Crew Training Research Articles

Effect of The Implementation of International Maritime Law and The Quality of Ship Crew on The Prevention of Coastal Environmental Pollution with Ship Safety as a Mediation in The Bintan Island Area

: This study aims to investigate the effect of the implementation of international maritime law and the quality of ship crews on the prevention of coastal environmental pollution with ship safety as a mediating variable in the Bintan Island area. With a focus on the issues of the implementation of maritime regulations that are not yet optimal and the variability of the quality of ship crews, this study uses a quantitative descriptive method approach with a sample of 160 ship crews in Bintan Island. The standard theory in takingThe samples used in this study were obtained using the Nonprobability Sampling technique with Saturated Sampling. Data were collected through a questionnaire that measured the variables of the application of international maritime law, the quality of the ship's crew, ship safety, and prevention of coastal environmental pollution. Data analysis was carried out using Structural Equation Modeling Partial Least Squares (SEM-PLS) to evaluate the relationship between variables. The results of the study indicate that the application of international maritime law has a significant effect on ship safety and prevention of coastal environmental pollution. In addition, the quality of the ship's crew also affects ship safety and pollution prevention efforts. Ship safety has been shown to play a significant role as a mediator in the relationship between the application of international maritime law andquality of ship crews with prevention of coastal environmental pollution. The discussion of these findings indicates that increasing the implementation of international maritime law and improving the quality of ship crews can improve ship safety and reduce environmental pollution. Ship safety plays a crucial role in mediating this relationship. This study concludes that stricter policies and effective training for ship crews will contribute to the protection of the coastal environment in Bintan Island. The implications of these results emphasize the importance of implementing better maritime policies and improving the competence of ship crews to achieve optimal results in preventing coastal environmental pollution.

DIANA: An underwater analog space mission

The DIANA mission represents an underwater analog space mission designed to simulate and study the impact of long-duration spaceflight and extraterrestrial habitation on crew performance, psychosocial dynamics, and technological systems. The mission utilized an underwater habitat, the Hydronaut H03 DeepLab, to mimic the isolated, confined, and extreme (ICE) environment of space. Over eight days, a six-member crew lived and worked in underwater (3) and water surface (3) habitats, performing scientific experiments and operational tasks. The mission schedule encompassed a variety of activities such as drone exploration, extravehicular activities (EVAs), soil sampling, and media interactions, culminating in a simulated departure from the lunar surface. Data collection methods included continuous biomedical monitoring, cognitive task assessments, and sociomapping to analyze team communication and cooperation. This paper provides an overview of the mission architecture and outcomes, offering valuable insights into the challenges of future human space exploration and informing improvements in crew selection, training, and support systems.

The problem of practical training of crew members of sea vessels for emergency situations: fire fighting

New methods of training crew members for fight a fire are being considered, based on the experience of chief officers and masters who have an experience of fire on a ship in reality. The collected analysis of incidents showed that today's methods of fire fighting characterized by scheduled duties between the crew are not effective, and are not implemented in an emergency situation. The proposed methods of practical training are aimed at reducing panic, rational use of crew forces and knowledge of special ship technical means of fire fighting.

Coordinated Rescheduling of Train Timetable and Crew Scheme for Passenger-Freight Collinear Railway

Coordinated Rescheduling of Train Timetable and Crew Scheme for Passenger-Freight Collinear Railway

Analyzing risk influencing factors of ship collision accidents: A data-driven Bayesian network model integrating physical knowledge

The interaction and propagation effects among risk-influencing factors (RIFs) often lead to maritime accidents. Therefore, to support maritime risk management in decision-making, it is imperative to conduct a quantitative risk assessment (QRA) of these accidents, which requires a methodology capable of capturing causal relationships in limited cases. To achieve this goal, this study proposes a data-driven Bayesian network (BN) model that integrates physical knowledge with the QRA. Based on the collected data, a combination of domain knowledge, structure learning, and parameter learning is employed to construct the model. In the data-driven phase, three structural learning algorithms including Bayesian search (BS), Greedy thick thinning (GTT), and Peter-Clark (PC) algorithms, were used in combination with the expectation maximization algorithm of parameter learning. Then, using four indices calculated by the confusion matrix, the most fitting algorithm for structure learning was chosen, and the confusion matrix was obtained by five-fold cross-validation. Finally, network propagation impact (NPI) is introduced to prioritize RIFs. Preventive measures and emergency plans are formulated based on the network resilience metric (NRM) and network vulnerability metric (NVM). This approach leverages the objectivity of a data-driven BN and integrates domain expertise to enhance model validity. A case study of collisions was conducted to demonstrate the applicability of the model. The data were sourced from 327 collision accident reports provided by the China Maritime Safety Administration, and the PC algorithm was chosen. Findings indicate that the “Management system”, “Supervision”, and “Crew training” RIFs are prioritized for preventive measures, whereas “Communication” receives more resources for emergency handling. The results suggest the formulation of risk management strategies for practitioners to improve maritime safety.

