Crimean Tatars Research Articles

FROM THE HISTORY OF DEPORTATION IN UZBEKISTAN

The article is based on archival documents and new scientific literature issues of deported peoples in Uzbekistan in the period of Second World War. Therefore, in this research showed that the statistical data on the numbers of forcibly expelled peoples and ethnic groups are given as well. KEY WORDS: deportation, Second World War, “punished peoples”, ethnic groups, Koreans, Poles, Kalmyk’s, Crimean Tatars, Meskhetian Turks, special settlements, rehabilitation.

Genesis and functions of the motifs of initiation in the Crimean Tatar epic tale

The subject of this research became the examination of genesis and functions of the motif of initiation within the Crimean Tatar magic tale. The ritual of initiation is an important social institute of pre-class society, which serves as the foundation of folk tradition for the peoples of the world. The archaic forms of this motif are associated with the mythological rituals-initiations. The motif of initiation in a magic tale often become the core of the plot and compositional structure. Special attention deserves the concept of the scholar Kerim Camanaqlı, who underlined the role of mythological images in development of the storyline of Crimean Tatar tales, as well as primeval roots of these images. The methodology and theoretical framework of the study is the compilations of Crimean Tatar tales of the early XX century “Tales and Legends of Crimean Tatars” (1936) and “Tales for Children” (1939), dictionaries, scientific writings of the prominent folklorists and literary historians. The novelty consists in revelation of the fact that Crimean Tatar magic tales, containing various compositional elements in their structure, include the pair “dying – rebirth”. The indicated elements of the composition of a magic tale emerged and formed under the influence of mythological rituals. By the specific attributes, the ritual of initiation in the tales can carry different functions and forms. Poetic transformation of the motif of initiation defines the peculiarities of magic tales. The main conclusion consists in the ethnographic ritualistic archaic, which vividly manifests in the Crimean Tatar magic tale, inherent with the formation of fundamentals of the tale, its initial structure, situations, images, system of poetic language and artistic means. Mythical character somewhat alienates from previous mythologicity and comes closer to a fairy image, being included into a fairy civilization.

Kırım Tatarları’nda Kimlik

The Crimean Tatars are a community worthy of study without losing their conscience despite all the pressures in their history. Their loyalty to their history and their homeland has kept them together despite the genocide and exile they have experienced. The aim of this study is to evaluate the identity building process of the Crimean Tatars in the context of nationalist theories. It will be revealed in our work that Tatar nationalism, which is based on historical leader and symbolic values, can be explained by ethno-symbolism. In the study, firstly ethno-symbolism will be given and then the identity building process of the Crimean Tatars will be examined.

Ethnocultural stereotypes of the Steppe Crimean Tatars and Dobruja Tatars based on proverbs of the turn of XIX and XX centuries

This article conduct an analysis of ethnocultural stereotypes of the Steppe Crimean Tatars and Dobruja (Romanian) Tatars based on proverbs of the turn of XIX and XX centuries. The subject of this research became the Kipchak Crimean Tatar paremiological fund of that period. The goal consists in an accurate, tolerant elucidation of the topic. Initially, the stereotypes are divided into auto-stereotypes, which is an outlook upon the own ethnic group; and hetero-stereotypes, which is the representations on a neighboring ethnos. The first ones, being an inseparable part of national identity, are prone to exaggeration of merits of their ethnos and carry a complementary character. This fact impedes a realistic assessment of the merits of neighboring ethnos, which is compared to the own in accordance with cultural values. The determined differences serve as a foundation for hetero-stereotypes, which usually belittle the positive sides of the other national portrait. The scientific novelty consists in examination of ethnocultural stereotypes based on proverbs of the turn of XIX and XX centuries. Which contributed to fuller understanding of the mentality of Crimean Tatars and Dobruja (Romanian) Tatars being a diaspora of Crimean Tatar ethnos. Paremiological material allowed dividing the stereotypes into auto-stereotypes and hetero-stereotypes. The research results offered an opportunity to determine and explore the ethnic composition of Crimean Peninsula of the turn of XIX and XX centuries.

