Violence In Brazil Research Articles

CIBERCRIMES: ESTELIONATO VIRTUAL NO DIREITO BRASILEIRO

The research addresses the topic of cybercrimes, focusing on virtual fraud in the context of Brazilian law. The main objective is to analyze the elements that make up the practice of virtual fraud, investigating its insertion in the Brazilian legal system and the evolution of the rules that govern this crime. In addition, the research discusses the emergence of virtual fraud, its distinctive characteristics and the punishments provided for in current legislation. The study also seeks to understand virtual crimes in Brazil and evaluate preventive measures aimed at victims, aiming to reduce and inhibit the practice of this crime, which has grown with the digitalization of everyday transactions. Strengthening digital education policies and creating protection mechanisms for users, especially the most vulnerable, are strategies that should be adopted in conjunction with the application of criminal laws. The conclusion highlights the need for more effective educational and legal policies to mitigate the damage caused by this type of fraud in the cyber environment.

BETWEEN PUBLIC AND PRIVATE: URBAN VIOLENCE IN THE CITY OF CAMPINA GRANDE-PB

Urban and rural violence in Brazil affects the development and appropriation of public spaces. Rising crime generates fear, reducing interaction in urban environments and favoring their privatization. Campina Grande, a medium-sized city, faces challenges typical of large centers, such as violence that restricts the use of public areas. This study analyzes how violence influences the appropriation of these spaces, highlighting socioeconomic, legal, and ideological factors that shape their perception and use. The study seeks to understand the impact of violence on quality of life and the right to the city, exploring urban reorganization strategies. The research uses data from public agencies, such as IBGE and the Ministry of Justice, as well as academic sources, to map neighborhoods with the highest crime rates. The study reveals that violence in Campina Grande has fluctuated over the last two decades, with an increase until 2016 and a recent recovery. However, vulnerable areas such as Bodocongó and Malvinas remain impacted, with insecurity and a lack of infrastructure limiting the use of public spaces, reinforcing urban segregation. Even with the reduction in violence rates, the perception of insecurity still hinders social interaction in these places.

PROTEÇÃO JURÍDICA DAS CRIANÇAS VÍTIMAS DE VIOLÊNCIA DOMÉSTICA: A LEI HENRY BOREL (14.344/22) E A EDUCAÇÃO COMO FERRAMENTAS DE PREVENÇÃO E ENFRENTAMENTO.

This article aims to analyze the legal protection of children victims of domestic violence in Brazil, with an emphasis on protective measures and legal protection instruments provided for in legislation. Child domestic violence is presented as a public health problem and a serious threat to social development, recognized by the World Health Organization (WHO). Considering that this issue is closely linked to the pressing need for awareness and confrontation actions and that it is often neglected by society and rarely comes to the attention of the judicial system, child domestic violence tends to perpetuate itself over the years, going through successive generations. The research adopts an exploratory approach, based on a bibliographical review and theoretical-reflective analysis, aiming to conceptualize child domestic violence, present relevant data on available protective measures and highlight the role of education as a tool to raise awareness and combat the problem, with emphasis on in the Henry Borel Law and its prevention and protection mechanisms.

Increase of fear of crime in rural Brazil and police legitimacy

In this article, we assess individuals' fear of crime in Brazil with a focus on rural areas using ordered probit models and data from six waves of the Latino barometer survey conducted between 2008 and 2018 (N = 10.153). Results show that there has been a marked decrease in respondents' perceived safety after 2012, with those living in rural areas experiencing a more significant increase in fear of crime than those in urban areas. While violence in an area does not negatively affect individuals' fear of crime levels, lack of trust in the police and an individual's previous experience of victimisation do. The association between trust in the police and people's perceived safety, particularly accentuated in rural settings compared to urban environments, indicates the importance of institutions in providing public reassurance.

