Violence In Brazil Research Articles

Assessing the care of doctors, nurses, and nursing technicians for people in situations of sexual violence in Brazil.

This study aimed to assess the quality of care for people in situations of sexual violence in health services, identifying positive and negative indicators, and suggest solutions. This is a cross-sectional study with a quantitative approach and convenience sampling. The sample consisted of 134 professionals (doctors, nurses, and nursing technicians) working in public health services. Three instruments were used, namely, a structure evaluation form, a questionnaire, and a process evaluation form. The results revealed eight positive indicators (adequate infrastructure; rooms for patient assistance; gynecological bed; visual and auditory privacy; waiting rooms; a professional team comprising physicians, nurses, nursing technicians, and receptionists; adequate training of staff to provide health services to people in situations of sexual violence; and most healthcare professionals asking their patients about possible sexual violence situations) and nine negative indicators (reduced number of rooms for patient assistance with toilets; absence of protocols to identify and assist people in situations of sexual violence; absence of leaflets, posters, and other materials on sexual violence; absence of a referral flow chart (specific for people in situations of sexual violence) to specialized services; reduced number of consultations with suspected and/or confirmed cases of sexual violence; non-use of specific protocols; not referral of these patients to the specialized care network; most professionals consider the health unit where they work as unable to help people in situations of sexual violence; a decrease in attendance at health facilities that do not have a protocol for assisting people in situations of sexual violence), making clear the interventions necessary to promote the provision of quality health services that meet the specific needs of people in situations of sexual violence. These indicators are expected to provide subsidies for the improvement of public policies aimed at listening, welcoming, identifying, and treating people in situations of sexual violence.

Capacity building primary care responses to domestic violence in Brazil: designing a training model

Abstract Background Violence against women (VAW) is a public health challenge in Brazil. The country ranks 6th globally for femicide, with a high prevalence of domestic violence, amplified by the pandemic. Primary healthcare (PHC) workers can play a significant role caring for survivors, but their training on how to identify and respond to survivors is a major gap. This study aimed to investigate frontline PHC workers' needs and concerns in the care of VAW survivors, aiming to co-design a participatory model of capacity building to be implemented in the Brazilian PHC. Methods This study is based on participatory action-research (PAR) through participant observation and in-depth interviews with an interdisciplinary team of 13 PHC workers from Paranaguá, South of Brazil. Data were collected between Aug/2020-Jan/2021, transcribed, coded and synthetized through thematic analysis. Results Major needs and concerns were: 1) unanimous need of capacity building for all PHC workers and managers; 2) training ideally should be face-to-face, and more than one day, based in practical cases (not just in theory); 3) clarifying the role of the cross-sectoral network and referral options; 4) contents needs to address confidentiality, qualified listening, empathy and respect, with practical guidance on how to approach survivors. Other issues included: integrating VAW approaches with violence against children and adolescents; ensuring PHC units have a private room to care for survivors; and electing a key professional in each unit, with more specialized knowledge, to support survivors and staff. Conclusions This PAR revealed key issues to collaboratively design a capacity building model for PHC in Brazil, tailored to local needs. The next step will be applying for funding to implement a pilot training. Key messages Frontline PHC workers routinely attend cases of VAW, therefore their insights are essential to design capacity building to care for survivors in PHC settings. Training healthcare workers to care for survivors of violence needs to address local concerns, targeting knowledge, skills and competences.

Lethal Violence in Brazil: A Systematic Review of Portuguese-Language Literature From 2000 to 2020

Reviewing national literature on homicides in Brazil, this article explores questions that relate to the nature, trends, determinants, and impact of these crimes on society, as well as interventions to combat this type of violence. The article contributes to the international literature by reviewing and critically discussing a sample of 112 theses on homicides from the Portuguese-language literature using the Brazilian Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations from 2000 to 2020. Highlighting an issue that primarily affects young, poor Black men, the article helps advocate for a better understanding of other types of lethal violence that affect women, LGBQTI and other minorities. The article calls for a better understanding of the role of the state, the police and other criminal justice actors as generators and/or controllers of violence, as well as the need for other perspectives on homicide prevention, which include the microsituational aspects of killing, organized crime, and interaction between the individual and the environment.