Семантические параллели архаичной крымскотатарской музыкальной терминологии с музыкальной лексикой «Дивана Лугат ат-Турк» Махмуда ал-Кашгари в контексте общетюркской музыкальной культуры раннего средневековья

The process of the formation of the Crimean Tatar musical culture can be divided into post-Byzantine-Golden Horde, Tatar-Seljuk and Nogai Kypchak (Nogai) – Ottoman periods of the cultural genesis of the Crimean Tatar people. The fact that the ancestors of the steppe Crimean Tatars are the Turkic tribes of the Kypchaks and the ancestors of the southern coastal Crimean Tatars are the Turkic tribes of the Oghuz, from the earliest centuries of their history were ethnic groups with a developed musical culture, written evidence from ancient Turkic authors and, in particular, the dictionary “Divan Lugat ata” – Turk “Mahmud al-Kashgari”. This article attempts to determine, based on the lexical analysis of the text of the vocabulary, the direct connection between the semantics of musical terminology in the language of modern Crimean Tatars with the semantics of the musical vocabulary of their Oguz and Kipchak ancestors, as well as identifying patterns of Oguz and Kipchak musical vocabulary in lexicon of the Crimean Tatars by the time of Mahmud Al-Kashgari has written his creation.

The Deportation of 1944 in the Cultural Memory of Crimean Tatar People (the Case of Literary Works of Ervin Umerov and Shamil Aladin)

The article deals with the coverage in works of literature of the forceful deportation of Crimean Tatar people in May, 1944. Here, literary works are seen as functioning elements of cultural memory of the people. The works in question are Ervin Umerov’s short stories Loneliness, The Black Trains, The Permit, and Shamil Aladin’s novels Invitation to Devil’s Banquet and I’m Your King and God, recently published in Ukrainian translations. The importance of Ukrainian publications of works of Crimean Tatar literature, telling i. a. about the deportation of 1944, is determined by the persistence of negative stereotypes and anti-Crimean Tatar bias cultivated for decades. In the XXI century, much has been accomplished by scholars and journalists in order to deconstruct historic myths, i. a. the Stalinist black legend about Crimean Tatars’ “treachery” during the 2nd World War. True facts about the deportation of 1944 were publicized as well. Back in Soviet times, when telling the truth about tragic past directly was impossible, Crimean Tatar writers saw their mission in preserving at least some of the people’s memories in their works of fiction. The emotional and aesthetic power of historic fiction is of key importance in bringing images of the past to contemporary readers. Memories of the deportation of May, 1944 were parts of their life experiences both for Umerov (1938–2007) and Aladin (1912–1996). In their works written mostly during Soviet period, they transformed into fictional accounts both their own experience and tragic memories of their compatriots, using multi-layered plots, subtext and Aesopian language so as to bypass Soviet censorship.

КОНКУРЕНЦИЯ НАЦИОНАЛЬНЫХ ПРОЕКТОВ В ТУРЦИИ: ПРИМЕР ЧЕРКЕСОВ И КРЫМСКИХ ТАТАР

The present article examines the competition of national projects in Turkey at several levels. We analyse the interaction of the dominant Turkish national project, given in dynamics, and the national projects of ethnic minorities – the Crimean Tatars and Circassians. We demonstrate that the Turkish national project can absorb ethnonational ones, changing them to suit itself, or it can enter into direct confrontation with them. Besides, we analyse the variety of national projects, the ideologists of which, competing for an ethnic audience, offer different understandings of the Circassian and Crimean Tatar nation. As a final result we show how both etnic national projects and pseudo- ethnicculturally- based projects simultaneously coexist in Turkey along with the state nationalism.

Крымские татары в советской этнополитике межвоенного двадцатилетия

The article studies formation of the Soviet Ethnopolitics of treatment of the Crimean Tatars in 1920–1930s. It analyses formation and realization of national policy in the Crimean ASSR towards the Crimean Tatars. The most important component of the Soviet Ethnicpolitics was the policy of “korenization of the apparatus”, creation of national village councils, implementation of agrarian reforms, formation of the proletariat from among the Crimean Tatars, reorganizations in cultural and humanitarian spheres.

