Criminal Behavior Research Articles

Examining the propensity and nature of criminal risk behaviours in frontotemporal dementia syndromes and Alzheimer's disease.

Some people with dementia develop changes in behaviour and cognition that may lead to interactions with police or the legal system. However, large, prospective case-control studies examining these behaviours are lacking. One hundred and forty-four people with dementia and 53 controls completed the Misdemeanours and Transgressions Screener. Criminal risk behaviours were reported in: 65.6% of behavioural-variant frontotemporal dementia, 46.2% of right-lateralised semantic dementia, and 27.0% of Alzheimer's disease patients. In 19.1% of patients these behaviours led to contact with police or authority figures. Compared to controls, people with dementia showed higher rates of physical assault (p=0.024), financial/professional recklessness (p=0.009), and inappropriate behaviours (p =0.052). Criminal risk behaviours are common across dementia subtypes and may be one of the first clinical signs of frontotemporal dementia. Further research to understand how to balance risk minimisation with an individual's liberties as well as the inappropriate criminalisation of people with dementia is needed. The Misdemeanours and Transgressions Screener is a new tool to assess criminal risk behaviours.Forty-seven percent of patients with dementia show criminal risk behaviour after dementia onset.Behaviours included verbal abuse, traffic violations, physical assault.New onset of criminal risk behaviours>50 years is a clinical sign for frontotemporal dementia.

A patient`s trajectory with autism spectrum disorder leading to forensic psychiatric institutionalisation

IntroductionAutism-spectrum-disorder (ASD) is a heterogenous neurodevelopmental condition with a wide range of symptoms. Typical deficits, such as impairment in social communication and interactions, can lead to violent behaviours. However, ASD is often underdiagnosed and little is known about patients with ASD in forensic institutions.ObjectivesTo highlight the diagnostic challenges and offending behaviour of people with ASD in the context of the criminal justice system (CJS) through a case report.MethodsThe case report is based on exploration, third party anamnesis, medical documentations and court filesResults A 25-year-old man was placed in detention in 2021 after having committed a dangerous threat to unknown persons and was considered not guilty by reason of insanity. Since early childhood the patient presented with extreme mood swings and impulsive-aggressive outbursts that led to criminal mischief later on. During elementary school he developed concentration problems as well as specific learning deficits. Due to his deviant social behaviour, he was rejected from his peer group. Over the course of the years, he showed no significant responses to different psychopharmacological treatment approaches. His social anxiety grew and ultimately, he started experimenting with various drugs and drinking excessive amounts of alcohol, which induced multiple psychotic episodes. Due to the psychotic exacerbations, he was repeatedly admitted to psychiatric units for acute treatment, however the autistic disorder remained untreated. At the time of the crime an independent psychiatric assessor diagnosed schizophrenia simplex and multiple drug abuse. The patient had been in psychiatric treatment since the age of 5 and received multiple diagnoses such as combined personality disorder, different subtypes of schizophrenia, ADHD, Tourette syndrome, depressive disorder and ASD at the age of 14. Nevertheless, prior to his detention he had never received a complex therapy focusing on his ASD. According to the verdict he was admitted to a medium secure forensic ward in Lower Austria, where he was treated with antipsychotic and anxiolytic medication. Furthermore, he participated in the day-structuring treatment program ensuring routine.Conclusions Neurodevelopmental disorders such as ASD often impose a diagnostic challenge, particularly without intellectual disability. This can lead to under- and misdiagnosis, inadequate treatment or even criminal behaviour. Impaired theory of mind, poor emotional regulation and problems with moral reasoning should be recognized and treated specifically early on to prevent further damage to both the individual and society.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared

The Relationship between Emotional Recognition and Psychopathic Trait

The ability to recognize and understand emotions plays a fundamental role in human social interaction and is essential for effective communication and interpersonal relationships. Psychopathy, a personality disorder characterized by persistent antisocial behavior and impaired empathy, holds significant relevance in understanding criminal behavior, societal impact, and the implications of psychopathic traits on social functioning. In the intricate interplay between psychopathic traits and emotion recognition, prior research has highlighted the profound role of emotional processing in an individual's social functioning and development, alongside the considerable impact of psychopathic traits on these facets of life. To develop further into this complex relationship, this paper synthesizes existing research findings while elucidating current research gaps. These studies collectively revealed the diminished accuracy and efficiency in the emotional processing capabilities of high psychopathic individuals, as well as the emergence of atypical automatic emotional responses and subjective selection of emotional information in their interactions with emotional stimuli. Additionally, this review emphasizes the critical role played by primary psychopathic traits in shaping abnormal attention patterns, particularly the tendency of highly psychopathic individuals to divert their attention away from crucial emotion-carrying cues, such as the eyes of facial stimuli, especially when confronted with negative emotional expressions. The present review also recognizes certain limitations, mainly arising from sample size, self-report assessments, and the lack of comparison between clinical and nonclinical populations with high psychopathic traits. To address these constraints and further enrich people’s comprehension, future research should focus on conducting longitudinal studies within high-risk populations.

Decriminalization Path of Net Neutrality Assisting Actions: A Perspective from Aiding and Abetting Cybercrimes

Network neutrality assistance actions pertain to the provision of technical or service aid in an online environment to third parties, which may result in harm to others or facilitate unlawful conduct. However, when attempting to regulate such online assistance activities, traditional complicity theories encounter numerous challenges. This is primarily due to the inherent differences between online actions and conventional criminal behaviors, rendering the traditional notions of complicity difficult to apply directly. Analyzing from the perspective of aiding and abetting crimes, the decriminalization path determination of network neutrality assistance actions also confronts issues, such as defining responsibility boundaries and discerning behavioral intent. To address this, this paper adopts the "Restricted Punishment Theory" for the decriminalization path, rationally weighing the benefits and risks of network neutrality assistance actions. Utilizing empirical research, case study analysis, and comparative research methodologies, and based on the overlap analysis of the constitutive elements of aiding and abetting crimes and the refusal to fulfill cyber security management obligations, it's suggested to categorize network service providers. This provides a clearer and more rational basis for their decriminalization.

IJCM_356A: Psychiatric evaluation of alleged sexual assault perpetrators in a tertiary care hospital in Southern Odisha: a cross-sectional study

Background: Sexual violence is defined as a range of behaviours, including nonconsensual sexual acts(e.g., rape), attempted non-consensual sexual acts or abusive sexual contact(e.g., unwanted touching),and noncontact sexual abuse(e.g.,threatened sexual violence or verbal sexual harassment). A psychiatric evaluation should not only be important in clinical but also in medicolegal field, for better understanding of psychological characteristics of an offender and making risk assessment of future offending behaviour. Objectives : 1. To study the socio-demographic profile of alleged sexual assault perpetrator presenting to FMT Department of MKCG, MCH Berhampur. 2. To evaluate their psychiatric co-morbidities and find any significant association. Methodology: A cross-sectional study has been conducted in the Department of FMT, MKCG, MCH, Berhampur, Odisha, within a period of 1 year. Using convenience sampling 169 perpetrators of sexual assault were selected. For data collection semi-structured questionnaire and Mini-5 scale was used. Results : Mean age was 45.3 ± 8.2years,78.9 % were unmarried,26.6 % were illiterate. Around 57.8% were unemployed,78.9 % had past history of substance abuse, antisocial personality disorder was seen in 71.05%. Psychotic disorder was seen in 65.7%, alcohol abuse and dependence was seen in 71.05%,substance dependence was seen in 52.6%. Significant association was seen with anti-social personality disorder, Psychotic disorder, alcohol abuse and substance abuse dependence in the perpetrators of sexual assault. Conclusion: From the present study, it was implicated that, mental health co-morbidities are one of the major contributing factors for the criminal behaviour of the perpetrators for sexual assault. Hence all the cases of sexual assaults have to be properly screened out and councelled by the mental health professionals to prevent criminality in the society.

