Crime Situation Research Articles

An analytical study of the service gap vis-à-vis law enforcement agencies: as perceived by women

Crime of different nature against women in India has gained momentum and thereby drawing the attention of policy makers, law enforcement agencies, NGOs and researchers. This study aims to analyse and interpret the service gap and anticipated role of police officials in the purview of expectations and perception of women. The data has been drawn and inferred from the available literature on performance deliverables of police officers and citizen's satisfaction level. Cross sectional research design was applied to study the expectations of women from police officers and measures taken to handle atrocities against them. A sample of 300 respondents (women) was selected employing judgemental and quota sampling techniques. Here, 265 questionnaires were found to be complete in all respect (with a response proportion of 88.33%) and thus included in the study. The findings reveal that satisfaction level of women with the police officers, thereby listing their expectations from the law enforcement agencies in terms of controlling crime situations. It was also discovered that performance management system of the police department lacks the performance deliverables expected by the women in the state of Uttar Pradesh (India).

The life safety and victimization in contemporary world: the experience of empirical measurement

The article is devoted to the study of the empirical measurement of indicators of life safety and victimization of society. Attention is focused on the problems of official statistics regarding the reflection of the real state of the spread of crime, as well as the need to determine its prognostic role and its relationship with state policy, which is aimed at countering and preventing certain types of crimes. The article analyses the world experience of conducting victimological research, particularly in Europe and the United States. The features of the domestic research on the problems underlying the security of the population. Outlines their role in modern criminology, victimology, sociology of security and securitology. The relationship between indicators of safety and the victimization of society is analyzed. Based on data obtained through empirical sociological study "Social inequalities: the perception by the Ukrainian society" conducted with the financial support of International Fund "Revival" of the Sociological Association of Ukraine (SAU) (August-September 2017), attempted to evaluate the level of public security in contemporary Ukraine, its differentiated territorially-administrative units according to their level of victimization. Analyzed the performance of the sense of security as a prerequisite of personal development and building interpersonal relations daily activities. It is proved that the state of security of the individual depends on the level of security and level of victimization. Defined the relationship between sense of security and social status of the informants. Systematic data on the prevalence of such crimes as traffic accidents, thefts, robberies, robberies, crimes against life and health. The comparative analysis of data of official regional statistics in relation to specified offences and the results of sociological and victimological research. Conclusions regarding the objective assessment of the crime situation through the existing system of statistical accounting. The prospects for application of the sociological and victimological research to prevent the spread of crime in our country. Attention is accented on the necessity of sociological indicators to assess the extent of latent crime.

An analytical study of the service gap vis-à-vis law enforcement agencies: as perceived by women

Crime of different nature against women in India has gained momentum and thereby drawing the attention of policy makers, law enforcement agencies, NGOs and researchers. This study aims to analyse and interpret the service gap and anticipated role of police officials in the purview of expectations and perception of women. The data has been drawn and inferred from the available literature on performance deliverables of police officers and citizen's satisfaction level. Cross sectional research design was applied to study the expectations of women from police officers and measures taken to handle atrocities against them. A sample of 300 respondents (women) was selected employing judgemental and quota sampling techniques. Here, 265 questionnaires were found to be complete in all respect (with a response proportion of 88.33%) and thus included in the study. The findings reveal that satisfaction level of women with the police officers, thereby listing their expectations from the law enforcement agencies in terms of controlling crime situations. It was also discovered that performance management system of the police department lacks the performance deliverables expected by the women in the state of Uttar Pradesh (India).

