial y legislativo para reprimir la protesta. La apertura de un nuevo marco de referencia mediante la acción colectiva de los movimientos sociales supuso una reconceptualización del término “democracia” como garantía de derechos sociales y libertades, y supuso, a la vez, la reclamación de autogestión y de participación de la ciudadanía en la vida política. Este nuevo marco se convertiría en oportunidad política de los movimientos sociales para cuestionar la actuación del sistema punitivo estatal. Así, el estudio de la antirrepresión en Cataluña demuestra que la represión frente a la protesta ha servido para hacer evidentes los límites del Estado de Derecho. Si los movimientos sociales han conseguido desenmascarar las relaciones de poder reales, la represión de la protesta, en el caso catalán, ha servido como oportunidad para abrir un debate social —que también ha llegado a las instituciones— sobre el garantismo penal. Se argumenta que estas contrahegemonías antirrepresivas, aunque limitadas ante un Estado penal creciente, han supuesto un reto para el sistema punitivo estatal.

La fundamentación y la motivación como habilitantes de la prisión preventiva

El objetivo trazado fue analizar el derecho a la libertad y la presunción de inocencia de modo que permitan la racionalización del uso de este mecanismo cautelar penal solicitado por fiscalía y habilitado por los jueces de garantías penales, con énfasis en el Derecho a la libertad física y presunción del Estado constitucional de inocencia. Los métodos científicos investigativos parten del modelo cualitativo, apuntalado en técnicas tales como análisis y síntesis bibliográficas, de la misma forma histórica lógica e inductiva deductiva. De lo anterior se concluye que pese al avance normativo, doctrinario y jurisprudencial nacional e internacional en esta materia, aún persiste un desequilibrio en su uso, lo que acarrea consecuencias jurídicas vulneradoras de derechos esenciales tales como la libertad física y el Estado constitucional de inocencia.

Por um Sistema Criminal mais Humano e Justo nos Países Latino-Americanos sob a Ótica do Garantismo Radical de Iñaki Rivera Beiras

The present work intends, through the dialogue between Luigi Ferrajoli's criminal guarantee and radical guaranteeism of Inaki Rivera Beiras, to discuss a new model of criminal justice to be adopted mainly in the Latin American countries guided by the effective and strict guarantee of the fundamental rights of the incarcerated subjects so that, through alternative solutions, we can think of a more just and humane criminal law without the prison institutions and the custodial sentence. To this end, through the inductive method, we seek to analyze certain peculiarities of Latin America, solidify the assumptions of radical guaranteeism through criminal guaranteeism, constitutional democracy and the institutional contradiction of Luigi Ferrajoli prison, as well as the analysis of retributive theories, utilitarians and the idea of overcoming the punishmentof Roberto Gargarella. It is concluded that, in order for Latin America to abandon its high levels of incarceration and its criminal policy that reproduces inequalities and violence, it must establish a policy based on constitutional democracy, the balance of trust and social ties and strict respect for the rights of convicted.

Enemistad aparente: la tensión entre el concepto de graves violaciones de derechos humanos de la Corte Interamericana con el derecho pena

From the judgment of the Barrios Altos case vs. Peru, the InterAmerican Court of Human Rights began to develop the concept of «serious violations of rights» and their consequences in the national criminal sphere. Despite being a consolidated standard, nowadays there are still doubts about what acts should be classified under such legal category and if it is correct to limit certain procedural and criminal guarantees in order to achieve their criminalization. This paper explains these controversies in order to propose a legal solution that avoids impunity and ensures the legitimacy of the legal system.

Нарушение права на защиту: отдельные вопросы криминализации, пенализации и дифференциации ответственности

The study is focused on specific issues of the grounds for criminalizing violations of the right to protection, with relevant circumstances being con-sidered in both qualitative and quantitative terms. The paper also analyses the problem of penalization of these acts and differentiation of criminal liability for their commission. The relevance of the study is due to the importance of the right to protection, on the one hand, and the lack of adequate criminal guarantees for its implementation, on the other. The scientific novelty of the research, among other things, comprises the findings, including not only proposals for the formulation of dispositions of articles of the Special Part of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, but moreover, concrete de-cisions on the construction of sanctions of the legal norms on liability for named acts and the design of qualified elements of a crime.

The Accession of the European Union to the European Convention on Human Rights Four Years after Opinion 2/13: Should We Lose Hope?

