Crime Prevention Measures Research Articles

Crime in the Architecture, Engineering and Construction (AEC) Industry—The Role of Subcontractors

This article examines the challenges posed by criminal subcontractors in the construction industry. It aims to delineate the specific crimes committed by these subcontractors and assess their impact against the broader backdrop of industry-related criminality. Employing a scoping literature review, the study explores the existing research, summarizes key findings, and highlights gaps in the current knowledge. The construction industry’s inherent complexities and reliance on extensive subcontracting create an environment ripe for criminal activities. The research questions addressed are the following: (1) What crimes are carried out by subcontractors? (2) What are the consequences of crimes carried out by subcontractors? This study identifies several major concerns: (1) adverse impacts on project management in terms of timelines, quality, and budgetary control; (2) widespread exploitation within supply chains, ranging from wage disparities to modern slavery; (3) prevalent fraudulent practices, such as bribery, collusion, and embezzlement; and (4) the detrimental effect on Health, Environment, and Safety (HES) standards. The article underscores the diversity of legal frameworks across jurisdictions and signals the need for concerted efforts to enhance crime prevention measures, foster industry-wide collaboration, and establish robust control systems. There is an urgent need for a profound understanding of the contractor–subcontractor dynamic and procurement of substandard materials. The findings suggest that the construction industry faces formidable challenges due to criminal elements, profoundly affecting project efficiency, legal compliance, and worker welfare.

Future Role of Digital Platform of Community Policing in Malawi

Internet evolution and digital platform popularity have revolutionized citizens participation in public security administration. However, digital platform ecosystem and functionality remains underexplored. Study examines the future role of digital platform for citizens participation in community policing in Malawi. Within frame work of exploratory sequential mixed methods, focus group discussion interviews purposively selected four groups of 10 respondents each, and used interview guide for data collection. Survey randomly sampled 432 households using Yamene (1969) formular to distribute structured questionnaires for data collection. Interviews were written on script then coded, later grouped into sub themes and finally into themes which corresponded to research questions aided by NVivo application. The survey was analyzed through SPSS version 20 to come up with descriptive statistics. Using pragmatics philosophical paradigm, broken window, democratic participation and social-disorganization theories, the study revealed that citizens may be encouraged to participate on digital platform in community policing by; (a) providing training to citizens on digital crime prevention and safety measures, (b) offering incentives or rewards to citizens who participate in neighborhood safety and security digital initiatives, (c) using social media and other digital platforms to raise awareness and encourage citizen participation, (d) creating more opportunities for citizen-police collaboration and dialogue through social media. Multinominal logistic regression shows gender may have impact on the future role of digital platform of community policing; (i) gain communications between police and community, (ii) detect a wider variety of insecurities (Transparency), (iii) promote the effective use of limited resources, (iv) move beyond the customary bureaucratic procedures at p=.017, (v) gain participation of women, minorities, and vulnerable population at p=.459, (vi) contribute to empowerment of the community at p=.003. Solutions to challenges of digital platform of community policing use are; (1) awareness (Sensitization) Campaign, (2) capacity building on the usage of ICT tools, (3) make available ICT merchant selling and maintenance points, (4) usage of Solar Powered ICT and (5) Place coordinated governance mechanisms. While previous scholars have argued that digital platform has allowed formal and non-formal wide participation, as well as increase transparency and accountability to police officers in handling policing issues and empowering citizens to take part in security of their times. Current revelation points that harnessing and promotion of digital platform gives chance to revolution for transformation that may influence accountability of public security administration to provide quality public services for better life to the challenges of the time.

