Crime Situation Research Articles

The Current Situation and Countermeasures of Cyber Crime Under the Korean PENDEMIC: Focused on the Northern Gyeonggi Province Investigation

Purpose: In this study, the actual situation of cyber crimes under the pendemic situation of 12 police stations under the Gyeonggi Northern Police Agency, which occurred mainly in the northern Gyeonggi province, was investigated, and the countermeasures were studied by identifying how users motivations for using them affect their perception of criminal behavior. Method: Based on this, the study is meaningful in that it provides basic data for preventing future cyber crimes and responding to cyber crimes. Although the Korean police only exposed the actual situation of cyber direct transaction fraud, game fraud, shopping mall fraud, and other crimes using messengers under the pendemic state, we will also shed light on cyber crimes such as Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, Toc, and Telegram, which are metaverses. There is a need. Results: As for the monthly occurrence of cyber crimes of the Northern Provincial Police Agency, there were 642 cases of direct transaction fraud in November 2019, during the early phase of the pandemic due to Corona 19, 2 cases of shopping mall scams, 78 cases of game scams, and 34 cases of other messenger scams. In December 2019, 336 cases of direct transaction fraud occurred, 3 cases of shopping mall scams, 29 cases of game scams, and 28 cases of other messenger scams. Conclusion: When the police who leave brilliant cultural achievements think about the status of police officers leading the advanced social and national security administration in the era of national income of 30,000 dollars, they dream of cyber culture safety. The police, dreaming of the advent of the peaceful era of cyber culture, stand for the benefit of the people you ll have to do it.

Instytucjonalna reakcja państwa wobec przestępczości w Rosji

This dissertation examines criminality in Russia. It presents actual crime situation and judicial activities between 2009 and 2018 as well as dynamics and structure of committed crime. In addition, the Author introduces figures, structure, main features of the sentenced and imposed penalties. These considerations lead to the assumption that during the period of crime decrease in Russia, penalties become to be really harsh. Both statistical analysis of state authorities and criminological literature were used in the research.

О мерах предупреждения хищений сотовых телефонов

Despite the fact that in recent years a number of committed crimes in Russia has decreased in general due to the taken measures, crimes against property are still prevalent within the overall structures of crime and considered a major problem. Theft of cell phones has a special place in this structure.
 It is worth noting that although the cell phones have acquired many additional functions, in recent years they are no longer the luxury goods and are in the category of everyday things that are now necessary (and available) for almost all classes of citizens. An analysis of the market for cell phone sales in Russia shows that over the last years the number of cell phones has increased significantly, while in large Russian cities their number equaled the number of residents (which means 100 phones per 100 inhabitants).
 The author, on the basis of statistics, points out a clear trend of continued growth in sales of smartphones, as well as an expansion of the market for expensive devices.
 Based on data on crime situation generally the article further shows that theft make up more than half of all crimes committed. This number, of course, includes theft of cell phones, but due to the lack of data on this specific type of theft, it is difficult to determine where they stand in the overall picture.
 The author provides a classification of this type of crime according to the place and the ways these crimes are committed, illustrating them with the materials of particular criminal cases, and gives practical recommendations to mobile phone users that will reduce the risk of smartphone theft.
 Having studied the domestic and foreign (UK, USA) experience in the field of combating such crimes, the author examines a number of measures aimed at preventing cell phone theft.
 The author believes that the solution to these problems in particular may be the adoption of a law on the state database of mobile phones, as has already been done in some foreign countries.