Escape room design in training crew resource management in acute care: a scoping review

BackgroundEffective teamwork is crucial to providing safe and high-quality patient care, especially in acute care. Crew Resource Management (CRM) principles are often used for training teamwork in these situations, with escape rooms forming a promising new tool. However, little is known about escape room design characteristics and their effect on learning outcomes. We investigated the current status of design characteristics and their effect on learning outcomes for escape room-based CRM/teamwork training for acute care professionals. We also aimed to identify gaps in literature to guide further research.MethodsMultiple databases were searched for studies describing the design and effect of escape rooms aimed training CRM/teamwork in acute care professionals and in situations that share characteristics. A standardized process was used for screening and selection. An evidence table that included study characteristics, design characteristics and effect of the escape room on learning outcomes was used to extract data. Learning outcomes were graded according to IPE expanded typology of Kirkpatrick’s levels of learning outcome and Medical Education Research Study Quality Instrument (MERSQI) scores were calculated to assess methodology.ResultsFourteen studies were included. Common design characteristics were a team size of 4–6 participants, a 40-minute time limit, linear puzzle organization and use of briefing and structured debriefing. Information on alignment was only available in five studies and reporting on several other educational and escape room design characteristics was low. Twelve studies evaluated the effect of the escape room on teamwork: nine evaluated reaction (Kirkpatrick level 1; n = 9), two evaluated learning (Kirkpatrick level 2) and one evaluated both. Overall effect on teamwork was overtly positive, with little difference between studies. Together with a mean MERSQI score of 7.0, this precluded connecting specific design characteristics to the effect on learning outcomes.ConclusionsThere is insufficient evidence if and how design characteristics affect learning outcomes in escape rooms aimed at training CRM/teamwork in acute care professionals. Alignment of teamwork with learning goals is insufficiently reported. More complete reporting of escape rooms aimed at training CRM/teamwork in acute care professionals is needed, with a research focus on maximizing learning potential through design.

Формирование навыков командной деятельности и их объективная количественная оценка на основе квантовых представлений

<p>Presented are mathematical and software tools providing the formation and objective quantitative assessment of teamwork skills based on quantum representations. These tools utilize the formal representations of subjects' activities through probability matrices of transitions between the performed elementary operations. Analysis of the subjects' activities is based on comparisons of these matrices for a pattern of actions under study with relevant matrices for patterns of empirical data representing various variants of the subjects' work. When evaluating the teamwork skills, these comparisons are performed according to the "Triangle Scheme", which involves comparing the coordinated actions of the subjects performed in pairs and individually. For this purpose, the quantum spectral analysis is used, which provides effective quantitative comparisons of the hidden periodicities of performing typical elementary operations and their quantities in the spectral metric. The tools for the formation and assessment of teamwork skills are implemented in the form of both a flight simulator with the separation of control channels between pilots and a modified computer game "Sea Battle", which allows to evaluate the dynamics of partners’ communication and cooperation by analyzing their moves as well as tips transmitted to each other. The presented approach to the formation and assessment of teamwork skills is quite universal and can be used in various applications areas, including the assessment and training of flight crews, operators of complex technical systems, students of various levels and other target groups.</p>

The Future of Coastal Navigation Safety in Egypt: Improving the Reliability of Electronic Charts