The Subversive Use of Parading Effeminacy by Transgender People in increasing Crime Rate in Bangladesh: A Study on Several Investigating Crime Reports

Transgender or Hijras are human being those who born with sexual deformation. They are considered nor man nor women but the other third gender is known as ‘Hijras’ in Indian-subcontinent. They have different societies that are lead by their leaders known as Guruma. They are strictly controlled by their gurumas and have very limited scope to enroll them in several activities without their permission. So frequently they are influenced by their gurumas to involve in criminal activities and sometimes they do that willingly for the other reasons. This study was an attempt to investigate the reasons for doing such criminal activities by them and to find the effects of such criminal activities in increasing the crime rate in Bangladesh. To conduct this study descriptive research design with a qualitative study was applied. Most of the data were collected from secondary sources like- scholarly articles, newspapers, several online YouTube channels, FBI reports, Bangladesh Police Discipline Security Progress reports and so on. Few data were also collected from primary sources like- directly interviewing transgender people who have sufficient knowledge about criminal activities that are occurring at the present time in Bangladesh. In the case of interviewing, the purposive sampling method was used to select the transgender people as a sample size. The study has found that a number of criminal activities are done by the transgender people in Bangladesh and there are some reasons behind it. If the respective authorities take some necessary steps to reduce the causes then the effects will be ultimately reduced. Finally, the total scenario of the crime situation in Bangladesh will be changed positively and it would be a good place to live in for all regardless of their gender identity.

ТРАНСНАЦІОНАЛЬНА ОРГАНІЗОВАНА ЗЛОЧИННІСТЬ: РИСИ ТА НАПРЯМИ ПРОТИДІЇ

В статті розглянуто основні риси транснаціональної організованої злочинності, що визначаються широким колом чинників політичного, економічного та соціального характеру, які діють на міжнародному рівні. Надано аналіз характеристик та дефініцій цього явища, визначених у проведених в нашій країні наукових дослідженнях. Проаналізовано чинники, що визначають це явище, у тому числі ті, які пов’язані із процесами глобалізації та сприяють транснаціоналізації злочинності. Виокремлено ключові риси транснаціональних організованих злочинних угруповань, що забезпечують їх виживання та максимізацію злочинних прибутків. Наголошується, що такі угрупування мають складну побудову, ієрархічні моделі, у них чітко виокремлюється управлінське ядро та виконавча периферія. Автор указує, що останнім часом злочинні угруповання, які первинно виникали на фундаменті національної чи етнічної ознаки, об’єднуються, налагоджують взаємні зв’язки та встановлюють певні правила ведення свого злочинного бізнесу, більш-менш прийнятні для різних угруповань. Указується, що корупція в організованій злочинній діяльності розглядається як спосіб досягнення, у першу чергу, ринкових переваг та максимізації прибутку. На підставі проведеного аналізу надано пропозиції щодо удосконалення протидії транснаціональній організованій злочинності. Серед них: 1) активізація роботи правоохоронних органів; 2) адекватність правоохоронних дій реальному стану транснаціональної злочинності; 3) нарощування зусиль у боротьбі з етнічною злочинністю; 4) вдосконалення засобів правової протидії транснаціональній організованій злочинності; 5) подальший розвиток взаємодії правоохоронних органів України із правоохоронними органами зарубіжних країн; 6) вдосконалення системи протидії транснаціональній організованій злочинності та корупції всередині України.

Characteristics of Victims in Child Sexual Abuse Cases in Southern Provinces and Cities of Vietnam and Prevention Solutions

The right to protection of human life, health, dignity and honor is the sacred and noble right, recognized in the Constitution and protected by the Vietnamese Criminal law. However, in the pass years, the situation of crimes of sexual assault including child sexual abuse in Southern provinces and cities which are 32 provinces and cities from Da Nang to Ca Mau has been complicated both in number and nature of activities. In this paper, the author intends to investigate the criminal situation, characteristics of victims in child sexual abuse cases, legal framework of prevention measures, as well as some recommendations for Vietnam.