ВПЛИВ ІНФРАСТРУКТУРИ ЛУГАНСЬКОЇ ОБЛАСТІ НА ЯКІСТЬ ЖИТТЯ НАСЕЛЕННЯ: ОЦІНКА ТА РЕКОМЕНДАЦІЇ

The article presents the results of the analysis of housing and communal, industrial, agricultural, energy, transport and social infrastructure of Luhansk region in order to determine its impact on the quality of life of the population of the region. Usually the quality of life is assessed directly through a system of developed indicators and indices aimed at studying certain aspects of human life and society. It is revealed that in order to conduct an adequate assessment of the quality of life of the population in Ukraine, a national matrix of indicators should be used, which is maximally adapted to state statistics. It is established that the destruction and decline of the infrastructure of the Luhansk region occurred due to hostilities in eastern Ukraine, so the infrastructure is not able to ensure a decent quality of life. In Luhansk region it is planned to implement infrastructure projects, but all this necessitates the development of recommendations to improve the quality of life in the controlled areas of Luhansk region in coherence with the provisions of the Economic Development Strategy of Donetsk and Luhansk regions until 2030. Based on the results of the matrix analysis, it was concluded that almost all indicators of the quality of life of the population should be improved due to the availability of appropriate measures in the Strategy of Economic Development of Donetsk and Luhansk oblasts. An indicator such as the criminogenic situation in the region caused alarm. The strategy of economic development of Donetsk and Luhansk oblasts does not contain direct measures to improve the criminogenic situation in Luhansk oblast. Therefore, the primary recommendation to improve the quality of life of the population of the Luhansk region is proposed - the development of targeted measures to improve the crime situation. Because this aspect of the quality of life of the population is crucial in areas close to the conflict zone. And the development of additional targeted measures should take place at the state or subregional level. The strategy of economic development of Donetsk and Luhansk regions for the period up to 2030 contains a specific direction and measures to improve the quality of life of people, so the intensification of infrastructure development will increase the local economic effect.

Legal bases of circulation of cold weapons in Ukraine.

The scientific article determines the current state of legal regulation of the circulation of cold steel in Ukraine and also analyzes the latest bills to regulate this issue. A study of the social climate and opinions of Ukrainian citizens on the free possession of cold steel is conducted. The study identified the concept of «cold steel» and its qualifications. The analysis of normative documents in which the classification of types of cold steel and methods of forensic research are considered is carried out. The main criteria the category of cold steel are defined. The articles summarize the lack of certain means of cold steel, as well as the methodology itself, which determines which weapon belongs to the category of cold steel, and this language presupposes the presence of certain technical parameters. This situation creates a huge space for abuse both by experts, which can distort the results of the examination and by unscrupulous sellers, which can lead to a false phenomenon of possession of completely legal weapons and as a consequence may lead to criminal prosecution of Ukrainian citizens for part 2 of Article 263 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine «Illegal handling of weapons, ammunition or explosives». To resolve this controversial issue, our own methodology and criteria for classifying certain means as «cold steel» as well as decriminalization of liability for carrying a cold weapon are proposed, because the Code of Administrative Offenses of Ukraine contains certain articles that already provide for liability for improper acquisition and storage of cold steel. Thus, today in Ukraine it is urgent to adopt a law on arms, which will clearly define such concepts as cold steel, research methods that will be simple and clear to anyone, whether he is a citizen of Ukraine or not, because many abuses by police officers who demand bribes in connection with this issue or take away items of historical or simply material value. There is no legal regulation of civil armaments in Ukraine, and therefore it cannot categorically raise the issue of criminal liability for committing certain actions in the absence of legal regulation of public relations in response to these issues. Criminological research has long and convincingly proven that punishment has never and nowhere been among the main deterrents to committing crimes. The existence of absurdly strict laws has never had a positive effect on the crime situation in the country.

ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ОРГАНІЗАЦІЇ ВЗАЄМОДІЇ ЧАСТИН І ПІДРОЗДІЛІВ НАЦІОНАЛЬНОЇ ГВАРДІЇ УКРАЇНИ, НАЦІОНАЛЬНОЇ ПОЛІЦІЇ УКРАЇНИ ТА ІНШИХ ПРАВООХОРОННИХ ОРГАНІВ У СФЕРІ ОХОРОНИ ГРОМАДСЬКОГО ПОРЯДКУ І ЗАБЕЗПЕЧЕННЯ ГРОМАДСЬКОЇ БЕЗПЕКИ

The main forms, methods and problems of interaction of the National Police of Ukraine, other law enforcement agencies with units of the National Guard of Ukraine in performing tasks of public order and public safety, especially to ensure public order during mass events and riots, based on the current regulatory framework, problematic issues related to the experience of law enforcement tasks by both domestic and foreign law enforcement forces in the context of globalization processes that have covered all spheres of public life in the world. Ukraine is no exception, especially against the backdrop of a hybrid armed confrontation in the southeast with units and subdivisions of the Russian Armed Forces and its mercenaries. Currently in Ukraine, against the background of a hybrid war with Russia, radical socio-economic and political changes are underway, which in most cases are slowing down due to exacerbation of the crime situation, rising organized crime, high probability of large-scale riots, especially in Kyiv, protection of law and order of the maximum concentration of efforts on the main directions of counteraction to the aggressive criminal environment, at stages of development and realization of strategy and tactics of struggle adequate to these displays. The purpose of the article is to substantiate the improvement of forms and methods of organizing the interaction of the National Guard of Ukraine with the National Police of Ukraine and other law enforcement agencies in protecting public order and ensuring public safety and solving problems given the imperfection of the current legal framework.