Effects of Two Early Parenting Programmes on Child Aggression and Risk for Violence in Brazil: a Randomised Controlled Trial

Violence is a major public health problem globally, with the highest rates in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) in the Americas and southern Africa. Parenting programmes in high-income countries can diminish risk for violence, by reducing risk factors such as child aggression and harsh parenting, and increasing protective factors such as child cognitive development and school readiness. However, there is critical need to identify low-cost programmes with replicable benefits that work in real-world LMICs contexts. A three-arm, randomised, single-blind trial evaluated effects of two low-cost, group-based parenting programmes recommended for LMICs (ACT: Raising Safe Kids; DBS: dialogic book-sharing) on child aggression (primary outcome), child development, parenting, maltreatment, and stress. Participants were 369 children with medium–high levels of aggression (mean age 3.1 years at baseline) in poor households. Interventions were implemented in city health and education services in southern Brazil. Maternal reports, filmed observations, child tasks, and hair cortisol were assessed at baseline, 1-month post-intervention, and 8-month follow-up. Intention-to-treat analyses compared each of ACT and DBS with a control group. Three hundred sixty-eight (99.7%) participants completed follow-up assessments 8 months after the interventions. There was no effect of ACT (standardised mean difference, SMD 0.11, 95% CI − 0.05, 0.27) or DBS (SMD 0.05, 95% CI − 0.11, 0.21) on the primary outcome of child aggression. ACT reduced harsh parenting behaviour post-intervention (SMD − 0.23; 95% CI − 0.46, − 0.01), but not at follow-up. DBS improved book-sharing practices at both time points (e.g., maternal sensitivity at follow-up SMD 0.33; 95% CI 0.08, 0.57). There were no benefits of either programme for other parenting, child development, or stress outcomes. Two parenting programmes in Brazil had small effects on parenting practices but did not reduce child aggression or several other important risk/protective factors for violence. Effective early interventions that reduce violence in real-world LMIC settings are highly desirable but may be challenging to achieve.

Collective Action and Sociological Research Networks in the Fight against Crime in Brazil

Since the end of the civil-military dictatorship (1964-1988), Brazilian society has experienced the growth of different forms of violence that have had an impact on collective feelings of fear and insecurity whose intensity may compromise citizens’ belief in the validity of the democratic order. This situation was accompanied by the creation of a field of sociological studies that sought to understand the reasons for this growth and the possibilities of internal pacification of contemporary Brazilian society. The article, based on documentary research, reconstructs the creation and development of the field of study of the sociology of violence in its connections with organized civil society. It seeks to explore the hypothesis according to which the problem of legal control of public order arises from disputes in the field of public security.

Hate-motivated crimes in Brazil: an overview of crimes against LGBTQI+ people

PurposeThis paper aims to provide an overview of the nature of hate-motivated crimes in Brazil by focusing on offenses against LGBTQI+ people and discussing the current legal approaches to combating hate-motivated crimes.Design/methodology/approachThe paper draws on secondary sources and analysis of existing literature in the field, which is primarily in the Portuguese language.FindingsThere is no formal definition of hate crime in Brazil. However, it is estimated that Brazil has one of the highest rates of hate crimes perpetrated against LGBTQI+ people in the world, and lethal violence against this group has been on the increase since 2000, especially among black and brown LGBTQI+ people. In more than half of the lethal incidents in public places, often in large cities, the victims and the perpetrators are typically young. The study shows how the lack of a unified legal definition for hate-motivated crimes directly impacts LGBTQI+ people, poses challenges for organizations when collecting data on this group and highlights the need for legislation and enforcement agencies to promote transparency around hate crimes in Brazil.Research limitations/implicationsThe study shows how the lack of a unified legal definition for hate-motivated crimes directly impacts LGBTQI+ people, poses challenges for organizations when collecting data on this group and highlights the need for legislation and enforcement agencies to promote transparency around hate crimes in Brazil.Originality/valueThe paper contributes to the literature on gender violence through the analysis of various data sources, created and disseminated by advocacy agencies and other related institutions, on hate crimes against LGBTQI+ people in Brazil.

The Law as a Necropolitical Tool: A Genealogy of Police Violence in Brazil

AbstractThis article explores the necropolitical foundations of police violence in Brazil via a genealogical approach of analysis of criminal codes, creation decrees, and other legal documents and insights from ethnographic research. In this paper I argue that antiblackness determines the role of the police in contemporary Brazil and has inscribed its place in law. Historically, the police had the legal duty to repress and punish enslaved people; but their role in imparting immediate justice persisted with expanded powers during the dictatorship and democracy’s social demands over the war on drugs. Through all these political and ideological transitions, the police have been resilient to change precisely because of their unique necropolitical power.

"I Am from the Ghetto, I Am Black, I Live in the Slum and They Think: Why Bother with Her?" - Racism in Seeking Help Experiences for Domestic Violence in Brazil.