Мовний образ Криму в поезії Лесі Українки

The article is devoted to the linguistic image of the Crimea, conceptualized on the basis of the analysis of Lesia Ukrainka’s poetic texts from the cycles “The Crimean Recollections” (the collection “On the Wings of Songs”, Lviv, 1893), “The Crimean Reminiscences” (the collection “Thoughts and Dreams”, Lviv, 1899) and two poems “A Memory from Yevpatoria” (1904) and “A Wave” (1908) which do not belong to any collections. In these texts Lesya Ukrainka’s recollections about the visit to the Crimea in 1890–1891, 1897–1898, and in 1907–1908 are reflected with the help of figurative means. A linguistic image of the Crimea is a segment of the individual-authorial map of the world of the writer that reflects her language-thinking, Ukrainian origin, and profound knowledge of folklore resources. It has been found out that the image is consists of the descriptions of such cities as Yalta, Yevpatoria, and Bakhchysarai where the writer stayed or visited them. A special distinction is given to Bakhchysarai with its realia of the khan’s palace and muslimness to which three poems were devoted. With the help of figurative means the lines of mountains and certain places, connected with the Crimean legends (Baidary, Chortovi skhody (Devil’s stairs)), obtain their prominence. The nature and elements of the Black sea are thoroughly depicted – quiet in the bright weather and wild during the storm. Many contexts prove that the poetess perceived the sea as a living creature, relevant to her moods and feelings. It has been pointed out that Lesia’s Crimea is associated with her dear ones – first of all with her brother Mykhailo and beloved Serhii, with the forgotten poet Nadson, with the Crimean Tatars (the appearance and clothes of a young female Tatar (who is called by a diminutive form of the ethnic name Tatar - tatarochka) is described in the brightest way). Most of the appellatives of the peninsular (God’s given land, a land of constant rays, a bright country, a country of light, a joyful country, a beautiful side (of the world) and others) have a positive connotation caused by the author’s admiration of its gorgeous nature. But there have been found negative evaluative expressions that resulted from the understanding of the decay of the traditional Crimean Tatar material and spiritual culture, enslavement of the indigenous people (Неволя й досі править в сій країні! - Captivity still rules in this country!). That is why the author compared the captivated land with a boat, broken by a storm, and a steppe horse that dies in the sands of a desert.

Издание научного наследия выдающегося крымского ученого-краеведа Усеина Боданинского

Under the given book`s review are the two volumes of works of Usein Bodaninskiy, issued in common with Sh. Marjani Institute of History AS RT, and SBEEHE RC “F. Yakubov Crimean Engineering and Pedagogical University”. First volume from the collection of works and manuscripts of Usein Bodaninsky has already been published, it represents his scientific and creative heritage as of an outstanding Crimean Tatar scholar, ethnographer and archaeologist, painter and a person utterly devoted to museum works. He was the founder and the first director of the Bakhchisaray Museum Palace. The second volume contains his manuscripts, dairies, which has never been published before in full volume. The materials, collected in the books, are precious sources of history of the Crimean Tatars on the archeology and museum development in the Crimea as well.

Учёный, поэт, педагог Крыма и Татарстана (к 115-летию со дня рождения Керима Джаманаклы)

The article discusses certain moments of Tatarstan period of life and work of the famous Crimean Tatar scientist, poet and teacher Kerim Jamanakli. He made a great contribution to the development of literature and pedagogy of the Crimean Tatars and Kazan Tatars. The article describes the activities of Kerim Jamanakli in training teachers for national schools of Tatarstan. The last 20 years of his life he taught at the Elabuga Pedagogical Institute.

Мусульманська релігійна меншість в Україні: збереження культурних традицій чи політична боротьба

The article highlights the problem of political manipulation of Muslim religious minorities in the context of preserving their cultural traditions. The author considers the possible risks of an outbreak of Islamic extremism in Ukraine, in the context of European trends and an increase in the percentage of Muslims in the multinational Ukrainian community. The aim of the article was to study the risks arising from the social interaction of the Muslim religious minority with the Christian majority in Ukraine. As the research of recent years is mostly focused on social and political problems of Crimean Tatars, which arose as a result of the annexation of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea, the author draws attention to the level of social activity of migrants from the Middle East arriving in Ukraine. In the context of the events in Crimea and Donbas, there have already been attempts to raise the issue of the growth of extremism and the expansion of the zone of presence of radical forms of Islam. Of course, such separate facts confirm this, and there are places, but to speak about the purposeful Islamization of certain regions of Ukraine, and even more so about the mass examples of the establishment of camps for the training of extremist groups are unfounded. These incidents are unlikely to be considered a serious threat, but the main feature of the Ukrainian mentality, which also extends to Muslims, is the passivity in taking and implementing any actions. Therefore, all manifestations of extremism are exclusively external in nature. Despite the small number of Muslims in Ukraine and until recently their unity, in 2019th there was a new trend  a split. Muslims from Crimea have recently accused Muslims in mainland Ukraine of negative attitudes, discrimination on territorial grounds and neglect of their problems. There is a real threat of excessive politicization of the rights of the Muslim religious minority in Ukraine, which some members of the Crimean Tatar national minority are trying to impose on society. Thus, analyzing the Islamic world in Ukraine, it can be divided into two parts: religious organizations that preserve their cultural traditions, regardless of nationality, and Crimean Tatar religious organizations, which simultaneously wage political and in some cases armed struggle, trying to join the military-political conflict with is separated from the state. Thus, while Islamic fundamentalism poses a fairly high threat to EU countries, there are more serious national security issues for Ukraine today.