Rapid assessment of human–elephant conflict: a crime science approach

An interdisciplinary approach has the potential not only to help solve conservation-centric problems but also to enrich and improve evidence-based scientific research. Crime science, an offshoot of criminology, provides a comprehensive, solution-oriented approach that transcends disciplinary boundaries and bridges science and practice for developing effective conservation interventions to real-life problems such as Human Elephant Conflict (HEC). This paper focuses on HEC as a conservation concern, but the resultant behaviors toward elephants, people, and their property are criminology’s concern. Using the Action Research paradigm, a rapid assessment of human–elephant conflict (HEC) in India was undertaken to identify contextual solutions. This study utilized problem-oriented field research methods that enabled the gathering of data on elephant habitat-landscape, villagers’ lifestyle (habitat) in the fringe areas, their current approaches in dealing with the conflict, the challenges forest officials face to mitigate HEC, and the assistance provided by district administrators to protect villagers and their corps and HEC-related deaths. The qualitative inquiry, including observation of village-forest fringe areas, focus group discussions with villagers, and interviews with forest officers and rangers, and district administrators/collectors who are handlers, guardians, and managers of the conflict space, provided rich data in identifying situational practical measures and underscored the role of crime science in providing a conceptual framework to gather evidence in addressing HEC in forest areas. The findings of the research suggest that human–animal convergence space is the source (or location) of conflict and criminology-driven situational crime prevention measures, including increasing effort, risks, reducing rewards and provocations, and removing excuses might mitigate the conflict, requiring coordinated efforts by villagers, forest and district administrators, and local law enforcers.

MODELING CRIME IN EAST JAVA USING SPATIAL DURBIN MODEL REGRESSION

The high crime rate will create unrest and losses for the community. One of the provinces with high crime rates is East Java. This study aims to analyze the factors that influence criminality in East Java to ensure appropriate crime prevention and control measures can be taken. The factors that potentially influence crime in East Java studied include population density, the number of poor people, unemployment, Human Development Index (HDI), Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP), and per Capita Expenditure, which are associated with geographical conditions in each region (regency/city) collected from BPS East Java in 2022. Meanwhile, the number of crimes is collected from the East Java Regional Police. This research uses a statistical method, namely the Spatial Durbin Model (SDM), which is a particular form of the Spatial Autoregressive Model (SAR) method with Queen Contiguity weighting by analyzing geographically (spatial processes). Based on the results of the analysis, it was found that the influential factors were unemployment, HDI, GRDP, and per Capita Expenditure, and the R-square result was obtained at 85.18%. This shows a relationship between spatial accessibility and crime, where unemployment, HDI, GRDP, and per Capita Expenditure in an area can affect regional vulnerability to crime

Институт смертной казни как показатель взаимодействия государства, права и личности

The article examines the problems concerning the institution of the death penalty from the perspective of the state performing its protective function to protect human rights. The genesis of this punitive institution in Russian legislation is being investigated. The ambiguity of the attitude of the public and the legislator towards the death penalty is noted, as well as the uncertainty of the latter remaining to this day regarding its availability in the arsenal of criminal penalties. Doubts are expressed about the effectiveness of the death penalty as a deterrent and crime prevention measure.

Stolen data markets on Telegram: a crime script analysis and situational crime prevention measures

Stolen data markets on Telegram: a crime script analysis and situational crime prevention measures

Situational Crime Prevention, Advice Giving, and Victim-Blaming

Situational crime prevention (SCP) measures attempt to prevent crime by reducing the opportunities for crime to occur. One of the ways in which some SCP measures reduce such opportunities is by providing victims with advice about how to avoid being victimised, for instance through public awareness campaigns or safety apps. Some scholars claim that this approach to preventing crime often or always promotes victim-blaming and that it is therefore morally wrong to pursue such strategies. Others have made sweeping rejections of this claim. However, in this paper, I suggest that neither view is correct. Specifically, I demonstrate that there are at least three distinct ways of interpreting what I term the victim-blaming argument against advice-giving SCP measures – i.e. as an argument based on a concern for direct victim-blaming, indirect victim-blaming, or self-blame – and that both SCP opponents and supporters have legitimate grounds for their position, depending on how the argument is spelled out.

Spatial analysis of outdoor indecent assault risk: a study using ambient population data

Spatiotemporal data on ambient populations have recently become widely available. Although previous studies have indicated a link between the spatial patterns of crime occurrence and ambient population distribution, more detailed information, such as the population most likely to be victims by gender and age group, could better predict the risk of crime occurrence. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the risk of indecent assault, a typical crime with a high number of young female victims, in southern Kyoto Prefecture. We utilized population distribution by gender and age group at different times of the day. After extracting daily patterns (factors) of the population using non-negative matrix factorization, we statistically modeled the risk of indecent assault using a spatial conditional autoregressive model. The results showed that the model, which considered a spatiotemporal ambient population, demonstrated superior performance during nighttime hours. Furthermore, by interpreting the factors significantly associated with the risk of crime occurrence, the findings provided valuable insights into local crime prevention measures that consider daily temporal changes in the gender and age-group composition of individuals present in a specific area.

ANTHROPOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO THE STUDY OF CRIME: HISTORY AND CURRENT STATE

The purpose of the study is to identify the relationship between anthropological approaches to the study of crime and the possibility of their application in modern criminology to prevent crime. Materials and methods. The methodological tools correspond to the goals and objectives of the study and include the use of a dialectical-materialistic method of cognition, due to which it was possible to consider the subject of research in development, taking into account its interrelationships with historically changing legal phenomena. The comparative historical method as the main method allowed the authors to analyze the development of the institute of criminal anthropology and its patterns. The methods of formal logic, such as description, comparison, analysis and synthesis, made it possible to fully disclose the criminological and legal aspects of the phenomenon under study. The applied private scientific methods, such as comparative legal, formal legal and structural-functional ones were used to determine the interrelationships and interdependencies of the studied phenomena, as well as to make the necessary generalizations and conclusions. The results of the study. The relevance of this topic is due to the fact that today there are controversial issues regarding the anthropological approach to the study of crime. However, thanks to anthropological research, the study of the causes of crimes was initiated, which shed light on the appearance of deviant behavior of a person, which gave a great impetus to the development of criminology as a science. The anthropological aspect of crime has given answers to many questions about the causes of crime, and also marked the beginning of the race to find the truth: are criminals born or made? The anthropological theory in criminology is evaluated and assessments are given on the application of certain anthropological knowledge to crime prevention in the modern world. The importance of criminal anthropology in the system of crime prevention measures is substantiated. Conclusions. It is concluded that the anthropology of crime has generated ideas and views on the causality of crime as a result of the interaction of biological factors and surrounding realities and conditions that affect progressive or regressive development. It is noted that criminals have brain disorders, instability, genetic mutations, pathologies of their behavior and mental disorders that push them to commit crimes or act as the only solution in a stressful situation, since such people simply do not have a chance to arouse thought in a different way.

Victimological aspects of crime prevention

The article reveals the content and victimological aspects of crime prevention, based on which the character-istics of its components and the scope of possible application are presented. As one of the components of the overall system of crime prevention, the proposed system of victimological crime prevention includes inter-connected and interacting elements: goals and objectives of victimological crime prevention; objects of posi-tive influence and a system of subjects; measures of victimological crime prevention; mechanism of imple-mentation of victimological crime prevention, the result of victimological crime prevention, reflecting the in-tegrity of the process of victimological crime prevention. The final predicted result of the conceptual system should manifest in the unity and interrelation of three main functions of victimological crime prevention: the function of victimological preventive influence, the function of special (direct) victimological crime preven-tion, as well as the function of social assistance and legal protection of crime victims. The authors have stud-ied specialized monographic literature and the practice of applying victimological methods of crime preven-tion. The scientific novelty of the work lies in the fact that it is the first special comprehensive study of the system of victimological crime prevention. The aim of the work is to develop, based on a comprehensive study of victimological crime prevention, a scientifically substantiated concept of strategy and tactics of victimological influence on criminal behavior. As a result of the study, the authors conclude that victimological crime prevention is necessary in order to exert maximum preventive and deterrent influence on criminogenic processes that contribute to increasing victimization levels and the development of victimiza-tion; to eliminate threats to the rights, freedoms, and legitimate interests of citizens.

