Criminal Associations Research Articles

Criminal Associations with Bargaining and Build Frictions

This paper analyzes how the timing, targets and types of anti-crime policies affect criminal associations when retailers search sequentially for wholesalers and crime opportunities. Given the illicit nature of crime, a non-competitive market is considered where players bargain over the surplus. In such a market, some anti-crime policies distort revenue sharing, reduce matching frictions, and increase market activity or crime.

Ensuring human and sexual rights for men who have sex with men living with HIV

Ensuring human and sexual rights for men who have sex with men living with HIV

ЗВІЛЬНЕННЯ ОСОБИ ВІД КРИМІНАЛЬНОЇ ВІДПОВІДАЛЬНОСТІ ЗА СТВОРЕНЯ ЗЛОЧИННОЇ ОРГАНІЗАЦІЇ ЗА КРИМІНАЛЬНИМ ЗАКОНОДАВСТВОМ УКРАЇНИ ТА ПОРІВНЯЛЬНИЙ АНАЛІЗ ТАКОГО ЗВІЛЬНЕННЯ ЗА КРИМІНАЛЬНИМ ЗАКОНОДАВСТВОМ ДЕЯКИХ ІНОЗЕМНИХ ДЕРЖАВ

The present article focuses on issues regarding the relieving the individual of criminal responsibility for creating criminal association under the Criminal Code of Ukraine as well as provides a comparative analysis of criminal codes of some other foreign countries. The paper gives special grounds under which the person who has committed a socially dangerous act can be relieved of criminal liability.

Chief O’Neil’s Sketchy Recollections of an Eventful Life in ChicagoSupermob: How Sidney Korshak and His Criminal Associates Became America’s Hidden Power Brokers, Gus Russo.First in Violence, Deepest in Dirt: Homicide in Chicago, 1875-1920, Jeffry Adler.Murder City: The Bloody History of Chicago in the Twenties, Michael Lesy.Sin and the City: Chicago and Revivalism, 1880-1920, Thekla Ellen Joiner.

Book Review| October 01 2009 Chief O’Neil’s Sketchy Recollections of an Eventful Life in ChicagoSupermob: How Sidney Korshak and His Criminal Associates Became America’s Hidden Power Brokers, Gus Russo.First in Violence, Deepest in Dirt: Homicide in Chicago, 1875-1920, Jeffry Adler.Murder City: The Bloody History of Chicago in the Twenties, Michael Lesy.Sin and the City: Chicago and Revivalism, 1880-1920, Thekla Ellen Joiner. Chief O’Neil’s Sketchy Recollections of an Eventful Life in Chicago, Ellen Skerrett and Mary Lesch.Supermob: How Sidney Korshak and His Criminal Associates Became America’s Hidden Power Brokers, Gus Russo.First in Violence, Deepest in Dirt: Homicide in Chicago, 1875-1920, Jeffry Adler.Murder City: The Bloody History of Chicago in the Twenties, Michael Lesy.Sin and the City: Chicago and Revivalism, 1880-1920, Thekla Ellen Joiner. Brian Jolet Brian Jolet Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society (1998-) (2009) 102 (3-4): 459–466. https://doi.org/10.2307/25701244 Cite Icon Cite Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Permissions Search Site Citation Brian Jolet; Chief O’Neil’s Sketchy Recollections of an Eventful Life in ChicagoSupermob: How Sidney Korshak and His Criminal Associates Became America’s Hidden Power Brokers, Gus Russo.First in Violence, Deepest in Dirt: Homicide in Chicago, 1875-1920, Jeffry Adler.Murder City: The Bloody History of Chicago in the Twenties, Michael Lesy.Sin and the City: Chicago and Revivalism, 1880-1920, Thekla Ellen Joiner.. Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society (1998-) 1 January 2009; 102 (3-4): 459–466. doi: https://doi.org/10.2307/25701244 Download citation file: Zotero Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All Scholarly Publishing CollectiveUniversity of Illinois PressJournal of the Illinois State Historical Society (1998-) Search Advanced Search The text of this article is only available as a PDF. Copyright 2010 The Illinois State Historical Society2010 Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.