The Crime of Trafficking in Human Organs through the Information System: Comparative study

Crimes no longer occur in their simple traditional form, as the development of human societies contributed to the development of crime and the creation of crimes that were not known before, and among these crimes is the crime of trafficking in human organs through the information system, which is one of the crimes that aided technical progress in the field of communications, information technology and the field of modern medicine to spread it; Organized criminal gangs took advantage of the facilities resulting from the development of information and communication technology to trade in human organs, which contributed to the creation of an electronic black market for human organs mafia gangs. The importance of this study stems from the fact that it is different from traditional crimes and is one of the issues emanating from technological progress and the development of organized crime. The study aims to clarify the provisions of the crime of trafficking in human organs through the information system, according to the comparative approach between the Saudi system and the UAE law. The results of the study showed that the Saudi regulator did not explicitly stipulate human organ trafficking in the cybercrime system, but was implicitly included as a form of criminal behavior for the crime of human trafficking in the Saudi human trafficking crime system, unlike the UAE law, which stipulates organ trafficking alongside human trafficking. According to the Saudi system, this crime is considered electronic if it occurs through the information network or a computer. In light of its results, the study concluded the following recommendations: 1. The Saudi cybercrime system explicitly provides for the criminalization of electronic trafficking in human organs as one of the forms of cybercrime, similar to its counterpart in UAE law. 2. Community awareness of the seriousness of this crime, the speed with which it is being investigated via the Internet, the ease with which offenders attract individuals, and financial reward for those who report or contribute to the commission of this crime.

Labour market policy directed at ex-prisoners in Poland

In the article we investigate how public employment services perform with respect to ex-offenders registered therein as unemployed workers in Poland in the time span 2004-2019. Our descriptive analysis will serve in the future in policy evaluation analyses regarding efficiency of certain labour market policy programmes offered to former inmates. We base our analysis on individual administrative data from public employment offices. We present the scope and diversity of the performed actions within active and passive labour market policy programmes. We also provide a literature review on the relationship between labour force attachment after leaving the prison and the recidivism.Conducted analysis indicates that public employment offices do not focus, in particular, on ex-offenders. This partially originates in stereotypical perception of ex-offenders. Nevertheless, social services are expected to perform inclusive actions of social and economic character and preventing the recidivism. The range of active labor market policy tools applied to ex-inmates is relatively small. On the other hand, only about 10% of former prisoners received unemployment benefits.In the article, we stress the importance of labour market participation in preventing subsequent criminal behaviour and by our research we also contribute by identifying knowledge gaps in analysing efficiency of certain labour market policies with respect to ex-offenders. Particular modifications in legislation conditions (for example treating ex-offenders as unemployed in special situation in the labour market or their wage during employment while being in prison) should lead to further investigation in the future.

Risk scores, label bias, and everything but the kitchen sink.

In designing risk assessment algorithms, many scholars promote a "kitchen sink" approach, reasoning that more information yields more accurate predictions. We show, however, that this rationale often fails when algorithms are trained to predict a proxy of the true outcome, for instance, predicting arrest as a proxy for criminal behavior. With this "label bias," one should exclude a feature if its correlation with the proxy and its correlation with the true outcome have opposite signs, conditional on the other model features. This criterion is often satisfied when a feature is weakly correlated with the true outcome, and, additionally, that feature and the true outcome are both direct causes of the proxy outcome. For example, criminal behavior and geography may be weakly correlated and, due to patterns of police deployment, direct causes of one's arrest record-suggesting that excluding geography in criminal risk assessment will weaken an algorithm's performance in predicting arrest but will improve its capacity to predict actual crime.