Obedience to authority, cognitive and affective responses and leadership style in relation to a non-normative order: the Milgram experiment

The influence of the context on behavioral and emotional reactions to a war crime situation military cadets (N = 315) is analyzed. The study is based on Milgram’s experience and the tragedy of My Lai.It examines personal and peer obedience to an anti-normative order (asking participants whether they would obey an order to shoot unarmed civilians) in five vignettes or scenarios that reproduce Milgram’s conditions and MyLai scenario. This is an experimental between-within study of five scenarios by two conditions (Milgram, 1974). Personal and collective obedience of other military, emotional reactions and values of Schwartz (2012) were measured. Showing enhancement of self-bias it is reported that the pairs would be more likely to shoot than one would. Replicating Milgrams’s results, obedience is greater when the order is given directly by an authority, and lower when there is conflict between authorities and peers rebel. Confirming that identification with humanity and not just with the in-group may prompt respondents to reject an anti-normative order, values of transcendence of the self are associated with less obedience and congruent emotional reactions. Self-perceived transformational leadership was associated with positive emotions towards peer that disobey to fire. However a transformational style perceived in the superior was associated to positive emotions by respect to soldier who open fire, adding information on the potential dark side of this leadership style. The relevance of personal values, leadership style and affectivity in military context is discussed.

현행 범죄소년 처우제도 개선방안의 허와 실 - 현행 소년범죄 대상 재판 전 개입제도를 중심으로 -

In recent years, violent crimes such as the ferocity, intelligence, wide-area, low-age, increase in crimes without motivation, cybercrime, and flight from the middle class have been increasing day by day. Committing crimes similar to adult crimes, such as crimes against humanity, is causing enormous repercussions to our society. It is no exaggeration to say that the future of a country is determined by the youth of its time and is directly related to the fate of the community. It is with the fate of the community that these young people grow up properly. However, rapid social development has become an understandable social problem, causing confusion in values due to unstable youth materialism and the social environment of entrance exam hell, leading to youth sex crimes and school violence, which have recently become an issue. Realizing this seriousness, despite numerous papers on juvenile crime and flight and countermeasures, the study investigated the recent situation of juvenile crime and suggested measures taken by the local community, police, correction, and government. First of all, households need to gain trust through improving relationships between family members and help their children grow properly with continuous interest, and in the community, older generations need to clean up harmful environments and control them according to norms. Schools where teenagers spend most of their time should quickly understand their psychological conditions and protect their schools through activation after school, diversification of formal curriculum programs. The future of Korea will also brighten as older generations take the lead in preventing juvenile crime, with all members of society showing patience and continuous and warm interest in teenagers, so that they do not become alienated from school and at home. It is becoming an important social problem to understand by leading to juvenile sex crimes and school violence. Realizing this seriousness, despite numerous papers on the current status and countermeasures for juvenile crime and flight, the study studied the recent status of juvenile crime and suggested measures taken by the local community, police, correction, and government.

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The article reveals the problem of combating human trafficking as a criminal phenomenon and one of the global problems of mankind. Based on the analysis of the practice of anti-trafficking entities in Ukraine and Poland, a set of theoretical and practical issues related to the criminalization of human trafficking and legal analysis of the criminal offense under the current legislation of these countries is covered. It is noted that unlike Ukraine, which in most cases is a donor country for victims of trafficking, the Republic of Poland is a destination and transit country in this area of criminal business. The current state of human trafficking in Ukraine and Poland, the causes and conditions of this phenomenon, some determinants that lead to the commission of criminal offenses of this category in these countries are analyzed. One of the key factors has been found to be domestic violence, a particular issue that in itself needs to be addressed immediately. Therefore, an effective solution to one of the outlined problems is impossible without positive steps in solving the other. Attention is focused on the lack of definition of the term �trafficking in human beings� in the criminal law of both countries whose experience is being studied. In Ukraine, the legislator has distinguished a certain feature, in particular, in contrast to international acts, human trafficking has identified as a separate form of criminal offense, different from its main forms. The relationship between human trafficking, labour migration and domestic violence is considered, the consequences of labour migration for the social and economic sphere are analyzed; some differences for Ukraine and the Republic of Poland are identified, some statistical data and forecasts of specialists are given. In the context of the study, the concept of �social orphan hood� and its long-term impact on the crime situation and public life in the country is revealed. The activities of international organized criminal groups, including those formed in Poland and Ukraine, extend to all regions of the world and have reached a level previously inaccessible to them. The creating of sustainable channels for illegal migration and human trafficking is one of the most lucrative areas and areas of transnational organized crime in Eastern Europe. It is proposed to effectively combat these negative phenomena by developing an international strategy for joint action, to unite the efforts of law enforcement agencies and other actors in combating human trafficking in both donor and transit countries and to designate �living goods� at the regional and national levels. It is noted that attention should be paid not only to the fight against the very phenomenon of modern slavery, but also to its consequences and, most importantly, to the determinants.

