Credit Organizations Research Articles

Понятие современной киберпреступности и способы совершения финансово-ориентированных киберпреступлений

Introduction. This article attempts to formulate a definition of cybercrime and cybercrime in the financial sphere by summarizing the legal and technical concepts. We highlight the methods of committing cybercrime in the financial sphere, with a stage-by-stage qualification of each method. Objective: to carry out a technical and legal unification of the concept of general cybercrime and financially-oriented, to outline the methods of committing such crimes with a breakdown into stages, to analyze their legal qualification. Methodology. The method of analysis investigated articles 158, 159.6, 272, 274 of the Criminal Code for the possibility of staged qualification of financially-oriented cybercrime. Results. Based on the analysis of current scientific opinions on the nature of cybercrime our own definition was proposed. The authors structured the methods of committing financially-oriented cybercrime, identified the peculiarities of their qualification under the Criminal Code. Conclusion. Cybercrime in the financial sphere should be considered a totality of intentional crimes committed in computer systems of banks, financial markets, stock exchanges and other financial and credit organizations against the property and order of circulation of funds. This report outlines three methods of cyberattack: a banking network virus; a cyberattack at a client's automated workplace in the Bank of Russia; a penetration of the computer system of a financial organisation infected by a virus picked up from a personal computer and due to password theft.

АНАЛІЗ РИНКУ ЖИТЛОВОЇ НЕРУХОМОСТІ ЧЕРЕЗ ПРИЗМУ ТЕОРІЇ СТЕЙКХОЛДЕРІВ

The approach proposed by Alkema V.G. was chosen as the methodological basis of the research. and I.V. Bolbotenko, which is adapted to the specifics of the functioning of the residential real estate sector, which includes five interrelated stages: from the identification of stakeholders and their grouping based on the degree of influence on the activity of the construction enterprise, through the analysis of the "power" parameters (degree the ability to influence the economic entity) and "interest" (the level of motivation of such influence) to build a matrix of the balance of interests and calculate the overall level of balance of interests. The main stakeholders of the residential real estate market are aggregated into three groups by spheres of influence, which include the sphere of authority (responsibility), the sphere of direct influence, and the sphere of indirect influence. The author's vision of the subject content of each of the above-listed segments is presented. The key groups of stakeholders that have the greatest influence on the subjects of the residential real estate market include construction company owners (sphere of authority/responsibility), construction enterprise managers (sphere of authority/responsibility), financial and credit organizations (sphere of direct influence), customers (developers) (sphere of direct influence), local authorities (sphere of indirect influence). Conclusions were made regarding the weakness of the institutional influence of such groups of indirect influence as the local population, the sphere of science and education, professional associations, the interest of which is not fully realized due to the lack of real mechanisms of pressure on other stakeholders. The obtained results of the analysis are implemented in the identification of the most important interests in the construction industry, which include: stability of business conditions, effectiveness of personnel policy, effective decision-making mechanism, competitiveness of the final product, high indicators of profitability, liquidity, financial stability, business activity. Interests that lie beyond purely economic parameters (optimal organization of territories, complex infrastructure solutions) show the lowest total rating points. The need of the construction sector to cooperate with stakeholders of indirect influence, in particular the spheres of science and education, was determined. The reasons for the expansion of the use of informal and illegal mechanisms for realizing the interests of priority groups of stakeholders have been revealed.

Development of Methodological Approaches to Assessing Client Risks of a Commercial Bank

Relevance. Money laundering has strong consequences throughout the world, which distort and seriously distort economic processes, since it can completely destroy the political and financial systems of a country. Credit organizations, as intermediaries in financial transactions, are the main participants in the process of legalization of income and anti-money laundering activities. Therefore, risk management becomes a decisive element for identifying actions that may indicate suspiciousness of a transaction, and associate its participants with money laundering, and requires banks to form special methodological tools.The purpose. In this article, it is planned to consider issues related to the study of methodological approaches to assessing client risks used in world practice, when assessing banks in anti-money laundering activities and the possibility of their adaptation in the activities of Russian credit institutions.Objectives. Within the framework of the scientific article, scientific tasks were set and solved to develop a methodological approach to assessing client risks (including a new client and a client with a long service period) of involvement in legalization of income.Methodology. The proposed methodological approach is implemented using linear regression and gradient boosting methodology based on a decision tree.Results. The research carried out allows us to form two models that offer solutions for identifying new and old clients whose activities involve money laundering.Conclusions. Considering that the supervisory authorities are increasingly focusing on developing the ability of banks to prevent suspicious transactions in advance, this requires a credit institution to develop a set of various tools that allow a high level of probability to identify suspicious transactions by a client and prevent them from being carried out in the bank.

Analysis of the activities of credit institutions based on balanced indicators in order to identifyviolations

The banking sector is one of the most vulnerable components of the financial system, asitis characterized by high riskiness, since each banking operation creates certain risks for a credit institution. Emerging risks can lead to various losses, which negativeely affects the financial stability of the bank. The object of the study is social relation sarising in connection with the commission of crimes in the sphere of credit and financial activities. In the process of conducting the study, methods of research and scientific knowledge were used: analysis, analogy, synthesis and grouping, comparison method. The analysis method all owe dustoconsiderin detail the various credit institutions, namely the irkey in dicators that characterize the efficiency and performance of all elements of the bank system. The comparison method made itpossible to compare the value sofindicators for 2019 and 2021 in order tostudy the dynamic sofchange sin the situation that took place in the banking sector before and after the introduction of restrictive measures dueto the pandemic. In the course of the study, the level of criminalization in the financial sector was analyzed, base don’t the methods of a simpli fied system of balanced score card sand liquidityratios, credit organizations were analyzed, in particular the irefficiency and financial stability, the coordinated work of all elements of the bankin order to conduct a high-risk credit policy, as well as recommendations were developed opminimize off enses in the bankin gsector.