The accession of the European Union to the European Convention on Human Rights is an issue frequently addressed by (not only internationalist) legal scholars, who stress that it would allow for an optimisation of the level of protection of fundamental rights in the European legal area. After reviewing the historical stages of accession, this paper focuses on the second opinion of the Court of Justice regarding it (Opinion 2/13 of 2014). Therein, accession is presented as an unattainable goal, probably because of the refusal of the Court of Justice to submit to the other European court, the Strasbourg Court of Human Rights. Subsequently, the paper reviews the possible effects of accession on the current legal scenario with special attention to the Italian legal system. Finally, it aims at figuring out how accession could affect criminal matters: in particular, by means of an example concerning the principle of legality, the purpose is to demonstrate how accession could lead to an improvement of the criminal guarantees of the European legal area.

La existencia del derecho a la defensa en la tramitación de los procedimientos expeditos. “Análisis de casos en el cantón Cañar en el primer trimestre del 2015”

Bajo la premisa de una justicia rápida, la política imperante en el ecuador, con la promulgación del COIP, ha implementado formas alternas al procedimiento ordinario, dentro de los cuales están el procedimiento directo, el abreviado; y, el expedito objeto de análisis en el presente artículo; los dos primeros aplicables para el caso de los delitos, mientras que el ultimo es aplicable para las contravenciones; que surgen a decir de sus defensores con la finalidad de dejar de lado un sistema de justicia penal defectuoso, lento que no responde a las expectativas de los ciudadanos, con una gran cantidad de causas rezagadas, donde existe un desaprovechamiento de recursos del estado; y, un escaso número de sentencias en comparación las denuncias planteadas. Sin embargo, de la simple lectura del texto legal y de la praxis jurídica en la Unidad Segunda de Garantías Penales del cantón Cañar. en los tres primeros meses del 2015, se visualiza que en su aplicación se vulnera el derecho a la defensa, dado que no se concede un tiempo adecuado para la preparación de la defensa del contraventor, pues no es desconocido por nadie, que en algunos casos, el abogado asume la defensa instantes antes de la audiencia de juzgamiento; lo que indudablemente genera indefensión, constituyendo una clara violación a lo que señala el literal b del numeral 7 del artículo 76 de la Constitución de la Republica que en forma textual dice: Contar con el tiempo y con los medios adecuados para la preparación de su defensa” lo que va en claro desmedro de la defensa derecho humano fundamental que ha sido motivo de lucha a nivel mundial desde inicios mismos de la humanidad. Aseveraciones estas que se constataron con el empleo de una investigación de tipo descriptiva y explicativa.

Documents of Humanitarian Law and Support of Family in the Situation of Armed Conflicts

At current era, international humanitarian law has much importance and different dimensions while before the establishment of the United Nations Organization; merely bill conventions considered this issue. But after the formation of the United Nations Organization, Geneva rights were formed in 1949. Humanitarian law has different dimensions like family discussions that have been reflected in numerous documents of humanitarian law. For example, in quadruple Geneva conventions and two additional protocols, the cases from this view for exerting some humane supports of families can be considered. Even in some cases, according to the competence of the international penal court, some crimes against women and children have been criminalized, and massive criminal guarantees have been ordained for dealing with them. Therefore, in this article about the necessity and importance of the support of a family dynasty as the central core of human societies, numerous documents of humanitarian law have been studied and analyzed for supporting this important social element. Also, this result was obtained that in armed conflicts such as domestic or international, protection of a relation between the family members and special support of women, physically challenged persons and children in the first degree are considered as supportive priorities in Geneva conventions and supportive documents of humanitarian law.

Derecho penal y castigo. Una excusa para la protección de los derechos humanos en la sociedad del riesgo

The current trend in criminal law where human rights are used as an ex- cuse to legitimize extreme security measures in response to the “danger” craze is examined in this paper. It is a trend that supports the legal basis for a kind of criminal law focused on public safety, one that facilitates criminal justice in different areas when it comes to pursuing “enemies,” which sometimes results directly in a violation of human rights, with the constant creation of rules that paradoxically also threaten those rights by virtue of the logic behind the punishment. The conclusion, based on these arguments, is that criminal guarantees or safeguards are weakened to the detriment of human rights, which are used either as tools to pro mote emancipation processes or as instruments to manipulate power and to justify barbaric acts stemming from an exaggeration of punitive power.

La carga dinámica probatoria y su reperc usión en el proceso penal desde las reglas de mallorca y la teoría del garantismo penal

This essay wants to make some questionings around the application of the dynamic evidence charge in criminal process, starting from the point of view given by the Mallorca rules and the criminal guarantee theory, defended by Luigi Ferrajoli in Italy, and Adolfo Alvarado Velloso, in Argentina, from a criminal systematic judgment recognizer of universal rights, as the due process of law.