Crime Activities Research Articles

SERBIAN LAUNDROMAT

Laundromat is a complex system for laundering money stolen from the government by corrupt politicians or earned through organized crime activity. It was designed to not only move money from Serbian shell companies into EU banks through many countries, but it had the added feature of getting corrupt or uncaring judges and sequesters on the secret funds in those countries to legitimize the funds. Serbian Laundromat works on the principle "good morning to all four sides of the World", also exploiting the "neutrality" on the origin and amount of money that comes from abroad or being collected from own people (placement), put abroad (layering) and returned back as "foreign" investment (integration). Some Case Studies has been done on the institutional response to the corruption challenge (that missing in Serbia).

KONSEP PERBUATAN MELAWAN HUKUM DALAM TINDAK PIDANA

The purpose of this study is to find out: (a), whether an act of crime can be said to be an act against the law. (b). what form of law is applied between an act against the law and an act of crime. This research is useful to provide knowledge in reviewing or applying a legal science specifically acts against the law, criminal law, criminal procedure law, through an empirical action in the field / society. While practically, the results of this study will be utilized as an input or contribution to the thought of officials / related officials to improve the quality of the implementation of tasks, especially in the application of applicable legal regulations for similar cases. The results of the study show that the understanding of acts against the law is more often expressed by experts. Of the many experts who formulated the notions of unlawful acts (PMH) with each other will be different, so to understand them materially we need elements to classify a particular act into PMH or not, so that the existence of these elements is expected to create an understanding of notion of acts against the law

Corrupción y captura del Estado: la responsabilidad penal de los servidores públicos que toman parte en el crimen organizado

Una de las características inherentes al crimen organizado es un mayor o menor grado de captura del Estado por corrupción, pues la penetración de las instituciones estatales le reporta a la agrupación una reducida probabilidad de ser eliminada, y una elevada facilidad para asegurar el éxito de las operaciones delincuenciales. Igualmente, en el mundo del crimen organizado, puede suceder que los servidores públicos hagan parte de las agrupaciones. En ambas tipologías de participación de servidores públicos en las actividades del crimen organizado cabe preguntarse sobre las formas de responsabilidad penal en que incurren los funcionarios que tomen parte en tales conductas. Así, el principal hallazgo de la investigación es que las posibilidades de responsabilidad pueden agruparse en tres universos de casos: los que son dependientes de la calidad de servidor público del agente, aquellos con independencia de esa cualificación, y el evento especial del delito de concierto para delinquir, que es transversal a las dos esferas de casos.

ISLAMIC LAW VIEWS ON TRAFFICKING OF WOMEN

The phenomenon of trafficking of women in Indonesia, which has been going on for quite a long time, but still continues to occur. Currently in the news relating to human trafficking in Indonesia it is increasingly prevalent, from various kinds of known crime activities carried out by individuals and corporations within the borders of a country as well as those carried out across the borders of other countries which are increasing. Based on the results of the study, it was concluded that the views of Islamic Law concerning the criminal act of trade were not in accordance with maqashid al-syari’ah. Sanctions against traffickers in the form of ta'zir punishment, because there are no clear provisions in the Qur'an and hadith, regarding the form and size of the decision handed over to ijtihad judges or priests who are authorized, the obstacle is that the apparatus is not ready for the elimination of trafficking in women, protection, recovery, repatriation and reintegration, the solution requires a structured, measurable and cross-sectoral and cross-sectoral collaboration between government (Law Enforcement) and the community.

Immigration and Crimes Against Natives: The 2015 Refugee Crisis in Germany

In the 2015 refugee crisis, nearly one million refugees came to Germany, raising concern that crimes against natives would rise. Using novel county-level data, we study this question empirically in first-difference and 2SLS regressions. Our results do not support the view that Germans were victimized in greater numbers by refugees as measured by their rate of victimization in crimes with refugee suspects. Our findings are of great policy and public interest, and also of material relevance for the broader literature on immigration and crime which considers only crimes per capita or variants thereof, but never actual crimes by foreigners against natives. We show that this shortcoming can lead to biased inference.