TINDAKAN PREVENTIF DAN REPRESIF SEBAGAI UPAYA PERLINDUNGAN HUKUM TINDAK PIDANA PEMERKOSA ANAK

Law Number 17 of 2016 concerning Child Protection provides special protection to children. This law regulates children's rights, parental responsibilities, child care, as well as handling cases of violence and abuse against children. This research aims to find out and explain the legal considerations taken by the judge in making a decision in the criminal case of child rape in case no. 1/Pid.Sus-Anak/2023/PN Bbs and to find out and explain the legal protection mechanisms provided to children who are victims of rape.
 This type of research is Normative. In this research, there are three approaches applied, namely an approach through analysis of legal regulations (statute approach), a case study (case study), and a conceptual approach (conceptual approach). Systematic Accountability in this research focuses on examining the Judge's Decision in the Child Rape case with case number No. 1/Pid.Sus-Anak/2023/PN Bbs in detail for each chapter and sub-chapter discussed, and provides supporting descriptions in the process of reviewing the Judge's Decision.
 Legal considerations (Ratio Decidendi) Decision No.1/Pid.Sus/Anak/ 2023/PNBBS consists of 4 elements, namely: Person or Human Element, Element of Deliberate Commitment of Deception, Element of Sexual Intercourse or Sexual Relations, Element of the person who commits it, the element that orders it to be carried out. and participate in doing it. The legal protection mechanism provided for child victims of rape is preventive: this can be done by providing information, education and understanding to the public about the applicable laws and regulations. Preventive Legal Protection Efforts by providing legal counseling, providing administrative sanctions, as well as crime prevention measures such as security patrols and security supervision. In a repressive way; Restitution and providing medical assistance/psycho-social rehabilitation assistance can be carried out in the context of restoring the victim's condition from all aspects. The restitution mechanism is regulated in Article 5 of PERMA Number 1 of 2022 concerning Procedures for Settlement of Applications and Providing Restitution and Compensation to Victims of Crime.

Unveiling the Spark: Gradient Boosting Machine (GBM) Analysis of Economic Growth, Crime Rates, and Firecracker-Related Injuries/Death in the Philippines

The New Year celebration in the Philippines observes a surge in firecracker-related injuries and deaths, increasing concern beyond cultural significance. The Gradient Boosting Machine (GBM) proves the influence of economic growth and crime rates on firecracker-related injuries/deaths. The result of this research draws on the Strain Theory and Routine Activities Theory to reveal the potential influence of economic growth and crime rates on this phenomenon. Through the lens of Strain Theory, economic growth, despite its benefits, drives strain among excluded segments, driving risk-taking behavior, financial pressure, and limited access to safer alternatives, resulting in the use of dangerous fireworks. Routine Activities Theory maintains how high crime rates increase the availability of illegal fireworks and facilitate criminal misuse while also creating environments where riskier behaviors proliferate due to lax enforcement and limited safe options. The research concludes by focusing on the need for policy and interventions addressing economic disparities and crime prevention measures to promote safe and inclusive celebrations. Further research is recommended to probe deeper into regional variations, employ mixed methods approaches, and enhance data collection for targeted interventions and effective policy frameworks.

НОВЫЕ ТЕНДЕНЦИИ ПРАВОВОГО ОБЕСПЕЧЕНИЯ ОБЩЕСТВЕННОЙ БЕЗОПАСНОСТИ В КОНТЕКСТЕ ПРЕДУПРЕЖДЕНИЯ ПРЕСТУПНОСТИ

The article presents relevant issues of the legal provision of public safety, with the developed and implemented crime prevention measures considered. The main directions for ensuring the security and sustainable development of modern society are to be determined according to the implemented international, interstate, and national policies. Measures of ensuring complex safety aimed at anti-terrorism and extremism actions and the prevention of illicit drugs and other psychotropic substance trafficking are in focus. New challenges and threats posed by globalization significantly complicate the process of ensuring the safety of socially significant facilities and crowded places. Updating legal measures to achieve the goals of strategic planning for ensuring public safety is becoming trending.

Prevencija kriminaliteta kroz dizajn okruženja - put ka standardizaciji

Contemporary cities face numerous challenges, ranging from environmental to security issues. One of the most significant security challenges is the rise of urban crime and how to prevent it. Numerous examples have shown that the design of the environment can influence criminal behavior. Globally, the model known as Crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED) is recognized. To enhance urban safety, it is essential to implement crime prevention measures, and this model is particularly effective. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to highlight the importance of CPTED for improving urban safety by shaping public urban spaces to be safe and attractive for citizens. Given that this model is still new in Republika Srpska, the goal is to present the development path and significance of CPTED standardization, as well as its application on a global level. This will form a theoretical research base and lay the foundations for initial research at institutes and universities, aiming for a comprehensive approach to urban safety analysis.