Countering Migration Legislation Violations as a Modern Threat to National Security

Introduction: the paper investigates migration situation in the country, reasons and prerequisites for migration-related crime, and identifies features of state prevention of migration offenses. Aim: by analyzing current migration situation, to identify problems in the field of migration-related offenses and how to counteract them at the current stage of society development. Methods: general scientific dialectical method of cognition, comparative legal method, empirical methods of description and interpretation; method of interpretation of legal norms. Results: having analyzed manifestations of migration-related crime we determine its signs, internal content, essence, types, and objectivity of existence; this allows us to put forward ways to counteract the current state of this type of crime. Conclusions: when studying how migration offenses are counteracted, we propose a number of measures that can change the existing crime situation in the migration sphere. Among them: strengthening the registration of migrants when passing the state border; increasing the responsibility of an unscrupulous employer who provides work to migrants in violation of current legislation, obliging unscrupulous employers to cover expenses related to the expulsion of illegally located migrants, strengthening the responsibility of the employer; tightening the sanctions of existing legislation for submission of false documents for registration by migrants and for registration based on false documents; strengthening the functional activities of the Federal Migration Service by granting it the right to perform intelligence-gathering activities and interaction with operative units of law enforcement agencies engaged in such activities; determining the priority of external and operative services to identify the facts of illegal stay of migrants in the territory of the metropolis; establishment of a single codified act – the migration code, regulating legal relations arising in the migration sphere. Keywords: migration-related crime; labor migration; uncontrolled migration of labor resources; legal status; victimization; migration diasporas.

Risk assessment of VAT invoice crime levels of companies based on DFPSVM: a case study in China

In recent years, with the implementation of the policy of “Replacing Business Tax with Value-Added Tax” and “Streamlining Administration, Delegating Powers and Improving Regulation and Services” in China, criminals have been issuing false invoices, and such cases have shown a trend of high frequency in the category of economic crimes. Tax departments and public security departments are facing increasingly a serious crime situation that has created a new challenge. By studying the current trend of false invoice crime, the difficulties of investigation in such cases are analyzed. Using the tax information of enterprises that have conducted false invoice as the breakthrough point, the machine learning method is introduced to build a risk pre-warning assessment model based on the Support Vector Machine (SVM) method to detect enterprises issuing false invoices. Three steps were designed in this paper. First, a risk pre-warning assessment model was established to detect enterprises issuing false invoices. Second, enterprises were classified into three groups according to the risk levels: A, B, and C. Third, collected data were used to make an empirical analysis, and the results show that the accuracy rate of the model is 97%. In China, due to the high crime rate of tax fraud cases, it is important to obtain data from tax and public security departments to establish a model that can detect such crimes as early as possible. The police and tax authorities can use this model to jointly combat such crimes.