FALSIFICATION OF MEDICAL PRODUCTS: CRIMINAL LAW MECHANISM COMBATING THREATS TO PUBLIC HEALTH

Introduction: Every civilized state has the duty to its citizens to create an effective health care system, a necessary component of which is the use of safe and high-quality medical products. This duty is based both on the standards of international law and national constitutional norms and principles. The spread of falsified medical products poses a global threat to public health, can lead to death or cause significant harm to human health. Given the extreme risk of such acts, there is a need to create and operate an effective criminal law mechanism to combat such acts. The aim: The purpose of the article is to study the existing criminal law mechanism to combat the falsification of medical products at the international, regional and national levels (Poland and Ukraine as an example), as well as to develop proposals for improving of such a mechanism. Materials and methods: This study is based on the empirical and analytical data of the WHO, the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, the Council of Europe Convention on the counterfeiting of medical products and similar crimes involving threats to public health (The Medicrime Convention), criminal legislation of Ukraine and Poland, General Prosecutor's Office data on the criminal liability of those who committed falsification of medicines. Totally 28 laws and papers, 25 court judgments were analyzed. Dialectical, comparative, analytic, synthetic and system analyses research methods were used, also for interpretation purposes. Results:Falsification of medical products worldwide is characterized by high prevalence and is one of the highly profitable activities of transnational organized crime. Therefore, an effective counteraction to these crimes is impossible through isolated actions by one separate State and requires the establishment of a multi-level integrated mechanism to combat this phenomenon. The criminal law mechanism, as a necessary component of abovementioned mechanism, should be established at the international, regional and national levels. An analysis of the situation in Poland and Ukraine showed that the falsification of medical products is quite common in these countries, but national criminal legislation and practice of its implementation needs improvement. Conclusions: There is a need to create and implement an effective criminal law mechanism (at international, regional and national levels) to combat the spread of falsified medical products. At the international level, in order to increase the effectiveness of this mechanism, we fully support the EU initiative to amend the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, which would establish additional liability for the falsification of medicines. Improving the criminal law mechanism to combat the falsification of medical products at the European regional level requires intensifying of The Medicrime Convention ratification process and full implementation of rules on criminal liability for falsifying medical products into national criminal legislation. At the national level, it is necessary to improve both the criminal legislation and the practice of its implementation, to intensify the activity of law enforcement agencies to combat these crimes, to ensure a fair trial and effective criminal penalties for those who have committed a crime of falsifying medical products.

Improvement of the Governance Mechanism against Wildlife Crime Linked to the Internet in China

The modern society has stepped into an information- and network-based new age that is globalized. Rapidly rising Internet technology and e-commerce play a tremendously positive role in promoting the social advance, technological innovation and economic development, but in the meantime, they exert negative impact in certain areas and various crime activities executed with use of the Internet technology surge consequently. Historically speaking, wildlife crime used to take place in the traditional market, but as Internet is popularized amid its fast development, more and more wildlife criminals are coming into the enormous virtual market via Internet, making wildlife crime one that is linked to the Internet. In recent years, TRAFFIC1 China has been conducting long-term monitoring over online trading platforms and the monitoring result shows that illicit wildlife trade in China has been transferred from physical market to online trading platforms and has been extended to social media platforms (Huanqiu Net, 2019). Online selling and online payment have become the major mode of wildlife crime linked to the Internet. However, compared with the continuously intensified combat against wildlife crime in the visible market in China, the fight against wildlife crime linked to the Internet still faces many new challenges. The paper introduces the basic concept, main characteristics and global trend of wildlife crime linked to the Internet, clarifies the international consensus on the combat against the crime, analyzes the experience and challenges of China in governing the crime and proposes the governing direction and advices on countermeasures for the country.

MAPREDUCE IMPLEMENTATION FOR MALICIOUS WEBSITES CLASSIFICATION

Due to the rapid growth of the internet, malicious websites have become the cornerstone for internet crime activities. There are lots of existing approaches to detect benign and malicious websites — some of them giving near 99% accuracy. However, effective and efficient detection of malicious websites has now seemed reasonable enough in terms of accuracy, but in terms of processing speed, it is still considered an enormous and costly task because of their qualities and complexities. In this project, We wanted to implement a classifier that would detect benign and malicious websites using network and application features that are available in a data-set from Kaggle, and we will do that using Map Reduce to make the classification speeds faster than the traditional approaches.