야간 시간대 보행자의 범죄 두려움 감소를 위한 CPTED 적용 방안

Fear of crime is a deeply rooted source of anxiety in modern society, making it essential to reduce this fear to improve the quality of life for residents. Previous studies have indicated that pedestrians, especially during nighttime hours, often experience a significant level of fear of crime. Therefore, this study focuses on identifying vulnerable points for fear of crime during nighttime pedestrian activity in Jangyang 2-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul. It also proposes crime prevention strategies based on Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) principles, considering road environments and inter-individual spacing metrics.
 Firstly, using K-means Clustering on reported crime data for Jangyang 2-dong, nighttime hours were defined as 21:00 to 01:00. Subsequently, social network analysis were applied to identify areas with low centrality, categorizing them into Cluster 1 (Jangyangbyeong-ro 6, Dukseom-ro 44, Dukseom-ro 50) and Cluster 2 (Jayang-ro 3, Dukseom-ro 58) as locations vulnerable to fear of crime. Finally, tailored crime prevention designs were proposed for each cluster. This study is significant for its use of social network analysis on safety data to identify fear of crime vulnerable areas and for suggesting crime prevention measures tailored to the characteristics of the region from a CPTED perspective.

Factors of forming an aggressive motive for crimes against life and health committed with the use of firearms

Domestic criminological science faces an important task of developing measures to prevent violent assaults with the use of firearms and their factors. The purpose of the article is to develop crime prevention measures taking into account the determination of crimes against life and health committed with the use of firearms. The article’s task is to determine the motives of crimes against life and health committed with the use of firearms.
 The mechanism of criminal behavior can be understood as a system of correlated algorithmic actions conditioned by a favorable objective reality, a set of mental states and processes, and behavioral acts sufficient for realizing a socially dangerous intention. One of the aspects of this algorithm is the formation of a criminal motive as a prerequisite for the will (decision) to commit a crime. The main motive of the violent crimes with the use of firearms that we investigate is aggressive. Additional motives: 1) selfish, 2) hooligan, 3) revenge, 4) jealousy, 5) intimidation; 6) self-defense.
 Formation of motives for criminal offenses against life and health with the use of firearms occurs under the influence of various circumstances of the surrounding social environment.
 The use of a weapon during an attack significantly increases the attacker’s ability to overcome the physical resistance of a victim who does not have such a weapon of protection. The understanding of this circumstance is a motivating factor in the criminal’s behavior. According to this, the spread of illegal firearms from the areas of hostilities will obviously negatively impact the country’s criminogenic situation.
 Victims sometimes use their provocative behavior to form a motive for aggressive actions against them.
 A low educational level can contribute to the formation of antisocial intentions in a person and their implementation in illegal behavior.
 Previous criminal experience is a significant factor in the formation of criminal motivation of persons who commit violent crimes with the use of firearms.
 The specified circumstances must be taken into account when developing measures to prevent criminal offenses (crimes) against life and health with the use of firearms.