Murder in live streaming and the chronicle of drug dealing: Social Media and drug trafficking in Brazil

This paper explores some aspects of the smartphone as a relevant tool for different tasks within the highly complex productive chain of drug trafficking in Brazil. From an ethnographic approach to uses of mobile technology, this study observes the digital media coverage on the use of smartphones by Brazilian criminal organizations along with comments and social interactions among users. A central point in the characterization of violence in Brazil is the complex interweaving between police, society and drug trafficking as a professional practice, in which political ideology and class struggle converge. The results highlight crucial questions about contradictions in contemporary Brazilian urban society: the relevance of digital technologies in criminal practices; the lack of content control by social media; the disparity between the police’s public agenda and its real actions; the efficiency of criminal organizations in communicating freely using the wide-open operating space of the Internet; the functioning of criminal organizations through their war on the control of “territories”.

Growth of Lethal Violence in Brazil 2000–2017: A Space-Temporal Analysis of Homicides

This study investigates the space-temporal growth of homicide rates in Brazil from 2000 to 2017 and identifies determinants of the country’s growth of homicide rates. Data from the Brazilian Information System on Mortality and Censuses are used to estimate growth models combined with spatial statistics and Geographical Information Systems (GIS). Findings show evidence of change in the geographical distribution of lethal violence over time, characterized by a steady increase in the North and Northeast regions and a reduction in growth in the South and Southeast regions of Brazil. Social disorganization factors namely deprivation, ethnic heterogeneity, and urbanization are significant positive determinants of the growth of homicide rates. The results show a reduction of the predictive strength of income inequality and an increase in that of unemployment from the year 2010 to 2017. The theoretical and policy implications of these results are discussed.

Timely loss recognition in Brazilian firms under corruption investigation

ABSTRACT This article evaluates the impact of the disclosure of the participation of Brazilian firms listed on the Bolsa Brasil Balcão (B3) in corruption scandals through media scrutiny and by disclosure of independent auditors on the quality of accounting information, measured from the perspective of accounting conservatism. We examine the possible theoretical link between the disclosure of corruption scandals and the quality of accounting information in the Brazilian context. Brazil has gone through successive corruption scandals involving firms and government entities in different levels. Accounting can be an important tool to mitigate said risks based on the artifacts it has to inform key stakeholders. However, it is necessary to identify the extent to which these artifacts can be influenced by the actors involved in these scandals. The research places accounting as an instrument subject to pressures from different interests and that may be shaped to them. Although accounting is an instrument that must aim to reduce information asymmetry, preventing the harmful effects of corruption, in specific contexts, it can be used in the opposite direction, such as in cases of corruption and economic crises. We used the model based on Ball and Shivakumar (2005) with specific modeling characteristics for corruption and crisis. The models were estimated using the Stata 13 software using the pooled approach using the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) estimation method, clustered by year and economic sector, and the Generalized Least Squares (GSL) estimator. The results point to the presence of conservatism when disclosing involvement in investigations of corruption crimes in Brazil. This behavior was less intense in firms effectively mentioned in these events. These results highlight the relevance of studies aimed at clarifying the connections between corruption and accounting reports, enabling the development of measures to curb corruption in the business environment.

Management and Alternative Accounting of Violence, Silence, and Gender

Management and accounting give visibility to certain activities, making them known to others. However, conventional communication methods – management and accounting reports – are problematic and should be challenged because quantifications are subtle in the constitution of subjects and social formations. When naming, assessing, and designating linkages, management and accounting incorporate relationships, becoming a social discourse that shapes beliefs. It impels us to investigate the role of management and accounting reports in data visualization and records of violence against women. Critical management and accounting research is especially suited to explore the relationships between reports, quantification, women, symbolic and physical violence. We argue that what is not measured is silenced and forgotten, removed from discussion and debate. Our goal is to harness management and accounting's emancipatory potential as a tool for resistance and social change by recovering a tradition of giving voice to the marginalized thru counter accounts. For doing so, we examine the Global Gender Gap Report (GGGR, 2006-2020), adopting decolonial and black feminist perspectives. Additionally, we dealt with several counter accounts, particularly from the Brazilian case, to illustrate violence and silencing. We argue that the GGGR oppresses by hiding the colonization process's intersectionality that substantiates gender violence in Brazil.