Evaluation of heroin-assisted treatment in Norway: protocol for a mixed methods study

BackgroundOpioid agonist treatment (OAT) for patients with opioid use disorder (OUD) has a convincing evidence base, although variable retention rates suggest that it may not be beneficial for all. One of the options to include more patients is the introduction of heroin-assisted treatment (HAT), which involves the prescribing of pharmaceutical heroin in a clinical supervised setting. Clinical trials suggest that HAT positively affects illicit drug use, criminal behavior, quality of life, and health. The results are less clear for longer-term outcomes such as mortality, level of function and social integration. This protocol describes a longitudinal evaluation of the introduction of HAT into the OAT services in Norway over a 5-year period. The main aim of the project is to study the individual, organizational and societal effects of implementing HAT in the specialized healthcare services for OUD.MethodsThe project adopts a multidisciplinary approach, where the primary cohort for analysis will consist of approximately 250 patients in Norway, observed during the period of 2022–2026. Cohorts for comparative analysis will include all HAT-patients in Denmark from 2010 to 2022 (N = 500) and all Norwegian patients in conventional OAT (N = 8300). Data comes from individual in-depth and semi-structured interviews, self-report questionnaires, clinical records, and national registries, collected at several time points throughout patients’ courses of treatment. Qualitative analyses will use a flexible inductive thematic approach. Quantitative analyses will employ a wide array of methods including bi-variate parametric and non-parametric tests, and various forms of multivariate modeling.DiscussionThe project’s primary strength lies in its comprehensive and longitudinal approach. It has the potential to reveal new insights on whether pharmaceutical heroin should be an integral part of integrated conventional OAT services to individually tailor treatments for patients with OUD. This could affect considerations about drug treatment even beyond HAT-specific topics, where an expanded understanding of why some do not succeed with conventional OAT will strengthen the knowledge base for drug treatment in general. Results will be disseminated to the scientific community, clinicians, and policy makers.Trial registrationThe study was approved by the Norwegian Regional Committee for Medical and Health Research Ethics (REK), ref.nr.:195733.

A Comprehensive Study of the Classical School of Criminology

The eighteenth century saw the development of the classical school of criminology. This theory of criminology was primarily influenced by Cesare de Beccaria and Jeremy Bentham. They are regarded as the most significant intellectuals of the Enlightenment. Are regarded as the founders of the classical school of criminology and are leaders in the field of "classical" thought. Because he was a utilitarian and concerned with the happiness and well-being of the populace, Bentham's contribution to "classical" philosophy is predicated on his conviction that punishment, in the form of causing pain, should always be justified in terms of a larger benefit. Bentham's writings revolved around the notion of the pleasure-pain principle, which holds that human behavior is intended to maximize pleasure and minimize pain. Beccaria thought that in order to make punishments fair and commensurate with the offence, laws had to be implemented. According to him, there are three key concepts that determine how effective crime prevention is: the likelihood of a crime occurring, its certainty, and the timing of the crime, the speed at which it is punished, the seriousness of the offence, and the extent of the suffering caused. According to Beccaria, the harshness of the punishments meted out should be commensurate with the offence committed and should not exceed what is required to dissuade the perpetrator and others from committing similar crimes in the future. Because there would be no deterrent, classical philosophers like Jeremy Bentham and Beccaria believed that the death penalty was meaningless. But in the case of manslaughter, as Bentham also holds, the death penalty should unquestionably be applied if the severity of the penalty significantly outweighs the offence. Seeing another criminal eliminated as a result of their acts doesn't seem to be a more powerful deterrence to future criminals considering engaging in the same criminal behavior. Though possibly not as much on criminal justice practice, classical philosophy has had a major influence on criminological thought generally. Since the advent of classical criminology and classical thought, the use of torture, corporal punishment, and the death penalty has decreased.

Современные способы нарушения неприкосновенности частной жизни

Introduction. The article is devoted to the study of the methods of committing crimes provided for inArticle 137 of the Penal Code of the Russian Federation. Special attention is paid to the influence of information technology on the formation of individual criminal behavior: the choice of ways to commit crimes that violate privacy (in 2020-2021, 87% of cases are accounted for by information technology). A significant factor in the analysis of crimes violating privacy is the change in the statistical accounting of the methods of committing crimes: since 2022, the forms of federal statistical observation reflect the methods of committing crimes in the field of information and telecommunications technologies provided for in Part 3 of Article 137 of the Penal Code of the Russian Federation. Methods: The research methodology consists of general scientific methods of cognition of social processes, in particular, the socio-legal phenomenon of crime (analysis, synthesis, deduction, induction, system-structural method, measurement, description, abstraction), as well as private scientific methods - document analysis, statistical methods. As an empirical base, separate forms of statistical observationof theFederal State Institution “Main Information and Analysis Center of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation”,information from the Internet resource “Judicial and Regulatory Acts of the Russian Federation”, as well as information from other online publications were used. Results: In this article, individual ways of violating privacy are selected as the subject of study due to their significant diversity. In particular, the following methods of committing crimes, confirmed by statistical data, were considered: the Internet, social networks, computer equipment, instant messaging tools, mobile communication tools, software tools.