대학 캠퍼스 내에서의 범죄데이터 분석을 통한 취약요소 개선 연구

The aim of this study is to derive the design factors of CPTED through the analysis of crime data on university campuses. Through prior research, campus crime analysis was reflected based on the Routine activity theory, and campus crime data was analyzed from four perspectives: criminal with motivated offender, suitable target, absence of guardians, and matching place and the time of crime.
 First, it is the result of analyzing criminals with motivated offender. There were many crimes by insiders, especially college students, who are members of the school, and sexual assault and violence were committed by outsiders, not by school members. And It has been showed that some violent offenders are under the influence of alcohol.
 Second, in the results of analysis about suitable target, The proportion of victims of insider, such as students and faculty members, accounted for the majority with 97.7% of theft, 97.4% of sexual assault, and 80.8% of violence. In the analysis by gender, men accounted for 51.9% and women 48.1% of theft damage, while women accounted for 97.4% of sexual assault, but men accounted for 76.9% of violence. As a result of the analysis, most of the items damaged by theft were laptops, wallets, and cash that could be easily accessed and moved.
 Third, it is the result of the analysis of the absence of guardians. The state of not protecting the victim or the damaged item was analyzed. The theft was damaged while 93.2 percent were away, and in the case of sexual violence, 76.3 percent had no one to ask for help. However, violence occurred even in situations where 73.1% were around when it occurred. As a result of spatial analysis, theft and sexual assault were common in places such as closed lecture rooms and club rooms without being seen from the outside, and violence was mostly committed in open spaces outside. In terms of CCTV installation, theft occurred more in places where CCTVs were installed than in places where CCTVs were not installed.
 Fourth, in the result of analyzing the place and the time of the crime. As classifying by campus places, crimes occurred in the order of class room(40.1%), living space(15.2%), outdoor space(12.2%), and library(8.1%). As for the total crime time, crimes occurred the most during the afternoon from 12:00 to 6:00 pm, and violence occurred during the night time, which is the time after class.
 Through campus crime data analysis, comprehensive campus security plans are needed to take into account the user needs for security and spatiotemporal risk characteristics, and crime prevention measures should be established through CPTED's strategies.
 It is important to establish crime prevention measures through CPTED strategies and to design them so that they do not go against autonomy, creative studies, and a pleasant natural environment.

가정폭력 범죄에 대한 체포우선주의 정책이 여성의 인명 피해 감소에 미친 영향

This study examines the relationship between arrest prioritization policies and arrests of domestic violence perpetrators and the number of female victims killed using a time series analysis, as well as the relationship between judicial action against domestic violence perpetrators and the number of female victims killed by male partners. Data on the number of female victims killed by their male partners came from the Korea Women's Helpline, and data on the number of female homicide victims came from the National Police Agency, including arrests of domestic violence perpetrators. The intervention analysis in time series with ARIMA model and Bayesian Structural Time-Series model(BSTS) showed that the number of arrests of domestic violence perpetrators increased significantly after implementing the arrest prioritization policy in 2013, but the number of female homicide victims decreased without a significant effect. The number of female victims killed by their male partners was inversely related to domestic violence-related measures, with the number of female victims decreasing as the number of arrests increased. An essential aspect of this study is the use of ARIMA intervention time series and BSTS in assessing the effectiveness of national crime prevention measures, as well as testing the impact of arrest prioritization on domestic violence offenses.

Причини та умови латентності окремих кримінальних правопорушень, які скоюються щодо учасників кримінального провадження

The article is devoted to the study of the problem of the latency of criminal offenses committed against participants in criminal proceedings, as one of the elements of assessing the real level of crime in the sphere of justice and, in particular, in the sphere of criminal proceedings. Based on the analysis of scientific positions on the definition and main signs of latency, expressed by a number of scientists in the field of criminology, material and procedural law, it was established the presence of a whole set of prerequisites for ascertaining a high level of latency of crime in relation to participants in criminal proceedings. With the help of general scientific methods of cognition, the objective patterns of the latency of certain types of criminal offenses in the analyzed area have been clarified, and effective mechanisms for overcoming the latency of criminal offenses committed against participants in criminal proceedings have been proposed through the identification of a complex of prerequisites for a high level of latency of crimes in this area. In this regard, a system of mechanisms for the detection of this type of criminal offenses has been formulated through the conditional separation of uncognizable latent criminality from cognizable criminality, since the vast majority of latent criminal offenses committed against participants in criminal proceedings are covered by the concept of cognizable criminality, which undoubtedly has practical significance for the development systems of crime prevention measures in this area.

Criminal behavior and contingency.

Although their perspectives and approaches vary, existing criminological theories are all based on the deterministic optimism that the crucial causes of criminal behavior must exist and can be uncovered. However, no key factor can fully explain the causes of criminal behavior. All factors that directly affect the occurrence of criminal behavior are important, and contingency is always at work. More feasible crime prevention and control measures can be proposed only considering the contingency factor. The aim of this study is to point out the limitations of the deterministic view of existing criminological theories that explain the causes of crime after knowing the results, and simultaneously to propose the contingency model with viable alternative solutions.