Neutrosophic Cognitive Maps for Situation Analysis

There are various factors which lead to the criminal behaviour in humans. Prominent re-searchers monitoring the situation of crime in Nigeria cite poverty, unemployment, family-breakdown, bribing & corruption,lack of co-operation from public and negative perception of police to be the major causesbehind criminal behaviour.The factors likeunderemployment, inadequateequipment, NGOs are not taken into accountby the researchersbecause theseare considered to beindeterminate.To show how these indeterminate factors are actually related to crime in Nigeria we model the situation mathe-matically using FCMs and NCMs.The work also shows how efficient is the technique of Neutrosophic Cognitive Maps (NCM) against Fuzzy Cognitive Maps (FCM) to deal with the uncertainties and inde-terminacyinSituationAnalysis.The obtained results are interpreted which demonstrate the im-portance of indeterminate factors in analysing the situation of crime in Nigeria. This shows how inde-terminate factors when taken into consideration could enhance the accuracy and efficiency of mathe-matical models using the concept of Neutrosophic Cognitive Maps.

CSAN: A neural network benchmark model for crime forecasting in spatio-temporal scale

Understanding the evolving discipline of crime situations is a long-standing but significant problem. Former methods prefer the stochastic modeling of the crime phenomenon in physics or statistical equations, which are elegant in theoretical explanations but less efficient in real applications. Recently, some data-driven models, especially neural network models, are illustrating promising performance in capturing dynamics of the complex phenomenon, and available massive dataset enables the task-beneficial information utilization. However, there exist several difficulties in regional crime situation awareness, including the high dimensionality, the intractable correlations as well as information redundancies in spatio-temporal dataset. To achieve efficient information processing and disentangle relationships from a recent crime dataset of fifteen years, we construct the crime situation awareness network (CSAN) as a new benchmark forecasting model via integrating structures of variational auto-encoders and context-based sequence generative neural network. Final experiments demonstrate that CSAN mostly outperforms other commonly-used spatio-temporal forecasting algorithms, such as Conv-LSTM, in regional multi-type crime frequency prediction.

Criminological Scenarios of Crime Situation’s Transformation in the Context of Armed Conflict on Donbass in the Midterm

The article is focused on the study of crime transformation in Ukraine, depending on the probable course of the armed conflict on Donbass and the construction of criminological scenarios on its basis of changing its status. It has been noted that the construction of predictive criminological scenarios for changing the crime situation for the relevant time perspective is perspective for their use in the development of strategic program documents for the implementation of the state policy in the field of combating crime. To achieve this goal, the author of the paper has used appropriate methodological tools, which include: dialectical and general scientific methods of cognition (analysis, synthesis), as well as scripted methodology (expert and matrix approaches). It has been noted that the scriptural forecasting methodology is currently underused in domestic criminological research. It is considered relevant to understand the development of possible criminological scenarios of crime situation in Ukraine in terms of both changes in the course of the situation in the East of Ukraine, and taking into account the development of related problems in different spheres of public life (social, economic, political, military). Based on the use of scenario methodology, the author has formed six criminological scenarios (realistic, optimistic, negative – pessimistic) of the transformation of crime situation in the midterm (2019-2022). The author has expertly substantiated the highest probability of developing a crime situation in the midterm in the following three scenarios: “Stagnation and slight increase” (most realistic), “Control and security” (optimistic), “Turbulent crime” (negative). It has been proved that the development of probable criminological scenarios will depend on the intensity of external and internal threats to national security. Taking into account the available prognostic research in the military and political sphere and the results of own expert poll, we support the position of domestic experts that solution of the conflict on Donbass will remain in the stagnant form (“no war, no peace”) in the nearest future, which is going to affect the possibility of developing the most realistic and optimistic criminological scenarios.
 The author has substantiated the possibility of taking into account various criminological scenarios for the development (correction) of crime impact strategies by law enforcement agencies as well as for the formation of the relevant state programs.

Challenges in Contract Murder Investigations

The research dwells on the issues of combating contract murders, in particular, investigation-related issues, interactions between the police and other law enforcement agencies and aspects of certain investigative activities. The authors study the specifics of this crime type and its reasons. They reveal criminalistic features of contract murders, including a crime situation and the identity of victims and offenders. The authors also examine scientific works related to counteracting contract murders, analyze different scientific opinions and develop an algorithm for investigating this type of crimes. They provide examples of law enforcement and focus on the investigation of contract murders. As a result, certain recommendations for investigating and preventing contract murders are given.