Victimological aspects of crime prevention

The article reveals the content and victimological aspects of crime prevention, based on which the character-istics of its components and the scope of possible application are presented. As one of the components of the overall system of crime prevention, the proposed system of victimological crime prevention includes inter-connected and interacting elements: goals and objectives of victimological crime prevention; objects of posi-tive influence and a system of subjects; measures of victimological crime prevention; mechanism of imple-mentation of victimological crime prevention, the result of victimological crime prevention, reflecting the in-tegrity of the process of victimological crime prevention. The final predicted result of the conceptual system should manifest in the unity and interrelation of three main functions of victimological crime prevention: the function of victimological preventive influence, the function of special (direct) victimological crime preven-tion, as well as the function of social assistance and legal protection of crime victims. The authors have stud-ied specialized monographic literature and the practice of applying victimological methods of crime preven-tion. The scientific novelty of the work lies in the fact that it is the first special comprehensive study of the system of victimological crime prevention. The aim of the work is to develop, based on a comprehensive study of victimological crime prevention, a scientifically substantiated concept of strategy and tactics of victimological influence on criminal behavior. As a result of the study, the authors conclude that victimological crime prevention is necessary in order to exert maximum preventive and deterrent influence on criminogenic processes that contribute to increasing victimization levels and the development of victimiza-tion; to eliminate threats to the rights, freedoms, and legitimate interests of citizens.

Mental Elements to do Crime

Criminal People’s Minds doesn't shy away from exploring the darker aspects of human behavior. From deplorable methods of torture to complex murder schemes, and shows the horrific reality of what some individuals are capable of. Although these incidents are disturbing, they are a reminder of the importance of understanding criminal behavior. Understanding the motivations of a serial killer is important not only for the motives but also for real-life law enforcement agencies.

Childhood and adolescence outcomes in offspring to parents with bipolar disorder: the impact of lifetime parental comorbidity, parental sex, and bipolar subtype.

Offspring of parents with bipolar disorder have increased risks of their own psychopathology. However, a large-scale survey of psychiatric, somatic, and adverse social outcomes up to adulthood, which could aid in prioritizing and tailoring prevention, is lacking. It also remains to clarify how risks are modified by other parental factors. Swedish population registers were linked to compare offspring having (N = 24,788) and not having (N = 247,880) a parent with bipolar disorder with respect to psychiatric diagnoses and psychotropic medication, birth-related and somatic conditions, social outcomes, accidents, suicide attempts, and mortality. Individuals were followed until age 18. We estimated the influence of lifetime parental psychiatric comorbidity, bipolar disorder subtype, and sex on outcomes. Children of parents with bipolar disorder had 2-3 times higher risks of all psychiatric diagnoses, except for bipolar disorder, for which the risk was 11-fold. Significantly increased risks were also found for several somatic conditions, low school grades, criminal behavior, victimization, accidents, and suicidal behavior. Adjusting for lifetime parental psychiatric comorbidity attenuated most associations. Offspring of a parent with bipolar disorder type 2 had statistically significantly higher risks of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, respiratory tract conditions, and accidents compared with offspring of a parent with bipolar disorder type 1. Offspring of mothers with bipolar disorder had higher risks of several psychiatric diagnoses, respiratory tract conditions, low school grades, and accidents compared with offspring of fathers with bipolar disorder. Having two parents with bipolar disorder entailed the highest risks of psychiatric outcomes in offspring. Early intervention and family support are particularly warranted for the offspring of a parent with bipolar disorder in the presence of lifetime parental psychiatric comorbidity, when the parent has bipolar disorder type 2, or when the mother or both parents have bipolar disorder.