Despite the majority of Brazilians identifying as black, racial disparities are significant. Black women encounter disproportionate difficulties, with greater rates of homicide, unemployment, and poverty. After the Maria da Penha Law (2006), which is regarded as one of the most comprehensive laws to address domestic violence, there has been a notable increase in femicide among black women and a decrease in cases among white women. This paper aims to analyze the differences between white and black survivors of domestic violence in terms of the access and support they received from the violence against women multi agency network in the city of São Paulo, Brazil. To this end, in-depth interviews (IDI) were conducted with nine white and nine black women who were seeking help in the justice system in June of 2018. The IDI were analyzed under critical path and structural racism theories, in order to understand how inequality markers such as race might affect the institutional response to the survivor's help seeking. The results indicated that black women received less information and support while seeking institutional help, as they faced more obstacles compared to white women. Among the interviewees critical paths, the access to the services was denied by providers 13 times for black women in contrast with 1 access denial for white women-also considering cases that discontinued the needed assistance due to institutional violence. The observed obstacles lived by black women in the multiagency network not only resulted in the path for these women toward support being longer but in many cases being repeated unsuccessfully multiple times. This study concludes that thus all women face obstacles while seeking help in formal institutions, black women may face greater barriers in this path due to how structural racism is reproduced in the services that should guarantee rights.

Labor Protection for Women Victims of Domestic Violence in Brazil

Labor Protection for Women Victims of Domestic Violence in Brazil

Sexual violence against children and adolescents in Paraná State: geospatial analysis and main socioeconomic indicators

ObjectiveChild sexual violence is a multidimensional problem of many contemporary societies, affecting people of all sexes, social stratum and age groups. Offenses involving children and adolescents are more serious, given their total or partial dependence on parents and caregivers. Information on child sexual violence in Brazil is found in raw form and without detail. The objective was to compare the information with social and economic data in the state of Paraná. MethodsThe authors conducted a retrospective study of secondary data from the Notifiable Diseases Information System (SINAN) on cases of sexual violence involving victims aged 0 to 19 years. Results are presented according to notification characteristics. The authors applied exploratory spatial data analysis to assess spatial autocorrelations and investigated relationships by the ordinary least squares regression model. ResultsBetween 2017 and 2021, there were 13,403 reports of child sexual violence in Paraná State, Brazil. Most victims (82.8%) were female and aged between 10 and 14 years. The majority of sexual violence cases (67.8%) occurred in the home environment. The highest rates on a population basis were observed in the North Central and Greater Curitiba regions, mainly in cities with higher population density and with higher rates of other types of violence. ConclusionThe results provide data that can promote a broader understanding of the distribution of sexual violence and the state and associated variations. It is expected to improve the provision of care for victims of child sexual violence and assist in strategic planning to prevent future offenses.

Shaping violences: state formation, symbolic violence and the link between public and private interests in Brazil

ABSTRACT This article examines the relationship between state formation, symbolic violence, and the blurring of public and private interests in Brazil. Drawing on a variety of sources – including academic literature, government reports, and media accounts – we use a historical approach to analyse how these factors have contributed to violence in Brazil, focusing on the case of the Northeast region. We argue that both symbolic violence and the problematisation regarding the separation between public and private interests have been overlooked in statebuilding literature. The blurring of public and private interests, grounded in symbolic violence (through the naturalisation of racism and aporophobia), contributes to sustained historical patterns of violence in Brazil. These patterns were introduced during the colonial period and have persisted to this day.

Epidemiologia da violência obstétrica: uma revisão narrativa do contexto brasileiro

Abstract The aim of this review is to present the state of the art regarding obstetric violence in Brazil. The most commonly used terms are “obstetric violence,” “disrespect and abuse,” and “mistreatment”. Concerning measurement, the most widely used instrument is based on the definition of “mistreatment,” still in its early stages of evaluation and lacking adaptation to Brazil. The prevalence of obstetric violence varies widely in national studies due to methodological factors and the type of postpartum women considered. Regarding risk factors, adolescent or women over 35, non-white, with low education levels, users of the public health system (SUS), those who had vaginal birth or abortion, are at higher risk. Hierarchical relationships between the healthcare team and the family are also relevant, as well as inadequate hospital structures, bed shortages, and insufficient healthcare professionals, which contribute to obstetric violence. The consequences of this violence include an increased risk of postpartum depression and PTSD, reduced likelihood of attending postpartum and childcare consultations, and difficulties in exclusive breastfeeding. Interventions to mitigate obstetric violence should consider women’s empowerment, healthcare professionals’ training, monitoring obstetric violence, and legal support.

Epidemiology of obstetric violence: a narrative review of the Brazilian context.