Surviving Mexico’s Dirty War: A Political Prisoner’s Memoir

Surviving Mexico’s Dirty War: A Political Prisoner’s Memoir

Organized Crime and Foreign Direct Investment: The Italian Case

The paper estimates the effects of organized crime on FDI inflows in 103 Italian provinces in the period 2004-06. The presence of organized crime at a provincial level is quantified through several indicators, based on data for different kinds of crimes: extortion; for purposes, including mafia (Art. 416 and 416 bis of the Italian Penal Code); attacks; arson. Several control variables are used, included a proxy for (financial) investment incentives provided by public sectors. Estimation suggests that FDI inflows are influenced by different variables. Our results show that the extent of extortion and the number of persons denounced for criminal association are significantly and negatively correlated with FDI inflows. Finally, our analysis suggests the presence of organized crime is a strong disincentive for foreign investors, particularly in the less developed Italian provinces.

Social Network and Distance Correlates of Criminal Associates Involved in Illicit Drug Production

This research examines the relationship between demographic, social network, and criminal history variables, and the distance between the home and locations of individuals (associates) involved in an illicit drug production network. The authors integrate principals from environmental criminology and routine activities theories, journey to crime research, and social network analysis in order to explore the geographic and social space of criminal associates. The results show that the distance between individuals in the drug production criminal network and their associates vary systematically with network characteristics (centrality measures) but not with demographics or criminal history variables.

Organized Crime and Foreign Direct Investment: The Italian Case

The paper estimates the effects of organized crime on FDI inflows in 103 Italian provinces in the period 2004-06. The presence of organized crime at a provincial level is quantified through several indicators, based on data for different kinds of crimes: extortion; for purposes, including mafia (Art. 416 and 416 bis of the Italian Penal Code); attacks; arson. Several control variables are used, included a proxy for (financial) investment incentives provided by public sectors. Estimation suggests that FDI inflows are influenced by different variables. Our results show that the extent of extortion and the number of persons denounced for criminal association are significantly and negatively correlated with FDI inflows. Finally, our analysis suggests the presence of organized crime is a strong disincentive for foreign investors, particularly in the less developed Italian provinces.

Factors Associated with the One-year Probation Outcome: A Self-report Study in Hong Kong

Why are some probationers able to comply with the sentence? Why do some fail to do so? In order to answer these questions, the article examines cross-sectional data collected from a selected group of Chinese offenders who were put on a one-year probation sentence in Hong Kong. It, in particular, aims at identifying the relative effects of four types of predictors, namely demographic, socio-economic, criminal history and probation intervention, on the probation outcome. For the purpose of this study, the probation outcome is the self-report data of the probationer at the end of the sentence. Logistic regression analyses revealed that self-reported reoffending was significantly related to peer involvement in criminal activities and triad association, a previous probation sentence, a urine test requirement and the offenders’ positive view of probation officers.

Investigating and Prosecuting Large-scale Corruption: The Italian Experience

The author, who has been one of the leading prosecutors investigating organized crime (and in particular corruption crimes) in northern Italy, discusses the Italian experience concerning the use of suspects cooperating with prosecutors, the relevance for the fight against organized crimes of such criminal notions as ‘criminal association’, as well as the various investigating strategies more suited to combating organized crime. He concludes that in Italy the cooperation of suspects based on the offer of light penalties or other quid pro quo measures has never been the only means of collecting evidence, as prosecution must also avail itself of other evidence.