El aumento de penas y los sujetos de control social en Colombia después de la Constitución de 1991

This paper presents three interrelated arguments: (i) the disproportion of criminal punishment in Colombia have its origin in the State fight against subversive groups, specifically against las Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia-Ejército del Pueblo, which after 1990 massified kidnapping; (ii)that the endure and stabilization of punishment rise in Colombia criminal law is due to being move to criminal behaviors related to the armed conflict to ordinary criminal behaviors, specifically the violent thief and the sexual predator; and (iii) that the persistence of criminal disproportion is due to the rise of new subjects of social control, particularly the young and poor man, and the sexual predator. To support those arguments, the paper inquire the boundaries of 1980 Colombian criminal code to show how it started to enlarge in the nineteen year through the “estatuto antisecuestro”. Subsequently, it shows how this trend stabilized around the rise of the new subjects of social control that have legitimized the discourse of citizen (in)security.

A study on relationship between the individual, deviance and the power of social control

Starting from the most significant theoretical contributions, the present study aims to analyze the relationship between deviance, social norms and legal norms, investigate the complex field of interpretative problems of the term deviance, delve into the dimension of social role expectations, investigate the phenomenon of labeling and the related processes, understand, finally, how much social control can impact deviant phenomena, also in terms of prevention. Over time, as is known, the social and criminological sciences have focused their interest on individual behaviors linked to deviance phenomena, the latter of which can be classified as the distancing of individuals or groups from shared norms within each specific social context and on criminal behavior, in clear violation of legal-regulatory precepts, to which a sanction is attributed. In the modern panorama and in advanced industrial societies, what increases interest in the study of deviance in general is the growing fear of crime and victimization, which generate feelings of insecurity and fear in members of society. The multiple forms of deviant behavior have therefore, over the years, been increasingly analyzed and debated, given the increase in their visibility, their representation and emphasis on the mass media, but, above all, due to their treatment within public, control and prevention policies. Parsons (1965) underlines that the term "deviance" was introduced into the sociological debate in the 1950s.

Minors Convicted of Sexual Crimes: Modern Statistical Patterns

The authors analyze the regularities of criminal behavior found in the official statistics of the Office of the Judicial Department of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation in 2017–2022, which reflect some specific features of minors convicted for sexual crimes nationwide. This research allowed the authors to identify a number of statistical regularities characteristic of this type of criminal conduct. The analysis of statistical data on minors convicted for violent sexual behavior over the last five years revealed some specific features connected with a positive annual growth rate, which is contrary to the general all-Russian trend for the reduction in the criminal behavior of minor convicts. Besides, it is well known that a negative growth rate for the criminal behavior of minor convicts is a typical and traditional feature of the past decade. The specifics of criminal behavior of minors in terms of age show periods of dominance of the 14–15-year-old group, which, although not stable, are regularly repeated. A significant feature revealed by the statistical analysis is the transformation of the types of sexual violence in the structure of the crime under consideration. Although the structure was traditionally dominated by rape, characteristic of both age groups, violent actions of sexual nature have been dominant in the last five years. Besides, this feature is characteristic of the convicts in the younger age group. The data on minors convicted for crimes under Art. 18 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation (CC of the RF) with criminal records or outstanding convictions on the date of the court hearing showed that there was a considerable increase in repeat offences in 2022, the growth rate being over +73 %. At the same time, the rates for the previous years were steadily negative. Statistical data are, to a great degree, a reflection of reaction by the law enforcement bodies, but they are, simultaneously, a reference point for a deeper research of the causal complex of juvenile crime that has a high degree of public danger.