Crime Mapping in Gujrat, Pakistan using GIS

Abstract—In previous years, crime has turned into a broad spectrum term in Pakistan. Street crime in Pakistan is in the high range. This needs a measurable research on crime mapping. Research about crime with its spatial and temporal distribution is important because data about crime Events is one of the most necessary need to Defends against crime [19]. Crime mapping is figure out how crimes are spread evenly over the zone. GIS plays an effective role in mapping of crime. This paper puts on the diverse utilities of GIS to Identify the hot, low crime area and safe area of Gujrat, Pakistan in addition to encourage the advancement of investigation and safety strategy for policing using GIS. This Research using GIS present better investigation for crime mapping in Gujrat, Pakistan so by using GIS in police department can be successfully applied on all police stations for better safety. GIS is technological gadgets which normally improve policing process as it simplifies the cognitive metrics and relationships between spatial localities. Studies reveal that GIS can holistically be integrated with crime investigating systems of police. This indicates that GIS is feasible, adoptable and adaptable tool in crime Deducting systems. This study aims to find out generic crime activity patterns of Gujrat using applications of GIS in crime patrolling and reduction activities. This study also aims to ensure that GIS can improve crime prediction and proactive measures for crime control in Gujrat. It will not only highlight the hot spots of crime.

The Effectiveness Of Islamic Law Implementation To Address Cyber Crime: Studies In Arab, Brunei Darussalam, And China

Technology development cause crime in the world that keep fluctuating and changing. Cyber crime is one of crime activities which takes place in the internet and develop fast globally, even faster than the conventional crime. Cyber crime is not only about computer-crime, cyber-terrrorist, cyber-narco-terrorist, but also capable to make impact toward state economy. This paper aims to understand the implementation of Islamic law or Islamic criminal law to see cyber crime. Islamic criminal law has been developed many years ago before arrival of information technology. This paper describes how Arab, Brunei Darussalam, and China reduce crime by adoption of islamic law. Islamic law what meant here is a law based on Islam, not a law made by Muslims then applied by Muslims. Islamic law can be practiced in every single country, although they don’t declare explicitly or they think that what have they done is not islamic law. Islamic law contains general principles to respon and develop efficient ways to overcome cyber-crime.

The Effectiveness Of Islamic Law Implementation To Address Cyber Crime: Studies In Arab, Brunei Darussalam, And China

Technology development cause crime in the world that keep fluctuating and changing. Cyber crime is one of crime activities which takes place in the internet and develop fast globally, even faster than the conventional crime. Cyber crime is not only about computer-crime, cyber-terrrorist, cyber-narco-terrorist, but also capable to make impact toward state economy. This paper aims to understand the implementation of Islamic law or Islamic criminal law to see cyber crime. Islamic criminal law has been developed many years ago before arrival of information technology. This paper describes how Arab, Brunei Darussalam, and China reduce crime by adoption of islamic law. Islamic law what meant here is a law based on Islam, not a law made by Muslims then applied by Muslims. Islamic law can be practiced in every single country, although they don't declare explicitly or they think that what have they done is not islamic law. Islamic law contains general principles to respon and develop efficient ways to overcome cyber-crime.

Índice delictivo y su relación con densidad poblacional y el Índice de Desarrollo Humano en el estado de Guanajuato

En este artículo se determinan factores que influyen en el Índice Delictivo (ID) de los municipios de Guanajuato y se estudia su relación con la densidad poblacional y el Índice de Desarrollo Humano (IDH). En particular, se muestra la interdependencia entre el IDH y sus variables contra el número de delitos de diferente índole que determinan el índice delictivo. Se muestra que factores educativos, de ingreso y densidad poblacional tienen un efecto significativo en el índice delictivo.