Russian-Polish projects on joining or exchanging of military forces to struggle against Turkey and Crimea in 1660s – 1680s: genesis, history, reasons for failure

Abstract The paper deals with the history of unsuccessful Russian-Polish military cooperation in the 1660s – 1680s. For approximately twenty years Moscow and Warsaw had been trying to join their military forces against, at first rebellious Ukrainian Cossacks and Crimean Tatars, and then against the Turks too. But all negotiations and attempts to realize plans of military cooperation by joining forces failed because of several reasons. The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, hoping firstly to bring to obedience hetman Peter Doroshenko with Russian support, then tried to recapture invaded by Ottomans Podolia and appropriately wanted Russian troops to be moved there, not between Dnepr and Dniester, as it had been agreed before. Another thing that didn’t satisfy the Polish-Lithuanian side was a parity basis of joining troops (later of mutual exchanging of units), fixed in the text of alliance of December 1667. The Polish-Lithuanian army was becoming weaker because of long wars with Turks, Tatars, Cossacks and therefore needed military support, mainly infantry and artillery, more than Muscovite Russia, which had a more numerous army. That’s why Polish commanders tried to receive under their command Russian units without sending any soldiers and officers of the Commonwealth to the Muscovite army. So Russia finally refused to join its forces with the Polish-Lithuanian army and the new alliance of 1686 stipulated that each signatory was to wage war independently.

The domestic political crisis in the Right-Bank Ukraine in the late summer-autumn of 1669

The article examines the mass riots of the population of RightBank Ukraine and the Zaporizhia Cossacks against Hetman Petro Doroshenko and his supporters. They were accompanied by the Ottoman Empire intervening in the events. After the Porta forced Crimea to abandon the support of the rebels in the summer of 1669, they were defeated, and a change of leader took place in their camp: instead of P. Sukhoveenko, who was supported by the Crimean Tatars, an Uman colonel M. Khanenko was elected hetman. He and his allies were besieged by Doroshenko in Uman, but without enough support from the Tatars, the right-bank hetman was forced to make peace with his opponents and lift the siege at the end of August 1669. Moreover, Crimea again, contrary to orders from Istanbul, provided assistance to Doroshenko’s opponents, who in October besieged him in Stebliv. Only the new intervention of the Porta, which sent significant forces of the Belgorod Horde to help Doroshenko and once again forbade Crimea to provide assistance to Khanenko, allowed the supporters of the Right-Bank hetman to lift the siege and inflict a decisive defeat on the enemy. Khanenko fled to Zaporizhia, and many cities and towns of the Right Bank were occupied by the Belgorod Tatars. The sources testify a particular depth and acuteness of the domestic political crisis in the Ukrainian society of the Right Bank, and also show that in the end the victory was won by the side (Doroshenko) that managed to gain more powerful external support.

Неизвестные сюжеты крымских этнографических изысканий: Евгения Спасская

The given article discloses the unknown pages from the history of the Crimean studies, associated with the rich events of the 20s of the XX century. There were reproduced the unknown directions in the study of ethnography of the Crimean Tatars, in particular, was given the analysis and publication of material collections of the Crimean Tatar embroidery of the ethnographer-collector A. M. Petrova. the material is based on personal archival documents of a great researcher of the Crimea – ethnographer Evgenia Yurievna Spasskaya, they were identified in the National Archival Funds of manuscripts and phonorecords of the Institute of Art, Folklore and Ethnography. M. T. Rylsky NAS of Ukraine. The previously unknown facts of her scientific biography, related to the research in the Crimea and contacts with the Crimean scientists on the basis of her personal documents, were identified in the St. Petersburg branch of the Archive of the Russian Academy of Sciences and the epistolary heritage of an ethnographer.

«А более ста тысяч рати у меня есть…». Военное дело Крымского ханства в Новое время: рецензия на монографию А.А.Шейхумерова «Армия Крымского ханства: организация и тактика (XV–XVIII вв.)»