POLICIJSKE RACIJE U TEORIJI I PRAKSI – KRIMINALISTIČKI RELIKT ILI GOLA DEMONSTRACIJA SILE

The paper first discusses the normative regulation of the raid, as a type of restriction of movement in a certain area, which is carried out by the police, and then this action is viewed as a criminalistic institute and its evolution is followed through scientific interest in the mentioned phenomenon. Frequent application of raids in domestic police practice could, at first glance, give it the epithet of a useful tool in the fight against crime. The author tried to examine this thesis through empirical research of raids in catering facilities on the territory of Serbia, conducted during 2017 and 2019, in which the sample consisted of a total of 738 respondents, 442 citizens and 296 members of the Ministry of Interior of the Republic of Serbia. Parameters related to the preparation, objectives, implementation, outcomes and analysis of the conducted raids were analyzed by descriptive statistics, correlation method and interview, as well as the subjective feeling of respondents regarding the frequency and justification of implementing such a measure. The obtained data were interpreted in the discussion through the prism of comparative practice and relevant studies on this type of police activity, within the strategies of enhanced police action (hot spot policing) and their effects on the situation of crime. In this way, author tried to popularize the issue of raids in the scientific framework and to improve the practical criminalistic and police activities, as scientific and social goals of this paper. The results of the research show that the raids are well received both among police officers and among citizens, although there is no clear evidence of their positive effects on crime prevention. In the absence of domestic ones, the author referred to the relevant foreign researches, which notice several main weaknesses of this kind of police action on criminal hotspots – short-term effects and the so-called. “spillovers” of crime. In the end, instead of spectacular large-scale actions, among which the majority of affected are ordinary citizens, the creators of police action strategies are suggested an individual approach in solving the problem of crime.

Problems of Establishing Malfeasance in Bankruptcy

The elements of a crime provided for in Part 1, 2, Art. 195 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation include a crime situation as a feature of the objective side, i.e. the presence of signs of bankruptcy, the exact establishment of the moment of occurrence of which allows us to clearly determine the time limits of the criminal law prohibition in relation to acts under Part 1, 2 of Art. 195 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. Meanwhile, the understanding of the situation of illegal actions in bankruptcy in special literature and judicial practice is based on a literal, and not substantive, understanding of the provisions of the legislation on insolvency, to which the dispositions of the above offenses are referred. In this regard, when classifying the offense under Part 1, 2, Art. 195 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, criminologists propose to be guided in fact by procedural presumptions of insolvency and the grounds for initiating a case on the debtor’s insolvency. Current judicial practice follows the same path. The stated understanding is not only methodologically incorrect, but also significantly reduces the criminal law potential of the mentioned norms of criminal law by narrowing the scope of their action. In turn, the paper pays attention to the substantive and legal grounds for stating that the debtor has signs of bankruptcy, which should be taken into account when classifying the deed as illegal actions in bankruptcy. The authors formulates his own position on the question of determining the moment of the emergence of the situation of the investigated crimes.

Восстановительная программа «Круг сообщества» в профилактике девиантного поведения подростков в условиях ЦССВ

The article is devoted to the discussion of the rehabilitation program “Community Circle” and its ap-plication for the pupils of the Centers for the Promotion of Family Education. The specified program is based on a system of theoretical representations of the concept of the Rehabilitation Approach, as well as procedures and techniques used in a situation of crime, conflict, in circumstances of growing misunderstanding, alienation and tension in relations between people. The Community Circle pro-gram is a special form of organizing a dialogue that contributes to the resolution of conflict situations in an atmosphere of support and respect for the personality of the adolescents in a difficult life situa-tion, with the direct participation of all interested adults involved in his upbringing and development.

Krivičnopravni izazovi u Republici Srbiji za vreme pandemije COVID-19

The pandemic caused by the spread of the infectious disease COVID-19, which affected the entire planet, caused not only the global health crisis, changing the usual way of life of the majority of the world's population, but also affected almost all areas of the state and social system. The health systems were most affected; however, in addition to them, the effects of measures adopted by national legislators or other competent authorities to eliminate or reduce the risk of spreading the disease have affected, inter alia, economic stability, but also challenged the judicial authorities given that in the new circumstances it was not easy to ensure their normal functioning. This primarily refers to the criminal justice, given the importance of cases and the need for urgent action, since it is necessary to ensure the conduct of trials and the work of all procedural entities in conditions that, at least in one period, implied drastic restrictions on some basic civil and human rights and freedoms. In that context, it is especially important to review the justification and legality of the measures introduced in the Republic of Serbia during the state of emergency with the aim of more or less normal operation of the judicial system in conditions when social life was almost completely paralyzed. In addition, there is the question of what challenges and controversial issues are generally posed before criminal law in a pandemic, as well as the analysis of data on the crime rate and the overall crime situation in the Republic of Serbia in the period since the introduction of the state of emergency and during the pandemic.