The aim of this review is to present the state of the art regarding obstetric violence in Brazil. The most commonly used terms are "obstetric violence," "disrespect and abuse," and "mistreatment". Concerning measurement, the most widely used instrument is based on the definition of "mistreatment," still in its early stages of evaluation and lacking adaptation to Brazil. The prevalence of obstetric violence varies widely in national studies due to methodological factors and the type of postpartum women considered. Regarding risk factors, adolescent or women over 35, non-white, with low education levels, users of the public health system (SUS), those who had vaginal birth or abortion, are at higher risk. Hierarchical relationships between the healthcare team and the family are also relevant, as well as inadequate hospital structures, bed shortages, and insufficient healthcare professionals, which contribute to obstetric violence. The consequences of this violence include an increased risk of postpartum depression and PTSD, reduced likelihood of attending postpartum and childcare consultations, and difficulties in exclusive breastfeeding. Interventions to mitigate obstetric violence should consider women's empowerment, healthcare professionals' training, monitoring obstetric violence, and legal support.

Youth and Violence in Brazil and Latin America: Theoretical and Empirical Approaches

Abstract Studies in Brazil and other Latin American countries have demonstrated how the expansion of illegal drug markets and firearms trafficking over borders has increased the risks for young people, especially those who live in socially vulnerable neighborhoods, of becoming victims of lethal violence. In addressing this scenario, we review some of the most relevant research approaches that seek to understand the involvement of young men in organized crime, the rise of criminal factions or groups and their internationalization process, and the social and institutional mechanisms that contribute to the production and reproduction of lethal violence. Delving both into sociological and anthropological studies in Brazil, as well as other Latin American contributions, we elaborate on the most promising contributions that combine an intersectional approach to the sociological and criminological theories most often employed to understand the involvement of youth with lethal violence in Brazil and the Latin American context.

Effect of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Epidemiology of Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury in Brazil.

Aim In response to the coronavirus 2019 disease (COVID-19) pandemic, governments worldwide implemented measures to prevent infection, resulting in restricted school activities, restricted children's freedom of movement, and increased risk of violence and injuries at home, including traumatic brain injury (TBI), among children. In Brazil, the consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic on the causes, severity, and mortality of pediatric TBI have not yet been investigated. Thus, our study aimed to determine whether the COVID-19 pandemic has affected the epidemiology of pediatric TBI among Brazilian children. Materials and methods We investigated the patients with TBI aged <18 years who visited a tertiary trauma center in Brazil in 2019 and 2020. TBI-related variables, such as classification, mechanism, clinical manifestations, need for intervention, morbidity, and mortality, were recorded. Furthermore, we used a nationwide databank to collect information on mortality from external causes of trauma and violence in the pediatric population in 2019 and 2020. The Mann-Whitney test was used to compare quantitative variables related to the mechanisms and severity of TBI in both periods in order to determine the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. Results Of the patients with traumatic brain injury, 1371 visited the trauma center in 2019 and 1052 in 2020. No difference was noted in the incidence rate of abusive head trauma between these periods (p=0.142) or in mortality from violence in Brazil. Recreational causes of pediatric TBI increased during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil and falls from bicycles significantly increased during the pandemic (p<0.001). Conclusion A global reduction in pediatric admissions to emergency rooms as well as no impact on mortality and severity of pediatric TBI were observed during the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil. Additionally, a public education program regarding child safety during recreational activities, particularly how to avoid falls from bicycles was recommended.

Confronting school violence in Brazil: insights from social psychology for safer educational environments

School violence is a complex issue with significant implications for students, educators, and society as a whole. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the multifaceted nature of school violence in Brazil and proposes a multidimensional approach to address this pressing problem. Drawing upon social psychology and current empirical research, the paper explores the role of individual, interpersonal, and contextual factors in the occurrence of school violence. It highlights the importance of values education, ethical development, and creating safe and supportive school environments. Additionally, the article emphasizes the significance of evidence-based interventions, such as social-emotional learning programs and conflict resolution strategies, in preventing and reducing violence. Collaborative efforts involving educators, policymakers, parents, and the wider community are crucial for the successful implementation of these interventions. By integrating social psychology perspectives and evidence-based strategies, schools can foster a positive and inclusive environment that promotes the well-being and academic success of all students.

A National Study on Psychological Violence in Brazil: Differences by Sex and Skin Color.