A study “The Army of the Crimean Khanate” of a young Crimean historian A. A. Sheykhumerov was published last year. It is devoted to the Crimean Khanate’s warfare in Modern Times (XV–XVIII centuries). The purpose of work, chosen by the author, is not clearly related to the number of popular and actively developed by domestic historical science topics. As the basic topic of research the historian took this problematic method and concentrated on analyzing key stories from the history of the Crimean warfare development in the New Times. This book in modern Russian historiography is the first essay on warfare of the Crimean Tatars. It allows us to have a holistic view of its main features and characteristics. The review gives a brief description of the structure and content of work and makes notes of some disputable points in the author’s concept and interpretations of individual moments in the history of the Crimean warfare evolution.

Именной указатель крымскотатарских чиновников Таврической губернии (первая половина XIX в.)

In the article, for the first time, was restored the list of the Crimean Tatars who served in the civil service of the Taurida governorate in the first half of the XIX century. The reconstruction was carried out on the basis of «end-to-end» analysis of Address-Calendars and Mesyatseslovs of the Russian Empire. This information can serve as a background information for further research concerning the participation of the Crimean Tatars in the civil service. The facts, presented in the article, also expand understanding of the interaction ways of Russian administration in Taurida with representatives of the old-time population. In addition, the information given in the article, will help to restore previously unknown plages from the life of selected outstanding public and state leaders of the Crimean Tatars.

Jazz in the Works of Composers of Crimeа

Purpose of Article is to analyze the creative achievements of Crimean composers who turned to the musical direction «jazz» and contributed to the formation and development of ethnojazz in the music of the Crimean composers. Methodology. The analytical method was used in the article, which allowed to choose the works of jazz in the creative works of several artists. Owing to the method of comparative analysis, it was possible to compare the features of the work of different composers in this direction, the generalization of the studied problem allowed to formulate the conclusions of the analysis. Scientific novelty. For the first time, a particular aspect of the work of Crimean composers― jazz works ― is analyzed in scientific research. The characteristic feature of jazz works of most Crimean artists is emphasized ― their creation on the verge of tradition and innovation with using rich and original national folklore (ethnojazz). Conclusions. The interest in the Crimean Tatar folklore that has appeared in Crimean composers, including composers of Crimean Tatar origin, has not only disappeared in recent decades but has gained momentum, especially in the work of young composers. It can be said that today there is a whole galaxy of young and incredibly talented composers (E. Izmailov, D. Karikov, E. Saryhalal, U. Bekirov, M. Shorenkov) who, in their works, turn to jazz treatments of the musical folklore of the Crimean Tatars, from one on the other, reviving these folk traditions but in a different form, and on the other, enriching them with modern academic music. In this case, it is logical to conclude that the jazz trend in the works of Crimean composers was and remains very popular and is experiencing a period of its heyday.

“Hate speech” as Technology for Conducting the Hybrid War of the Russian Federation Against Ukraine

The following material is an attempt to analyze the problem of use of new media in the context of Ukrainian-Russian conflict, to explain the «hate speech» as a technology for hybrid warfare and the causes of its occurrence. It is described the issues of the use of hate speech in the East of Ukraine and on the occupied territory of the Crimea. In addition, this research identifies the main social groups against which Russian Federation uses «hate speech». In particular, they are Ukrainians (especially from Western Ukraine), Crimean Tatars, Euromaidan supporters, members of the Majlis of the Crimean Tatar people, сhurchmans, migrants. On the basis of researches of public organizations («Media Detector», «Center for Social Action», «Institute of Mass Media», «Donetsk Institute of Information») in this paper work a qualitative analysis of the situation in the media space is presented. The focus is on the emergence of the phenomenon of intolerance in the media. In addition, it is determined which media often use «hate speech» in their arsenal both from Ukraine and from the Russian Federation. The researcher states that the problem of using «hate speech» in the information space of Ukraine, in particular, Crimea and the eastern regions existed before the occupation. However, from the first days of the hybrid offensive of the Russian Federation, hate speech began to be used in propaganda, and hostile rhetoric became more aggressive. We should note that by supporting the high level of anxiety and hatred in the occupied territory of Ukraine through the media, Russia is creating a platform to create a civil conflict, if necessary. In addition, «hate speech» is used by the Russian authorities to form publicly supportive policy on the territory of the Russian Federation.

Animal’s decorative patternin the substantive world of the crimean tatars

Animal’s decorative patternin the substantive world of the crimean tatars