The Memory of Prevention. European Anti-Hate Crime Policy and Holocaust Remembrance

Cross-referencing between anti-hate crime policy work and Holocaust remembrance activities is not a rare phenomenon in a European context. Offhand, connecting anti-hate crime policy work and Holocaust remembrance is intelligible, since both are concerned with issues of racism, intolerance, and human rights violations. Thus, potentially, a “win-win” situation for actors from both fields. However, there are reasons for caution when bringing together two evils of a rather different magnitude as well as bringing together the different policy agendas. Through a combination empirical analysis and conceptual and normative reflections, the article unpack the premises and implications of connecting hate crime activism and Holocaust remembrance and it points towards two potential concerns. Firstly, anti-hate crime work is mainly forward-looking and preventive. It aims to mobilize and hence it will tend to prioritize a narrative and emotional simplicity. While Holocaust remembrance is also to some extent preventive and future-oriented (e.g., the promise of “Never Again”), there is also an ongoing obligation towards the details and complexities of the past. When the two domains are connected, there is a risk that the mobilizing aspects are prioritized too much. Secondly, when the Holocaust is evoked as the appropriate past for understanding the potential harm of hate crime, there is a danger of misrepresenting and over-dramatizing a vast proportion of the incidents that are currently reported and prosecuted as hate crimes. Thus, while the joining of agendas may be tempting, it also comes with a prize.

Feature selection generating directed rough-spanning tree for crime pattern analysis

Nowadays, crime is a major threat to the society that affects the normal life of human beings all over the world. It is very important to make the world free from all aspects of crime activities. The main motivation of this work is to understand various crime patterns for avoiding and preventing the crime events to occur in future and save the world from such curse. Though research is going on for solving such problems, no work is noticed to handle the roughness or ambiguity that exists in the crime reports. The present work extracts all possible crime features from the crime reports and selects only the important features required for crime pattern analysis. For this purpose, it develops a purely supervised feature selection model integrating rough set theory and graph theory (spanning tree of a directed weighted graph). The crime reports are preprocessed, and crime features are extracted to represent each report as a feature vector (i.e., a set of distinct crime features). For crime pattern analysis, the main objective of our work, all extracted features are not necessarily essential, rather a minimal subset of relevant features are sufficient. Thus, feature selection is the main contribution in the paper that not only enhances the efficiency of subsequent mining process but also increases its correctness. The rough set theory-based relative indiscernibility relation is defined to measure the similarity between two features relative to the crime type. Based on the similarity score, a weighted and directed graph has been constructed that comprises the features as nodes and the inverse of the similarity score representing the similarity of feature v to u as the weight of the corresponding edge. Then, a minimal spanning tree (termed as rough-spanning tree) is generated using Edmond/Chu–Liu algorithm from the constructed directed graph and the importance of the nodes in the spanning tree is measured using the weights of the edges and the degrees (in-degrees and out-degrees) of the nodes in the spanning tree. Finally, a feature selection algorithm has been proposed that selects the most important node and remove it from the spanning tree iteratively until the modified graph (not necessarily a tree) becomes a null graph. The selected nodes are considered as the important feature subset sufficient for crime pattern analysis. The method is evaluated using various statistical measures and compared with related state-of-the-art methods to express its effectiveness in crime pattern analysis. The Wilcoxon rank-sum test, a popular nonparametric version of the two-sample t test, is done to express that the proposed supervised model is statistically significant.

Analisis SWOT Financial Technology (Fintech) Pembiayaan Perbankan Syariah Di Indonesia (Studi Kasus 4 Bank Syariah Di Kota Medan)

This study wants to know the development of applications created by Islamic banking in order to be able to utilize FinTech in an effort to accelerate the financing process. This technology is expected to facilitate services to customers in terms of financing products in Islamic banks. The variety of financing products in Islamic banking requires a more applicative system to make it easier for customers to understand, understand, and use these financing products with an application. But the development of this fintech application turned out to have several disadvantages. One of them is the need for an internet network that supports the efficiency of financing activities in Islamic banks and also the existence of cyber crime activities that make the interest of customers to use this application to be reduced. This type of research is qualitative research using the SWOT analysis method on 4 Islamic banks in Medan City. Based on the results of the research analysis, it is suggested that from the outset prepare regulations relating to FinTech financing. The risk can be minimized and customers increase their understanding and knowledge for transaction convenience and security in Islamic banking.