Abstract This paper investigates the integrity and reliability of electronic navigation charts (ENCs) used for maritime navigation along the Egyptian coast. Comprehensive assessments were conducted, focusing on critical stretches including the Suez Canal, Strait of Jubal, Aqaba Gulf entrance, and Hurghada Port access channels. The findings expose alarming accuracy gaps in these vital yet confined transit zones, with Category of Zone of Confidence (CATZOC) classification results indicating positional uncertainties exceeding five hundred meters. Such imprecision severely erodes navigational safety buffers for ships amidst intense traffic volumes. Meanwhile, proximity to delicate coral ecosystems and coastal communities raises the stakes for averting accidents. Responding to these urgent threats, promising initiatives are already underway between Egyptian agencies and international hydrographic bodies to systematically address ENC deficiencies through new surveys and data enhancements. Mandatory functionality checks, crew training, and compliance enforcement will also optimize the utilization of existing ECDIS installations. Sustained investments to upgrade this core informational infrastructure will help align the country's navigational framework with best practices for protecting life, property, and the environment. A multifaceted strategy tackling both human and technical dimensions across ships, ports, and shoreside administrators is essential for eliminating needless risk. Strengthening ENC integrity will provide Egyptian-flagged and visiting vessels with greater situational assurance when transiting confined waterways, while preventing devastating shipping accidents that could damage fragile marine ecosystems.

Main directions for improvement of navigation safety through prevention of ship collisions

The article is devoted to the study of the main directions of improving the safety of navigation by preventing ship collisions. The modern development of global shipping is characterized by an increase in the intensity of maritime transportation, which significantly increases the risks of emergencies, in particular ship collisions. These incidents are one of the main causes of maritime accidents, resulting in significant economic losses, environmental damage and risk to human life. The article analyzes various aspects of improving safety of navigation, including the use of modern technologies, organizational measures, crew training and efficient ship maintenance. The focus is on the following areas: technical support, organizational measures, education and training for the crew, communication systems and international coordination, as well as ensuring the technical serviceability of ships. Radar systems allowing to detect and track ships at different distances, which is critical in difficult weather conditions. Another important aspect is crew training. Regular professional education, training, and simulation training help crews adapt to new technologies and respond effectively to dangerous situations. An effective communication system and international coordination are critical for rapid response to emergencies. Emergency communication systems ensure rapid exchange of information between ships and coastal services, and international cooperation contributes to increased preparedness and coordination. Ensuring the technical serviceability of ships through regular inspections and technical surveys is the basis for safe navigation, allowing to identify and eliminate potential problems. The article emphasizes the importance of a comprehensive approach to improving shipping safety, including the integration of advanced technologies, organizational processes, training and maintenance. This approach helps to reduce the risk of ship collisions and improve overall safety at sea

A novel approach to runway overrun risk assessment using FRAM and flight data monitoring

AbstractRunway overruns (ROs) are the result of an aircraft rolling beyond the end of a runway, which is one of the accident’s types that most frequently occurs on aviation. The risk of an RO arises from the synergistic effect among its precursors, such as unstable approaches, long touchdowns and inadequate use of deceleration devices. To analyse this complex socio-technical system, the current work proposes a customised functional resonance analysis method, called FRAM-FDM, as traditional techniques of risk and safety assessment do not identify the interactions and couplings between the various functional aspects of the system itself, especially regarding human and organisational components. Basically, FRAM-FDM is the coupling of a traditional FRAM with flight data monitoring (FDM) techniques, used here to quantify the variabilities of the flight crew performance while executing the required activity (i.e. the landing). In this proposal, these variabilities (i.e. the FRAM functions aspects) are aggregated by the addend of a logistic regression, resulting in a model to evaluate the flare operations and the brake application profile effect on the remaining distance to the end of the runway, used as a reference to classify the landing as acceptable or not. The present application of the FRAM-FDM assesses the operational risk of a sample fleet in overrunning the runway during landing, highlighting the brake pedal application profile as the most relevant contributor. The model improves the knowledge about the system behaviour, being useful to direct flight crew training.