The symbiosis of politics and crime in Lithuania

The article argues that since the mid 1990s organized crime in Lithuania has undergone significant transformation. During the early 1990s organized crime was characterized by groups challenging the state in the process of privatization of state property. At this time the most important mode of organized criminal activities was coercion, intimidation and violence. Since the mid 1990s the degree of violence typical to organized criminality has declined significantly. Instead organized crime associations have became active in attempting to partially appropriate the state by influencing, bribing and corrupting state actors. Membership of organized crime associations also underwent changes. Formally a number of prominent crime groups were made up of socially homogenous, lower class “outsiders” who used violence as the primary means of domination and enrichment. Contemporary criminal associations typically are comprised of informal networks of individuals of higher socio-economic standing, who are influential in a wide range of domains: legal and illegal, state and private, bureaucracy and private enterprise. Instead of violence a multiplicity of interactions and transactions among these elite networks are utilized to enable, transact, exchange and enhance mutually beneficial influence and criminal enrichment. We explore the dynamics that have facilitated the emergence of the postmodern organized crime associations that have gained legitimate and illegitimate social and political standing and influence within Lithuania. To illustrate the organized crime transformation the most recent political crisis, involving President Paksas' office engagement in corruption and organized crime, is analyzed. The implications of the transformation in organized crime for the criminal justice system in the country are discussed.

The seizure, detention and forfeiture of cash in the UK

Stresses that the criminal economy is much more cash‐intensive than the legitimate economy, and explains why. Indicates the scope of the problem for crime control: that carrying illegal proceeds as cash across national border remains an important method of money laundering. Outlines the provisions of the Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 concerning powers to allow searches for cash, and the standard of proof required. Discusses the different types of evidence allowed: avoidance of the usual banking channels, previous convictions and acquittals, lack of business records, lack of an audit trail, credibility, presence of items indicating crime, criminal associates, lying and inconsistent statements, contamination of the cash by drugs, suspicious denomination of banknotes, attempts at concealment, travel destinations and arrangements, financial background, failure to cooperate, and confidential informants. Goes on to cash seizures under terrorist legislation, possible challenges to seizures as contrary to the European Convention on Human Rights, the choice between civil and criminal forfeiture, and how the investigation proceeds.

Vulgar Tongues: Canting Dicionaries and the Language of the People in Eighteenth-Century Britain

This essay traces the changing status of cant and vulgar languages in eighteenth-century Britain. Earlier in the century, collections of cant and slang language drew from seventeenth-century predecessors, using substandard language as a means of marking off a criminal class from laboring people. By the end of the century, particularly in the work of Francis Grose, cant language is re-named as vulgar language and comes to be seen as a sign of the freedom of Britons. Print collections revaluing these substandard languages as popular culture become one means of making a rhetorical space for "the people" within British national discourse. This "language of the people," however, is haunted by earlier criminal associations, the actual criminalization of many customary labor and property relations throughout the eighteenth century, and the exclusion of women from cross-class male communities trading in newly fashionable vulgar language.

Profiling the politically violent in Pakistan: Self-construals and values.

Empirical evidence relating individualism-collectivism (IC) to sociopolitical factors is still scarce. This survey explores how factors generally purported to represent an Asian society (i.e., collectivism) relate to context-specific characteristics of political groups within that society (i.e., the endorsement of political violence). The city of Karachi in Pakistan has a long history of political, sectarian and criminal violence, economic inequality, and complex associations between religion and politics. Where traditional occupational routes are blocked, violent activism may provide an alternative, politicized route to the attainment of life goals. This leads to the hypothesis that political violence has its roots in individualist self-construal and in individualist value orientations. There were 195 political activists surveyed from Muttahida Quami Movement (MQM), a violent secular party and from Jamaat e Islami (JI), a nonviolent Islamist party. Results support the reasoning that individualist violenc...

Trouble in the School Yard: a Study of the Risk Factors of Victimization at School

The victimization of students at school is currently a matter of grave public concern. This study attempts to identify factors that single out junior and senior high school students as victims of campus theft and violent crime. Previous research indicates that victimization risk can flow from a variety of situational and individual variables, although this research has not focused on victimization in the school setting. To test which factors are most salient at school, we employed the 1993 National Household and Education Survey, School Safety and Discipline component (NHES-SSD). We found that although community variables exert some effect on schoolyard victimization risk, risk levels are associated with the presence of likely offenders at school as well as individual students who have delinquent characteristics and criminal associates. The attempts of schools to protect students through target-hardening strategies (e.g., metal detectors and security guards) were consistently unsuccessful.