Violence is a global public health problem that affects especially the most vulnerable people. The aim was to analyze the prevalence of psychological violence in the Brazilian population and inequalities according to sex and skin color. This was a cross-sectional study in which the database of the National Health Survey 2019 was used. Psychological violence was considered present when an individual answered yes to at least one of the five variables investigated: In the last 12 months, has anyone (a) offended you, humiliated you, or ridiculed you in front of other people?; (b) yelled at you or called you names?; (c) used social media or cell phones to threaten, offend, curse, or expose your images without your consent?; (d) threatened to hurt you or hurt someone important to you?; and (e) destroyed something of yours on purpose? The independent variable was skin color. The crude prevalence ratio (PR) was determined by Poisson regression. All analyses were stratified by sex. Of the 88,531 respondents, 41,662 were males and 46,869 were females. The prevalence of the presence of psychological violence was 19% in women and 15.6% in men. Men and women with black/brown/yellow/indigenous skin color were 20% and 15% more likely to suffer one or more items of psychological violence, respectively, than men and women with white skin color (PR = 1.20; 95% CI [1.11, 1.30] and PR = 1.15; 95% CI [1.08, 1.23]). Psychological violence occurred predominantly against females and individuals with black/brown/yellow/indigenous skin color. There were notable inequalities in the exposure to this type of violence that need to be considered when making plans to address this problem. The findings emphasize the relevance of constantly reviewing political and social constructions to promote a reduction of inequalities.

“The pandemic only gave visibility to what is invisible”: a qualitative analysis of structural violence during COVID-19 and impacts on gender-based violence in Brazil

BackgroundThe COVID-19 pandemic produced alarming rates of disease and mortality globally, yet few nations were as severely impacted as Brazil. The pandemic also exposed and exacerbated persistent forms of structural violence across Brazil, which complicated gender-based violence (GBV) prevention and response efforts. While structural violence is not new, the systemic pressure and uncertainty introduced by COVID-19 intensified the detrimental impact of structural violence on the lives of Brazilians impacted by GBV. This work qualitatively investigated how the COVID-19 pandemic amplified structural violence and GBV in Brazil.MethodsWe analyzed key informant interviews (KII) conducted with 12 service providers working in sectors related GBV prevention and response in Roraima, Boa Vista, and Rio de Janeiro. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed, and translated from Portuguese or Spanish into English, before applying deductive and inductive coding approaches through a collaborative data reduction process. The theoretical lens of structural violence outlined by Farmer and Rylko-Bauer guided the thematic development.ResultsAnalyses identified three themes. First, structural violence manifests as policies of inaction and erasure, which reduce the opportunity for upward social mobility among GBV survivors including Black women, trans persons, and people who live in the favelas. Policies of inaction and erasure fail to acknowledge/adequately respond to the significant health and safety needs of these communities. Second, structural violence is a fundamental cause of violence against women and children. Finally, service providers described community driven responses that address the dire survival needs (i.e., food insecurity) imposed by COVID-19, within a context of structural violence. These community driven responses were innovative, agile, and based on dire needs expressed to, and observed by, the service providers interviewed.ConclusionThis analysis highlights how the COVID-19 pandemic exacerbated existing forms of structural violence prevalent throughout Brazil. Findings stress the urgency with which the Brazilian government and international organization must act to support community driven programs that strive to address the most basic human needs.

Between decoloniality and borders, positionalities and scales in urban space: geographical considerations from the murder of a homeless person in a brazilian city

The murder of a homeless person triggered this geographic consideration. What could be understood as a recurrent scene of urban violence in Brazil conveys a series of spatiotemporal meanings, practices, behaviors and gestures around socio-spatial relations. When thinking about Latin America it is known that, even with the processes of independence and the formal end of colonialism, coloniality and everything associated with it did not disappear. Urban space is a privileged site for thinking about power relations and a varied sort of devices that take shape in public, private and institutional spaces are reproduced in it. In this sense, issues of ethnicity, race, gender, sexuality, territorial origin, cultural background and immigration-related stigmas, need to be understood within a geopolitical, positional and relational framework in a non-hierarchical way, from local to global scale. Given the complexity that comprises the emergence of homeless people, this paper aims to understand their daily life confrontations and the risks of its exclusion or violent eradication. In doing this we ponder about the problem of the positionality of the roles of geographer, researcher, citizen and activist in the search for socio-spatial justice. Such questions are involved in a set of trajectories and positionalities, which appear in the form of annunciations, denunciations and tensions that we hope to present and discuss with the aim of offering alternatives for the geographic practice itself.