FROM THE HISTORY OF FORENSIC EXAMINATION IN THE URALS

Introduction. The purpose of this work is the formation and development of forensic examination in the Ural region, where the crime situation has always been difficult.Methods. The article provides particular examples of the use of special knowledge in the field of criminology in the Urals already at the turn of XVII century. Particular attention is paid to the stages of development of expert business in the Sverdlovsk region in the coming years, shows the role of the state in improving the expert service.Results. Examples of the Ural experts’ activities in the past and present, the significance of their findings in the detection of serious crimes are given as illustrations.Conclusions. Emphasizes the effectiveness of the application of modern scientific achievements in the production of forensic examinations at the present time. The trends of improvement of this service in the future are projected in accordance with the development of scientific and technical progress.

International Cooperation to Prevent and Combat Transnational Drug Trafficking at Border Locations: A Case Study of Vietnam

Vietnam has recorded as one of the new areas in the transnational flows of illicit at Southeast Asia. Locating at the close outbound of the Golden Triangle – the second hub of opium cultivation around the world, Vietnam has been impacting, directly or indirectly, on drug production, consumption, and trafficking in recent years. Meanwhile, at the current moment, in Vietnam, the situation of a drug crime has been experiencing complicated happenings with increasingly sophisticated, artful nature and artifice. This paper provides the overall background of Vietnam via clarifying a geographical feature to impact on borderlines on land and sea about the Southeast Asia region. Besides, the study analyses the picture of the current situation of drug trafficking in Vietnam, particularly focusing on trends and patterns of drug-related crimes in the borderland and on the sea routes among Vietnam and other shared borders, including China, Cambodia, and Laos. Main reasons to explain why Vietnam has been becoming as a transnational hub in the region that also assess carefully in the next section before demonstrating the role of Vietnam’s authorities to cooperate and collaborate with other nations to combat transnational drug trafficking. Some recommendations and proposals to improve the effectiveness of international cooperation to fight drug-related crimes are also called for further researches. Keywords: Drug trafficking; Borderland; Transnational Crimes; ASEAN; Anti-Narcotics Crime Investigation Police Department (ANCIPD); International Cooperation; Law Enforcement Agencies (LEAs); Vietnam DOI : 10.7176/JLPG/85-24 Publication date :May 31 st 2019

Actual situation of computer crime in the credit and financial sphere of Ukraine (modern aspects)

The purpose of the article is to study computer crimes in the credit and financial sphere based on elements of forensic characteristics of crimes and analysis of the ways of their commission. The relevance of the study is due to the rapid increase in the number of computer crimes in the credit and financial sphere and the low level of their disclosure. The research was conducted using the method of system analysis and synthesis of information obtained from criminal proceedings, as well as reports from the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine and the National Police of Ukraine, from 2014 to 2018. The most actual motives and methods of committing computer crimes in the financial sphere have been analyzed and it has been established that during the period of Ukraine’s independence, the level of economic crimes has increased by almost 300%. The increase in the number of crimes contributes to the distrust of the injured party to the law enforcement agencies, savings of funds of financial institutions on cyber security, low level of information security of the financial sphere of Ukraine, lack of clear coordination between the relevant departments, which are responsible for the investigation of these crimes. The necessity of conducting separate investigative actions at the initial stage of the investigation has been justified in order to facilitate the rapid identification of the suspect, causing material damage and, in general, the investigation process.

Mindset Kinetics and Crime Behavior- Quantitative Methods? A New Forensic Quantitative Approach. How Biochemistry, Toxicology, Imaging Principle Can Help in Jurisdictional Settings

Often is possible to say: One second after often is too much. In many crime situation mindset kinetics of amygdala, limbic system, thalamus is a crucial aspect to be adequately considered in jurisdictional settings.