Reconhecimento da violência obstétrica no brasil e sua repercussão sociolegislativa por intermédio do movimento feminista

O presente artigo científico diz respeito ao reconhecimento sociolegislativo da violência obstetrícia no Brasil através do movimento feminista, como uma prática estrutural que fere a dignidade reprodutiva da mulher. Neste sentido, o objetivo geral deste trabalho é tratar a violência obstétrica inserida, principalmente, no contexto brasileiro, a partir da atuação dos grupos de frente feminista. De modo específico, elucidar os aspectos inerentes à violência simbólica e à racionalização do período gestacional, caracterizar da violência obstétrica como uma violência contra mulher, e por fim, identificar a influência do movimento feminista nas iniciativas legislativas que tratem desse tema.

The politics of criminal violence in Brazil: State violence, gang and the plebs

The politics of criminal violence in Brazil: State violence, gang and the plebs

CONHECIMENTO DOS PROFISSIONAIS DE ENFERMAGEM ACERCA DA FICHA DE NOTIFICAÇÃO COMPULSÓRIA EM RELAÇÃO A VIOLÊNCIA CONTRA A MULHER

The objective is to understand nursing knowledge in relation to the compulsory notification form against women victims of sexual violence. Promote theoretical ideas articulating public policies for their confrontation. In view of some studies carried out, professionals do not know or do not have knowledge regarding the compulsory notification form. Violence against women is a current, serious obstacle, complex of multiple issues, which makes it necessary for nursing to be appropriately trained to intervene in the face of a case of violence against women. In order for us to have a more targeted action, it is necessary to know about available bodies and procedures before the process. Sexual violence has skyrocketed in the health field with changes in the epidemiological profiles of populations. The average rate of notifications of sexual violence in Brazil was 4.38 notifications / 100 thousand population. There was an increase in the rate of violence and an improvement in socioeconomic conditions. Every year countless people lose their lives and it is necessary to report that violence against women occurs everywhere in the world regardless of race, color, nationality or education. Health professionals have an essential role during the process of identifying the violence record, however, it is still a challenge faced in health. The issues of non-compliance with filling out the forms may be related to the lack of knowledge of the obligation to notify and the notification, lack of confidence in the protection agencies, ignorance of referral flows, fear of reprisals by users, among others. women victims of sexual violence.

“Hospitals have some procedures that seem dehumanising to me”: Experiences of abortion-related obstetric violence in Brazil, Chile and Ecuador

abstract Abortion-related obstetric violence is an under-documented global phenomenon that seems more frequent in settings that legally restrict abortion. Seeking to document and critically assess this phenomenon, we analyse testimonies of obstetric violence shared by abortion seekers in Latin America. Data were collected through the communication channels of Women Help Women (WHW), a feminist non-profit organisation that supports self-managed abortion where access is restricted. We conducted in-depth review of 20 cases of women from Brazil, Chile and Ecuador who reported being subjected to several forms of obstetric violence while seeking abortion and post-abortion care in formal health facilities. This obstetric violence included denial of care and failure to meet standards of care, criminalisation, gaslighting, physical violence, and discrimination. We show how abortion-related obstetric violence is used as a means to punish and control feminised subjects that contradict social and legal mandates regarding abortion and gender. We also highlight the role of modern legal and medical systems in reproducing oppressive structures that deny people proper care.