Anthropometric and physiological profiles of highly trained sailors in various positions and levels

This study aimed to analyze anthropometric and physiological profiles of highly trained sailors and the differences between sailors regarding various training levels. Forty-two sailors (22 male, 22.4 ± 3.8 years; 20 females, 21.3 ± 3.6 years) were divided into helmsmen and crew groups, and the high- and low-level were distinguished. Sailors completed height, sitting height, legs length, weight, BMI, VO2max, 30 s all-out sprint, isometric mid-thigh pull (IMTP), countermovement jump, bench pull, core endurance tests. The results showed the crew had higher height, sitting height, weight, VO2max and lower trunk flexor endurance test times compared to the helmsmen (p < 0.05). The helmsmen had higher relative peak power/force in the 30 s all-out sprint and IMTP tests compared to the crew, whereas the crew had better absolute strength in bench pull, with significant differences between female sailors (p < 0.05). The high-level sailors showed more sailing experience than low-level sailors (p < 0.05). In conclusion, highly trained crew tend to be taller and heavier, while helmsmen have better trunk flexor endurance. For female sailors, helmsmen have better lower-body power and strength and crew have better upper-body strength. Sailing experience is a reliable variable to distinguish sailors’ levels. The specific anthropometric and physiological profiles of sailors in various positions can assist sailing coaches in athlete selection and intervention training.

Learning from Mistakes: A Thematic Analysis of Flight 401's Situational Awareness Lapses

Situational awareness is a fundamental pillar in aviation, essential for safety, operational efficiency, and crew training. This study focuses on the tragedy of Eastern Airlines Flight 401 as a case study to illustrate the importance of effective communication and Crew Resource Management (CRM) in preventing accidents. Through thematic analysis, the research reveals how pilot distractions, cockpit instrument malfunctions, and communication failures in critical conditions contributed to the accident. The findings indicate that comprehensive training that integrally incorporates technological aspects and human factors, as well as an emphasis on effective CRM, is crucial. Practical implications of this research include the development of training modules aimed at enhancing interactive and collaborative communication among crew members. The study also recommends future research focus on aviation technology, air traffic control dynamics, and human-machine interactions, with the goal of deepening understanding of situational awareness dynamics and advancing aviation safety practices. These findings are expected to make a significant contribution to the literature on situational awareness and aviation safety practices.

Working with nutritionists

Veterinarians and nutritionists both are advisors to help feed­lots develop protocols, execute and monitor protocols, train of personnel, and identify new technologies. Nutritionists are responsible for supplement and ration formulation, feed addi­tive recommendations, growth promotants management, bunk management, overseeing quality control, and monitoring pro­tocol adherence. Veterinarians are responsible for arrival pro­tocols, treatment protocols, training crews on case definitions of sick animals, and monitoring morbidity and mortality. Nu­tritionists are judged on ADG, F:G, cost of gain, and metabolic disorders/mortality rates. Veterinarians are judged on pull rate and death loss outcomes, as well as costs of pharmaceutical us­age. There are many opportunities for nutritionists and veteri­narians to collaborate. It is important for each party to under­stand the general recommendations the other has in place, and where things could be tweaked to optimize efficiencies to help feedlot crew teams to execute these protocols. When challeng­ing one another, it is important to stay professional. It is also important that many of the disagreements could be alleviated with understanding why current protocols are in place, and to determine if there are opportunities to adjust the timing of events to compromise what makes most sense to the animal and the operation. As technology continues to improve through mon­itoring tools, data collection, new products and research, oppor­tunities for collaboration between professionals will continue to exist. Clear expectations and communication from all 3 parties (feedlot, veterinarian and nutritionist) are required for success.

The Degree of Implementation of Waste Management on Ship

Ships generating waste pose a significant environmental challenge in the maritime sector. This research aims to assess how effectively waste management practices are implemented by maritime personnel to mitigate the environmental impacts of onboard waste. Data gathered from survey questionnaires were analyzed using a quantitative research design, focusing on responses from chief officers and second engineers of ships. A four-point Likert scale was employed, and results were evaluated using frequency percentages, weighted means, and the Chi-square statistical analysis. The study aimed to profile the ship's crew and evaluate the implementation of waste management strategies, particularly regarding waste management plans and waste disposal onshore and ship-to-shore. The findings indicate that waste management implementation at the Port of Surigao's ships was fully achieved. These results underscore the importance of comprehensive waste management systems and training to ensure consistency in perceptions and practices among maritime officers. Therefore, the researchers suggested that ship operators can reduce environmental impact and promote sustainability in the maritime industry by developing a comprehensive waste management plan, providing crew training, installing effective waste segregation facilities, implementing recycling initiatives, and conducting regular audits.