Mindset Kinetics and Crime Behavior-Quantitative Methods? A New Forensic Quantitative Approach. How Biochemistry, Toxicology, Imaging Principle Can Help in Jurisdictional Settings

Often is possible to say: One second after often is too much. In many crime situation mindset kinetics of amygdala, limbic system, thalamus is a crucial aspect to be adequately considered in jurisdictional settings.

Проблематика противодействия коррупции в контексте приоритетов национальной безопасности

Through the prism of the priorities of Russian national security and social values, given the crime situation, the state branch of the legislative framework, enforcement practices and reform processes in conjunction with completed and implemented national plans against corruption, we made an attempt to define the boundaries of issues of counteraction to such a phenomenon as “corruption” in strategic and other documents, using elements of retrospective analysis. We reveal the aspects concerning how “yesterday and today” the corruption problem positioned/positioning in the political and legal and, in particular, in the criminal-legal contexts? Is it seen as a major challenge or threat to national security? In close interrelation with the considered problem the separate directions of activity in the economic security sphere and economic growth maintenance are touched. As a consequence, we focus attention on the problem of corruption in relation to the regional cross-section. In conclusion, we give a brief overview of some kind of legislative reforms results, which allowed today the subjects of combating corruption to radically improve the work in this direction. At the same time, the issues of expected new changes in the legislation, which will have an impact on the development of law enforcement practice, were touched upon in an aspect-wise manner.

Reseña. Del populismo penal a la punitividad: la política penal en Colombia en el siglo XXI

A lo largo de la historia, el populismo se ha definido como aquel fenómeno generador de disgustos políticos en todo el mundo, ya que crea situaciones de inseguridad y criminalidad, lo que pone en riesgo los intereses jurídicos implicados. Esto trae como consecuencia altos costos políticos sin que haya algún beneficio para ciertos grupos a los cuales se les manipulan intereses propios.

Reseña. Del populismo penal a la punitividad: la política penal en Colombia en el siglo XXI

Throughout history, populism has been defined as a phenomenon that brings political unrest around the world, as it creates situations of insecurity and crime, which puts at risk the legal interests involved. This results in high political costs without there being any benefit for certain groups to which they manipulate their own interests.

Mapping method in research of drug crime regional criminological features (Ukraine taken as an example)

General national average drug crime rates on which the contemporary criminological theory and practice is based do not adequately reflect regional peculiarities in the field of illicit drug trafficking as they level high quality/quantity parameters in some areas and their lower values in others. Still, consideration of only national totals in organization of crime counteraction leads to incomplete information, neglecting its negative trends in certain areas, thus, causing aberration of the actual drug crime situation and using improper countermeasures. Under such circumstances the state law enforcement agencies do not operate preemptively against the illicit drug trafficking, do not contain in due time outbreaks of drug crime in certain areas- crime donors, and, as a result, the efficiency of steps aimed at drug addiction prevention as well as crime limitation in total becomes substantively deteriorated. Criminological mapping method enables the territorial police divisions to monitor existing criminological situation, inform the public and other law enforcement agencies on trends and locations of drug crime expansion, and reveal the most affected areas to be able to react promptly to crime pattern changes in regions. The application of this method enabled the evident demonstration of the fact that in Ukraine the Eastern and Southern areas were most affected by drug crime, wherein the affection factor in this part is twice higher than general national value.

STAGES OF FORMATION OF PROFESSIONAL PREPAREDNESS OF PATROL AND SECURITY POLICE EMPLOYEES

The stages of formation of professional preparedness of patrol and security police department employees are theoretically substantiated in the article. The patrol and security police department employees from Kyiv and Zhytomyr regions (n=92) took part in the investigation. The analysis of scientific literature and statutory documents regulating professional training of the National Police of Ukraine employees was carried out. The content of the “professional preparedness of the police officer” term was clarified. The stages of formation of professional preparedness of police employees, which include the stage of professional self-determination, professional formation and professional growth, were distinguished. Based on the conducted research, the noncompliance of the physical preparedness level of the patrol and security police employees with the crime situation requirements in the country was established.