A ALIENAÇÃO PARENTAL COMO COSMOLOGIA VIOLENTA

Objective: This article proposes to debate the possible correlations between the Parental Alienation process and the process of Violentization, in order to explore its possible theoretical implications as well as to raise awareness about the damage that the naturalization of the first practice and the internalization of its effects can cause to the vulnerable public of children and adolescents. Method: Based on the methodology of bibliographic survey and questionnaire application, we seek to explore the concepts brought by radical interactionism (Athens), such as ghost-community and violence, along the lines proposed by Ceretti and Lorenzo, with the practice of Parental Alienation described by Brazilian Law No. 12.318/2010. Originality: Parental Alienation has been expressly described as psychological violence in Brazil since the enactment of Law No. 13.431/2017, but previous works that have explored the process of Violentization presented here in the analysis of Parental Alienation were not found. Results: The literature review carried out evidenced the proximity between the process of Violentization described by Athens and the consequences caused by the process of Parental Alienation within the family, through which a child or adolescent learns a reference of abusive behavior that will affect their adult life, which was suggested by exploratory empirical research, presented in the article. Theoretical contributions: This article reinforces the risky nature of the act of Parental Alienation. In addition, it broadens the range of its analysis by the Institutions of the Justice System and demonstrates the need for the theme to be included in the scope of Public Policies in the field of family and children and youth. Contributions: Given that there is currently a campaign for the repeal of the Parental Alienation Law, the article points to the need to maintain Law No. 12,318/2010, given the demonstration of the complex phenomenon of Violentization included in this practice, with potential for intergenerational transmission.

Intersection of Race and Gender in Self-Reports of Violent Experiences and Polyvictimization by Young Girls in Brazil.

ObjectiveTo explore racial disparities in self-reports of violent victimization and polyvictimization among young girls in Brazil and to analyze the distribution of prevalence rates across race groups and the estimated odds of exposure.DesignData from girls ages 15 and above (N=14,809) from the 2015 edition of PeNSE (National Adolescent School-based Health Survey) were analyzed. Survey weighted proportions and bivariate and multivariate logistic regressions were used to address the objectives.ResultsIndependent of the girls’ age, socioeconomic status, and region of residence, black, indigenous, mixed, and Asian descendant girls (relative to Whites) were more likely to report past experiences of being bullied, suffering physical violence, forced sexual intercourse, and polyvictimization (reporting all three events). Blacks had the highest rates of reporting being bullied and polyvictimization. Asian descendants had the highest reports of physical violence. Indigenous girls had the highest reports of forced sexual intercourse.ConclusionsThis study documented disproportionate risks of violent victimization for young women of color among Brazilian students. The risks were significantly greater for those of darker skin tones and from ethnic minorities.ImplicationsThese findings can inform the development of programs to protect young women from violence in Brazil and highlight the importance of including anti-racism strategies in such programs.

‘Family, God, Brazil , Guns…’: The State of Criminal Governance in Contemporary Brazil

The article interrogates whether the social science scholarship on the political authority of organised crime in Brazil can serve as an analytical framework to understand the violent underpinnings of the Bolsonaro presidency. Reviewing ethnographic work on criminal governance groups in Brazil alongside judicial documents detailing the links between Bolsonaro and militia operatives as well as statements given by the president regarding organised crime and gun ownership indicates that criminal governance finds ideological support and functional resonance in the Bolsonaro administration. The interchange between organised crime and state criminality demands urgent dialogue between urban activists and ethnographers in Brazil.

The violence dynamics in public security: military interventions and police-related deaths in Brazil

This paper discusses the deadly use of violence as a public security agenda, focusing on police lethality and military interventions. Through a literature review to understanding concepts – such as “war,” for example – used in public security policy agendas, the study seeks to frame the notion of political violence, mainly referring to the policies designed to combat violence in Brazil. The objective is to problematize the public security policy based on the idea of confrontation, which adopts the logic of war and the notion of “enemy”. The paper is divided into three parts. The first is a conceptual approach to violence and war, and the second is the analysis of the dynamic of deadly use of force. Finally, the third part is a contextual analysis of violence in Rio de Janeiro, its characteristics, and central actors, using official statistics on violence in the region.