THE DEFENSIBLE SPACE CONCEPT IN NEIGHBOURHOOD PARK CASE STUDY: TAMAN TASIK PUCHONG PERDANA, SELANGOR, MALAYSIA

Open space can contribute to the overall wellbeing of life by providing social and recreational focal points. However, open space may also be associated with undesirable qualities of a place such as crime activities that affect negatively its quality and the surrounding. Thus, to create a safe and comfort open space area, the defensible space concept is seen as an important approach to deter crime from occurring and to sustain the safety environment. Therefore, this research objective is to investigate whether the elements of the defensible space concept; territoriality, surveillance, and image, may be used in the planning of neighbourhood park. A study was carried out at Taman Tasik Puchong Perdana, Selangor by using a questionnaire survey to collect information from the visitors. The findings show that the defensible space concept with all the three elements was not implemented, which further may lead to the crime activities in the neighborhood park.

THE DEFENSIBLE SPACE CONCEPT IN NEIGHBOURHOOD PARK CASE STUDY: TAMAN TASIK PUCHONG PERDANA, SELANGOR, MALAYSIA

Open space can contribute to the overall wellbeing of life by providing social and recreational focal points. However, open space may also be associated with undesirable qualities of a place such as crime activities that affect negatively its quality and the surrounding. Thus, to create a safe and comfort open space area, the defensible space concept is seen as an important approach to deter crime from occurring and to sustain the safety environment. Therefore, this research objective is to investigate whether the elements of the defensible space concept; territoriality, surveillance, and image, may be used in the planning of neighbourhood park. A study was carried out at Taman Tasik Puchong Perdana, Selangor by using a questionnaire survey to collect information from the visitors. The findings show that the defensible space concept with all the three elements was not implemented, which further may lead to the crime activities in the neighborhood park.

Efforts to Overcome Cyber Crime Actions in Indonesia

The presence of the internet can penetrate the boundaries between countries and accelerate the spread and exchange of information throughout the world. Although there are many positive impacts of internet use, there are also negative impacts that disturb the community. One can easily become a criminal (cyber crime) only by creating blogs, accounts, applications, programs, sites in various mass media and social media to commit fraud, data theft, illegal use of credit cards, the spread of pornographic content, online gambling, online prostitution, hate speech, radicalism, terrorism and so on. To overcome crime in the virtual space, the government has issued Law No. 19 of 2016 concerning Amendments to Law No. 11 of 2008 concerning Information and Electronic Transactions. But not all internet users know and understand the substance of the law. Therefore, the government, employers and institutions that are engaged in information and communication technology have the responsibility to socialize the law to the public to prevent crime in the virtual space.

Disaggregating gang activity: an exploratory study of the socio-demographic context of gang activity

This paper examines the social ecology of gang activity in Fort Worth, Texas, a community with decades-long and recent growth in Latino immigrant populations. Focusing on the contextual correlates of police-defined gang incidents, the paper explores the relationship between traditional social ecological measures of concentrated disadvantage, residential stability, Latino immigration and racial composition and police-defined gang crime activity in Fort Worth communities. To better understand the social ecological dynamics that correlate with gang activity, the analysis uniquely disaggregates gang activity using 1) the police department’s gang-related classification system and, 2) four categories of gang crime behaviors within police classifications. Overall, the findings reveal that traditional social ecological indicators are significantly related to gang activity; however, the relationship collapses with disaggregation by gang-involved and gang-related crime behaviors and the four disaggregated crime classifications. Implications for research, theory, and policy are discussed.

Investigating the Factors of Committing Crimes using Fuzzy TOPSIS

It is a major concern for everyone when crime activities are on the rise particularly, if the crimes are happening near them. There is still lack of findings and understanding on the reasons for the occurrence of crimes albeit all the hue and cry. This study is to investigate the significant factors of committing crimes and also their respective ranking. The method of Fuzzy Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) was applied in this study. Fuzzy TOPSIS is commonly used for ranking purpose and selecting multi-criteria variables. Hence, this method is remarkably successful in determining the ranking of the factors as it relates to different criteria and alternatives. In this study, three decision makers are required to evaluate the factors using linguistic variables which vary from ‘very poor’ to ‘very good’. After applying fuzzy TOPSIS, the factors are ranked, thus the results show that lack of education is the major factor that contributes to crime behaviour with closeness coefficient value of 0.4661. The least contributing factor with closeness coefficient value of 0.3632 comes from poverty. The results of this study may be worthwhile for many personnel. Future research may expand the work with different types of criteria and alternatives.