Examining Community Participation in Crime Prevention in Rural Peshawar, Pakistan

Crime is a common phenomenon in rural and urban sectors, yet both the settings are not uniformly exposed to it. Indigenous communities’ engagement in crime deterrence activities has now appeared as an alternative and effective approach towards crime prevention and security maintenance around the globe. Like urban areas, the rural areas in Pakistan are also notorious with all kinds of criminal acts. Scarcity of required updated equipment, resources and poor infrastructure is the main bottleneck that has circumscribed the police capacity to detect and prevent criminal acts in rural societies. Subsequently, alarming crime rate and ineffective functioning of law enforcement agencies (LEAs) has led rural sectors to adopt community policing strategy to protect the society from potential criminal threats. Considering the aforementioned debate, this study was designed to examine community participation in crime prevention in rural areas of Peshawar district of Pakistan. This study has incorporated social capital theory to analyze the prospects of community policing in crime control. Mixed data collection method was used to find out innate capacity of crime prevention of local rural communities of Peshawar. The researcher adopted simple random sampling technique where 370 respondents were selected for information collection. In-depth interviews were also conducted with Station House Officers (SHOs), to find out more about the situation of the criminal activities in the area. Comprehensive survey was conducted, and the collected data was analyzed by using descriptive statistics and Markov chain analysis. It was found that the study area was vulnerable to multifarious criminal acts. Ranging from drug trafficking, violent conflicts, and aggravated assault to the theft being conspicuously prevalent in the rural sector and agricultural commodities were mostly stolen during harvest period. The results validate that dearth of developed infrastructure, inadequate police presence, and government reluctance in providing job opportunities to the emerging youth bulge has unpleasant the crime situation in the research area. Although local community policing was found as an effective strategy to deter crime from the past five years, unfortunately it lacks the institutional capacity to deter crime at broader level. Poor allocation of funds by the government and no surveillance of higher officials were creating hindrance in effective implementation of community policing. This study also found a communication gap between LAEs and local community because of police infectiveness and departmental trust deficit. It was concluded that despite countrywide adoption of community policing strategy in Pakistan, its rural sector is drastically lagging behind in implementation. Hence, the study suggests skill development and training programs that will not only absorb unemployed youth but will also help to reduce crime rate. Moreover, inclusive public-police partnership is mandatory to bridge the trust gap and to secure peace and security. Similarly, through effective socialization regarding crime awareness by all social agents such as family, schools, neighborhood and religious institutions, community can reduce deviant acts can promote compliance behaviors of its members. Infrastructure such as good roads, electricity, CCTV and communication facilities should be developed by the government and private organizations without excluding community members who constitute the social capital. As, developed infrastructure not only act as a buttress to socio-economic development of any society but also help in crime prevention and deterrence.

Использование конфессионально-педагогических форм работы с несовершеннолетними в воспитании патриотизма и профилактике экстремизма

Religious extremism is a very dangerous form of extremism. Awareness of this phenomenon is a complex methodological task, as the phenomenon is multifaceted, dynamically changing and not amenable to the usual scientific and analytical research. The transition of radicals to the methods of individual propaganda, introduction into the information space, including through the Internet allows them to act, bypassing the laws of the Russian Federation. Masquerading as religious preachers, extremists feel comfortable on the field of ideological struggle. Today we should not talk about individual cases of underage recruitment into the ranks of the radicals, and the dissemination of ideas of religious extremism among young people and adolescents. Based on the analysis of the actual crime situation in the teenage and youth environment, as well as in connection with the necessity of understanding major changes in the civil-Patriotic consciousness of the modern representatives of the younger generations are offered in this article to the consideration of some religious and educational forms of work with minors as methods of Patriotic education and prevention of extremism.

CNN-Based Voice Emotion Classification Model for Risk Detection

With the convergence and development of the Internet of things (IoT) and artificial intelligence, closed-circuit television, wearable devices, and artificial neural networks have been combined and applied to crime prevention and follow-up measures against crimes. However, these IoT devices have various limitations based on the physical environment and face the fundamental problem of privacy violations. In this study, voice data are collected and emotions are classified based on an acoustic sensor that is free of privacy violations and is not sensitive to changes in external environments, to overcome these limitations. For the classification of emotions in the voice, the data generated from an acoustic sensor are combined with the convolution neural network algorithm of an artificial neural network. Short-time Fourier transform and wavelet transform as frequency spectrum representation methods are used as preprocessing techniques for the analysis of a pattern of acoustic data. The preprocessed spectrum data are represented as a 2D image of the pattern of emotion felt through hearing, which is applied to the image classification learning model of an artificial neural network. The image classification learning model uses the ResNet. The artificial neural network internally uses various forms of gradient descent to compare the learning of each node and analyzes the pattern through a feature map. The classification model facilitates the classification of voice data into three emotion types: angry, fearful, and surprised. Thus, a system that can detect situations around sensors and predict danger can be established. Despite the different emotional intensities of the base data and sentence-based learning data, the established voice classification model demonstrated an accuracy of more than 77.2%. This model is applicable to various areas, including the prediction of crime situations and the management of work environments for emotional labor.