Protection of Children and Adolescents from Sexual Violence in Brazil: Legislation and Experiences in a Specialized Police Department

The Brazilian Constitution of 1988 represents a milestone due to the provision for comprehensive protection of children and adolescents. It was by this document with which the Police Department for the Protection of Children and Adolescents was created. This department is responsible for investigating sexual crimes. This research reflects the problems faced at the Police Department for the Protection of Children and Adolescents, in the city of Manaus, Amazonas state, Brazil. The study was based on bibliographic and documentary research, which prioritized the relevant legislation, records and institutional reports. It also employed direct observation at the police department and held interviews with 11 police sargeants and 3 psychologists, who were responsible for handling the complaints. The results reveal the high workload of these professionals in attending the public and solving the cases that come to their knowledge.

Effect of protected areas on forest crimes in Brazil

Forest crimes are a sparsely researched topic. There is ample evidence that protected areas play a role in lessening deforestation in the developing world, but their relationship to forest crimes is unknown. We examine the coastal municipalities of São Paulo State, Brazil to identify what role protected areas play in the incidence of forest crimes, using a series of regression models. Our findings provide support for a positive and significant relationship between protected areas and forest crime, likely due to increased opportunities for the commission of crimes, enhanced environmental monitoring and enforcement, and the reduction of legally exploitable forest areas. In addition, education levels were significant in contributing to increased forest crimes. The implications of our results are discussed in the context of public policy as well as forest crime prevention initiatives. While protected areas appear to contribute to a higher incidence of forest crimes in coastal São Paulo State.

Notes on Social Conditions, Rights and Violence in Brazilian Cities

ABSTRACT This article discusses transformations in social conditions, rights and urban violence in Brazil, especially in Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo. Poverty, social inequalities and violence are constitutive of Brazilian cities, and many interpretations in the literature suggest that these elements vary together in a homogeneous way. Recent broad changes, however, indicate divergent processes pointing in different directions. Economic and political transformations, as well as public policy reforms, have expanded social welfare, income and access to services, especially for the poor. On the other hand, urban violence has increased intensely, hitting the lower classes in particular. Even taking into consideration the Brazilian crisis since 2015, the balance of the three decades after the return to democracy is of reduced poverty and recombined but smaller inequalities, while at the same time, urban violence has disseminated heterogeneously. This article discusses these sometimes incongruent processes, viewed from the perspective of the contradictory construction of citizenship in contemporary Brazil.

Threats to national security from trafficking network from urban environments to the transnational circulation of illicit drugs

Increased cocaine production and hegemony of transnational routes have strengthened South American drug trafficking networks. This expansion has unfolded into armed violence in Brazil, as Transnational Criminal Organizations (TCO) compete over hegemony of drug corridors and distribution not only in metropolitan regions but, especially, in inner cities. Thus, this study aims to analyze how the new territories of South American drug trafficking relate to the nature and spatiality of violence in Brazil, and to assess what type of direct threat this brings to national security. We have collected georeferenced quantitative data in the Uppsala Conflict Data Program (UCDP), the Homicide Monitor of the Igarapé Institute, and the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC). We built our maps and performed our spatial analysis with the Philcarto software. Finally, we observed that the capillarization and hegemony of drug trafficking territories drive the violence in the internal borders and inland cities in Brazil.

Job Displacement, Unemployment Benefits and Domestic Violence

We estimate impacts of male job loss, female job loss, and male unemployment benefits on domestic violence in Brazil. We merge employer-employee and social welfare registers with administrative data on domestic violence cases brought to criminal courts, use of public shelters by victims and mandatory notifications of domestic violence by health providers. Leveraging mass layoffs for identification, we find that both male and female job loss, independently, lead to large and pervasive increases in domestic violence. Exploiting a discontinuity in unemployment insurance eligibility, we find that eligible men are not less likely to commit domestic violence while benefits are being paid, and more likely to commit it once benefits expire. Our findings are consistent with job loss increasing domestic violence on account of a negative income shock and an increase in exposure of victims to perpetrators, with unemployment benefits partially off setting the income shock while reinforcing the exposure shock.