Mass Culture: A Criminological Approach

A criminological approach to the analysis of mass culture and subculture is aimed at identifying the features of this phenomena that are connected with criminality, its causes, criminal behavior mechanism, formation of a criminal personality, and victimology. Its goal is tо establish the mechanism and effects that modern mass culture has on certain strata of Russian society. Having studied Russian and foreign publications, the authors conclude that mass culture is publicly available entertainment content created by professionals and disseminated by mass media with the purpose of gaining profits and controlling mass behavior. The fusion of commercial interests and purposeful policy of manipulating the behavior of large groups of people is, usually, of criminal character. Profit-driven interests eliminate all moral obstacles and prohibitions, and manipulative technologies are based on a wide range of illegal methods. In the modern world all of this fits the strategy of an information-psychological war. An information war against Russia is being carried out against different target audiences, each of which consumes specific information. It is possible to state mutual connections between the influence of mass culture, being part of a certain social group and a readiness to share the destiny of the Motherland. From the criminological viewpoint, it allows the authors to single out three types of criminogenic personality: a collaborationist, a relocant and a layman.

Problems of Criminological Determination and Causation in the Scientific Doctrine of Professor Vitaliy Anatolyevich Nomokonov

A famous Russian criminologist, Doctor of Law, Professor, Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences, Vice-President of the Russian Criminological Association, author of over 400 research works and textbooks Vitaliy Anatolyevich Nomokonov has celebrated his 75th birthday. He is a well-known figure in both Russian and foreign criminology famous for his works, his conceptual and fundamental scientific views and approaches, unfailing principles and loyalty to universal human values when developing the strategy and tactics of corruption counteraction. Being one of the founders of a highly complex problem area in the field of criminology — the theory of crime determination and causation — he also consistently studies the modern aspects of this theory. The Professor was also one of the first scientists who researched the mechanisms of counteracting organized crime and corruption. He has been studying the regional aspects of these interconnected forms of crime over a long period of time, as well as promoting the ideas of its prevention at the political and public levels. Advocating the proactive development of criminology and its methodological basis along the lines of the transforming society, the Professor has been developing new directions in criminology stressing the anticriminal and anticorruption policy. Positive criminology is a trend in his works, he argues for the humane-personal approach in the theory of the criminal’s personality and proves the importance of understanding the regularities of positive law-abiding behavior and identifying the anti-criminogenic factors underlying it. The number of his students and followers is constantly growing. Over 15 researcher, who wrote their dissertation thesis under V.A. Nomokonov’s supervision, have become the founders of the theory of cybercrime, they promote his ideas regarding anticorruption policy, drug abuse, human trafficking, etc., and have the law enforcement experience that they successfully use in their current work. The Professor’s approaches to understanding organized crime and corruption, as well as the basic and special measures of counteracting these dangerous phenomena, are a safe basis for the corresponding criminological theory, they reflect his forward-thinking and astute attitude. His scientific intuition allows the Professor to be ahead of other research in the sphere of counteracting corruption and provide highly professional predictions on the future regularities of criminal behavior, thus contributing to the development and enriching the theory of criminology and its practical significance.

A phenomenological inquiry into the barriers against effective rehabilitation and reintegration of juvenile delinquents at a juvenile remand home in Nigeria

Juvenile delinquency has been on the rise as well as the number of delinquents that go to remand homes to forestall the continuous perpetration of criminal behaviors through rehabilitation, reformation, and reintegration. Unfortunately, optimal rehabilitation and reintegration of delinquents have been difficult to achieve in Nigerian remand homes owing to several challenges. These limitations continue to hamper the objectives of these institutions aimed at rehabilitating young offenders to fit back into society. Ten participants, which includes 5 rehabilitated, reformed, and discharged juveniles and 5 staff of the Juvenile Remand Home were selected for the study using purposive and snowball sampling methods. Data were collected using In-depth Interviews (IDIs). Generated data were transcribed and analyzed using themes and quotes. Findings revealed that poor facilities and low content program, ill-trained and unprofessional staff, attitudes of some juveniles, lack of trained social workers, and poor funding are some of the barriers that affect the effective operations of the institution; while stigmatization, cultural/religious belief, negative attitudes, and lack of social assistance from families and friends affect the reintegration of the rehabilitated juveniles. The study recommended adequate provision of funds and recruitment of more professionals including social workers for effective rehabilitation and reintegration processes.