ЛИЧНОСТЬ ПЕНИТЕНЦИАРНОГО ПРЕСТУПНИКА: ПОНЯТИЕ И КРИМИНАЛИСТИЧЕСКАЯ ЗНАЧИМОСТЬ ЕЕ СВОЙСТВ

The subject of the study was the forensic aspects of the concept and properties of the per-sonality of the prison offender. The article presents the solution of the following tasks: identi-fication of the problems of criminalistic understanding of the definition "personality of prison offender", which is widely spread in the legal literature; establishment of criminalistic interre-lations and interdependencies between the personality features of prison offender and individual circumstances of crimes committed by them; identification of the main directions of using personality features in tactics and methods of investigation of unlawful acts committed by persons staying in The research is conducted on the basis of analysis of the works of scientists who have previously analyzed some aspects of the penitentiary crime and personality of the penitentiary criminal, as well as the forensic significance of the personality properties of the criminal and the related methodological recommendations for the investigation of penitentiary crimes. The research used the dialectical method of scientific knowledge, private-scientific methods of analysis and generalization, the method of comparison, the method of modelling, the socio-logical method used in the survey of correctional officers who attended advanced training courses at the Academy of the Russian Federal Penitentiary Service in 2014-2018. The results obtained were systematised and compared in order to identify interrelations and interdepen-dencies. As a result of the study the author's concept of understanding the penitentiary offender is formulated. The arguments in favour of generalisation under this concept of all categories of persons (convicts, suspects, defendants) staying in conditions of isolation in correctional institutions and pre-trial detention centres are given. The main groups of properties of the personality of a penal offender were analyzed. Identified criminally relevant tasks, solved with the use of information about these properties, the main sources of information about the personality of prison criminals. An attempt to comprehend the process of formation of crimi-nologically significant information concerning the penitentiary criminals was made. We ana-lyzed changes in the penitentiary crime situation that indicate the biological, psychological and social characteristics of the personality of the penitentiary offender. Five main types of personality of prison criminals were identified. Possibilities of use of the mentioned properties for construction of the criminalistic characteristic of penitentiary crimes, serving as the starting point in formation of the corresponding criminalistic recommendations are shown.

Migration crime in the Republic of Bashkortostan: features and trends

The relevance of the article is determined by the fact that population migration, being a kind of horizontal mobility process, has both a positive and a negative impact not only on the demographic situation in the country as a whole and its regions, but also on many socio-economic and political processes taking place in them. The migration process and the socio-demographic groups participating in it have become the subject of study by specialists representing various branches of scientific knowledge. This allows, from the methodological point of view, from the standpoint of the ratio of the general and the particular, and at the interdisciplinary level, to study migration as a complex, contradictory, social process with significant latency. One of the problems that has not yet received proper scientific understanding is the impact of migration on the state of the crime situation in the new social environment. The study of this problem, which is the purpose of this article, will not only bring new knowledge to sociological and criminological sciences, but will also contribute to the improvement of migration policy, law enforcement and social work with migrants. The migration process and its participants have a complex structure and differentiation, therefore the research topic can be disclosed taking into account this differentiation, which is impossible to do within the framework of one article. Therefore, the object of analysis in the article is external migrants — foreign citizens and representatives of the CIS countries, and the subject is formed by the crimes committed by them and against them. The analysis also includes crimes related to migration. The empirical basis of the study was the data of demographic and criminal statistics for the period from 2012 to 2020, presented at the levels of Russia and the Republic of Bashkortostan. This made it possible to characterize the features, trends in dynamics and the content of the research subject. The established dependence of the external migration process dynamics and crimes committed by its participants should be investigated taking into account the criminogenic component general state of migration and the related possibilities of statistical accounting and sociological research that complements it. In the context of the topic under consideration, an author’s addition to the classification of migrants entering from abroad is proposed.