Countering crime and corruption

The Border Project was a 36-lesson course developed by Mexican and US teachers to build support for a culture of lawfulness and further the rule of law. The conclusion of the project's evaluation was, simply put, that the students learned the lessons taught. While the impact on their attitudes and behaviors was more mixed, participation did appear to strengthen overall belief in rules among some groups of San Diego students and the sense of interpersonal competency among students in Tijuana. These positive findings were reinforced by an increased awareness among students in both settings of the importance of self-esteem in resisting bad behavior, the difficulties encountered in rejecting criminal associations and the gradual erosion that often leads individuals into crime and corruption. In addition, the legal reasoning skills of Tijuana students appeared to have been enhanced as a result of their participation in the project. Self-reported behavior, however, was unchanged.

The Moral Limits of the Crime of Money Laundering

I. THE PROBLEMATIC Clean money is worth more than dirty money. Clean money—money untainted by criminal association—can be invested in profitable activities or spent on consumption, more or less conspicuous, without risk of recrimination. Dirty money, generally speaking, can only be invested or spent less profitably, less visibly, and at a risk of punishment. It also carries the risk of being used as evidence of the initial crime. With the exceptions of small thefts of fungibles, like cash and the fantasy case of the criminal art collector who wishes to sit alone with a painting so famous that it could not be resold, virtually all income from criminal activities must be disguised to be of use to the criminal. Money laundering 1 is that process of disguise. Analysis of money laundering, in terms of criminal markets, holds that secrecy has value. 2 People will pay for secrecy because it costs less than disclosure. To the person in possession of money deriving from illegal sources, the dangers of disclosure relate to the possibility of prosecution and imprisonment. The process of money laundering holds out the prospect of gaining lasting secrecy for the information dealing with the provenance of the money. On the demand side, a person holding assets

’The cows of Nongoloza’: youth, crime and amalaita gangs in Durban, 1900–1936

Forms of youth organisation and culture which emerged amongst African migrants in towns during the first decades of the century remain obscure. Based on oral and archival sources, this article attempts to disaggregate, periodise and construct an understanding of those forms of cultural organisation which came to be known as amalaita. In Durban the amalaita emerged in the wake of the massive social dislocation experienced by African societies in Natal and Zululand in the late nineteenth century. It is argued that they were first and foremost migrant youth organisations whose members adapted a repertoire of Zulu rural cultural practices and forms of self‐organisation to cope with new conditions of life in town. This is an interpretation supported by oral testimonies although even within popular memory itself the meaning of the term is sometimes extended to include relatively discrete forms of adult migrant and even criminal association, for reasons which the article explains. Although the amalaita cannot be...

An Exploratory Study of Values and Attitudes of Black Delinquents in Custody

Abstract This study of delinquent attitudes focuses on delinquents in custody. Twenty black respondents were surveyed about their attitudes regarding crime and traditional occupations and their future goals and life ambitions. The data and the respondents’ comments are used to identify delinquent motives and values, and judgments of criminal and conventional associates. The findings are used to compare assertions of “strain theory” concerning the relationship of delinquency to perceived opportunity structure, and pressures some youth experience to deviate away from conventional social ambitions and goals in life.

Competing Theoretical Explanations of Cocaine Use: Differential Association Versus Control Theory

Questionnaires from 1,517 respondents were obtained by means of both a convenience and a snowball sample. 1,091 (72%) respondents had used cocaine at least once, while 426 (28%) had never used it. The data from this information about criminal cocaine use have been used to test the efficacy of two competing theoretical models of delinquent or criminal behavior, differential association and control theory. Both tabular and multiple regression techniques were used to analyze the cause of the respon dents' cocaine use. Differential association theory variables were found to be far more effective than control theory variables in explaining the use of cocaine.