Preventing Catastrophic Cyber–Physical Attacks on the Global Maritime Transportation System: A Case Study of Hybrid Maritime Security in the Straits of Malacca and Singapore

This paper examines hybrid threats to maritime transportation systems and their governance responses; focusing on the congested Straits of Malacca and Singapore (SOMS) as an illustrative case study. The methodology combines secondary sources with primary data from 42 expert interviews, a 28 respondent survey, and two maritime security roundtables. Key findings were that ships’ critical systems are increasingly interconnected, yet aging IT infrastructure and minimal cybersecurity awareness among crews heighten risks. Meanwhile, regional terrorist groups have previously targeted shipping and shown considerable skill in exploiting online tools, aligning with broader calls for jihadist violence. Furthermore, opportunistic piracy persists in the SOMS with the potential to disrupt shipping. Experts confirmed that maritime cybersecurity lags behind other critical infrastructure sectors and needs updated governance. Initial International Maritime Organization (IMO) guidelines lack specificity but revisions and updated IMO guidance are in process, while Port state implementation of maritime cybersecurity standards varies. Crucially, information sharing remains inadequate, even as recorded attacks increase. Findings underscore that although major hybrid incidents have not occurred, simulations and threat actors’ capabilities demonstrate potential for catastrophic collisions or cascading disruption in congested waterways. Mitigating factors like redundancy and crew training are deficient currently. Some alignment between SOMS states on maritime security cooperation exists, but not on cyber threats specifically. Key recommendations include an anonymous cyber attack reporting system, reinforced training and shipboard systems, and consolidated regional frameworks. Until these priorities are addressed, the analysis concludes that hybrid vulnerabilities in this vital global chokepoint remain a serious concern.

A fuzzy Bayesian network risk assessment model for analyzing the causes of slow-down processes in two-stroke ship main engines

ABSTRACT This paper presents a risk assessment approach for analyzing the causes of malfunction-related main engine slowdowns. A fuzzy Bayesian Network-based methodology is used to assess the factors contributing to the engine’s slow-down processes. The model addresses the complexity and uncertainty inherent in maritime operations with fuzzy sets where numerous interrelated factors can affect engine performance, and the Bayesian network to capture probabilistic dependencies. It considers various potential causes of the slow-down of ship engines that the manufacturer provides. Results demonstrate the model's ability to identify the influential factors leading to engine slow-down events and quantify the overall risk. Integrating fuzzy logic and Bayesian Networks comprehensively assesses relevant risk factors. It enables maritime stakeholders to manage engine performance and improves operational safety proactively. Findings can inform decision-makers, enabling the implementation of targeted maintenance strategies, fuel quality control measures, and crew training programs in the maritime industry.

Ensuring Safe Working Conditions under the Influence of Vibroacoustic Factors on Train Crew Workers

Introduction. The increased intensity of noise and vibration of railway traffic may become not only an urgent problem in the field of occupational safety, but also a serious environmental problem in the near future due to the constant need to increase the weight of freight trains, the speed of passenger trains and the capacity of railway lines. Recently, a lot has been done to minimize the negative effects of noise and vibration in railway transport. However, the problem of exceeding the indicators of vibration noise factors remains relevant. Reducing the harmful effects helps to improve the working conditions of train crew employees and improve the comfortable conditions of transport passengers. As a rule, the main focus of the analysis is on the external impact of vibroacoustic factors on residential areas and less attention is paid to the impact on rolling stock. However, these studies do not provide a complete picture of how noise and vibration actually affect the train in motion. The aim of the study was to obtain the result of an analysis of the impact of vibroacoustic factors on train crew workers and to propose a method of comprehensive protection based on the use of vibration damping materials.Materials and Methods. In the course of the work, regulatory documents were studied, a comprehensive analysis of relevant information on this topic was carried out, and methods for calculating vibration and vibration acceleration were used. The values of the sound pressure levels were obtained using a SPM-101 sound level meter. The object of the study was a carriage of the "reserved seat" type in the process of movement. As part of the research plan, sound pressure was measured at selected sites and a class of working conditions was determined.Results. The result of the analysis of the impact of vibroacoustic factors on train crew workers indicated the need to strengthen comprehensive measures to protect them. The obtained calculation of the vibration force became the basis of the method proposed by the authors to minimize the harmful effects of vibroacoustic factors, which was based on the use of vibration and sound insulation materials suitable for the necessary acoustic parameters in the construction of the car. In particular, it was proposed to cover the floor of the car with dense rubber and the ceiling of the car with an inorganic fiber material for sound insulation. The work also provides an economic assessment of the effectiveness of measures to minimize harmful vibration noise effects.Discussion and Conclusion. The proposed methods for minimizing noise and vibration impacts can help reduce the level of sound pressure and vibration indicators to standard values, which will significantly reduce the negative impact of vibroacoustic factors on train crew workers and railway passengers. The considered complex for minimizing vibration and noise includes a set of methods in which affordable materials based on recycled substances have found application.

Sailing Towards Sustainability: How Seafarers Embrace New Work Cultures for Energy Efficient Ship Operations in Maritime Industry

It is imperative to take proactive measures in light of the escalating concerns about greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of international shipping. The GHG study conducted by the International Maritime Organization (IMO) indicates that the sector accounted for 2.2% and 2.89 % of emissions in 2012 and 2018, respectively. As a result, IMO has endorsed strategies to reduce ship-induced emissions to 50% by 2050 and net zero emissions by 2100. For reducing carbon emissions, regulations such as the Energy Efficiency Design Index (EEDI) and Ship Energy Efficiency Management Plan (SEEMP) were implemented a decade ago. We collected data from 104 seafarers in 24 countries using purposive sampling, exploring how the energy-efficient operation of ships transforms their work cultures onboard ships. The majority of seafarers in our study agreed that energy-efficient ship operation has changed seafarers' working cultures over the last decade. Seafarers have adopted a variety of energy efficiency (EE) practices, including meticulous record-keeping of fuel consumption and adherence to Planned Maintenance Systems. As well as preparing for Port State Control (PSC) inspections, they follow energy-saving measures prescribed by the SEEMP. In addition to engine maintenance, energy-saving practices, accurate reporting and recording of EE-related data, and efficient power usage, they provide just-in-time arrival, crew training, energy-efficient lighting, environmental awareness, and slow steaming to minimize fuel consumption. The majority of seafarers implemented SEEMP successfully and met the company's objectives, but they did not receive any form of recognition or financial incentives. Although SEEMP can help shipping companies gain financial benefits and preserve the environment, seafarers do not receive tangible rewards or appreciation for implementing it. Only one-fourth of seafarers were rewarded with incentives, bonuses, formal recognition, or trophies. This study holds significant implications for policymakers, offering insight into seafarers' adaptation to energy-efficient ship operations and advocating for integrating Industry 4.0 technologies for EE regulations compliance by reducing seafarers' workloads and improving data accuracy.

LEGAL FRAMEWORKS FOR AİR TRANSPORT SAFETY

This comprehensive examination explores the critical role of legal frameworks in ensuring safety within the aviation industry across various facets of air transport. It delves into the international agreements and standards established by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) and the meticulous supervision provided by National Aviation Authorities. The article navigates through the intricate network of regulations governing airworthiness, crew training, air traffic management, and emergency response. By scrutinizing the nuanced details of each segment, the discussion highlights how these legal frameworks serve as imperceptible architects, cultivating a global environment where safety is prioritized, emergencies are adeptly managed, and the skies remain a secure medium for transportation.

НОВЫЙ ОПЫТ ОТРАБОТКИ ЭЛЕМЕНТОВ МЕДИЦИНСКОГО ОБЕСПЕЧЕНИЯ ЛУННЫХ МИССИЙ В КРАТКОВРЕМЕННОМ КОСМИЧЕСКОМ ПОЛЕТЕ

According to the current scenarios of space exploration missions, the Moon is viewed as a midbase on the way to remote space. The paper presents the results of a pilot study performed in a short-term mission to the ISS. A new experimental experience has been acquired on how to use the preventive effects of LBNP (lower body negative pressure) appropriately for crew training during the acute adaptation to microgravity before landing on the Moon. The paper describes dynamics of the movement control system re-adaptation, verticalization strategy, and progress in dealing with the double challenge on days 1-3 of recovery after a short-term mission. We obtained unique data about rearrangements in the gravity-dependent body systems during short-term missions. Results of the investigations of these systems after return from the mission point to some degradation of the body functional reserves and the need to develop countermeasures. The investigation is among the first steps towards working-out new crew medical operations in the phase of changing the paradigm from the orbital missions to remote space exploration.