Implementation of Machine Learning in the Credit Risk Management System of Individuals

There are many problems in each credit institution. The most important of them is the risk of possible losses in lending. Within the framework of the topic, the studies conducted by other researchers were investigated, from which it was concluded that machine learning tools are often used to optimally solve the above-mentioned problem. Real data on credits were used as a basis for modeling in the work. In this work, based on the available data, several machine learning models were developed, from which the best one was selected, which can contribute to the improvement of the credit risk management process. During the work, the logical connections between data and their interaction with each other were revealed. Then, based on the work done, the appropriate models were built, the quality of which was checked using various tools. The obtained models were compared and the best one was selected. The obtained results are practically applicable and show that each bank and credit organization can develop a better solution based on the large databases they have, which will contribute to curbing credit risk and reducing costs.

ВНЕДРЕНИЕ ИННОВАЦИОННЫХ БАНКОВСКИХ ПРОДУКТОВ В СОВРЕМЕННЫХ УСЛОВИЯХ

In the global economy today, banking innovations are manifested in various forms, such as new financial products (services), new processes in the financial sector, new financial institutions. Banking innovations have a significant impact on the economy, providing an increase in the efficiency of the banking sector. The reasons for banking innovations are increased competition in the banking sector, increased uncertainty and risk in the economy, changes in consumer preferences, high imbalance in the global economy Currently the banking sector of the economy is aimed at timely changes in the conditions of external instability and the introduction of innovative banking products for profit. The article characterizes innovative banking products that act as a priority tool for a commercial bank to retain a leading position in the modern market. That is why the study of this issue seems relevant. This article analyzes the main directions of innovative banking activity, highlights the most interesting banking innovations operating in domestic banks. Modern credit organizations are the most important element of the banking system. This segment of the economy accumulates most of the monetary turnover of the state. Thanks to the ability of banks to redistribute funds, new sources of capital are being formed that contribute to the reproductive process. Commercial banks also support the national economy by creating a cash flow from the least efficient industries to the more competitive ones. Due to the current situation in the world, which literally forces all commercial organizations to continuously developе, banks are also actively trying to create new products and operations that will meet the needs of modern society. The ability to respond promptly to the needs of the population and introduce new products and tools distinguish the market leaders of the present time. The emergence of innovative banking products and technologies depends on the development of banking business. Their development and promotion at each stage of the formation of banking depends on the needs of the reproductive process and the type of economic systems. By creating new banking products, it is possible to resolve conflicts of limited resources of banks with changing needs of a potential client. The adaptation of new banking products is gradually becoming more widely used in the credit sector, since, due to various circumstances, only a few large banks have the opportunity to invest in innovations. Low capitalization of domestic banks, liquidity problems, high costs for the implementation of requirements the problem of increasing the efficiency of the organizations of the domestic financial and credit system through the adaptation of innovative banking products is identified.

О мерах противодействия незаконному осуществлению деятельности по предоставлению потребительских кредитов (займов)

We conduct a detailed analysis of the current legislation regulating the suppression of illegal activities in the financial market. Particular attention is paid to the provisions of Article 1715 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. Among other things, this study shows in most detail the invaluable role of the Central Bank of Russia as a regulator of law enforcement activities, namely in the issue of suppressing the illegal activities of banks and non-banking credit organizations in the financial market, the trend of its further activities in this legal aspect. We substantiate the debatable, actively discussed opinion in the legal community, which states that the lack of an exhaustive list of non-banking financial institutions that are entitled to issue a consumer loan complicates the work of law enforcement agencies to identify entities that do not have the authority to carry out such activities. It is also worth noting separately that the work below provides the author's arguments in support of the introduction of a qualitatively new article 1715 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. Among other things, this study proposes options for further legal regulation of countering the illegal implementation of activities for the provision of consumer credits (loans), supported by references to the current regulatory legal acts.

ДЕПОЗИТНАЯ ПОЛИТИКА КРЕДИТНЫХ ОРГАНИЗАЦИЙ: РЕГИОНАЛЬНЫЙ АСПЕКТ

The essential approaches to the content of the deposit policy of credit institutions and the analysis of common features and differences in the definitions made it possible to understand the deposit policy as a system of measures for the formation and management of the deposit resources of a credit institution, as well as the definition and formation of the optimal structure of its deposit base to achieve the established goals of a banking institution. The features of the formation of the deposit policy by credit institutions registered in the Republic of Crimea are revealed. The main source of resources in the formation of the liabilities of the banking network of the Crimean region are customer funds, among which deposits of the population prevail. Three credit institutions registered in the Republic of Crimea (Bank ChRDB JSC, GENBANK JSC and RNKB Bank (PJSC)) operate on the peninsula without fierce competition from large Russian credit institutions, which also affects their deposit policy. The undoubted leader of the Crimean deposit market is RNKB Bank (PJSC), which makes it possible for individuals to open deposits, mainly in national currency, although for certain types of deposits and in foreign currencies, using conditions and interest accrual schemes convenient for depositors, which are established differentially, depending on the type of deposit currency, term of the deposit agreement, terms of accrual and payment of interest. It is concluded that the formation and implementation of the deposit policy needs to solve a number of subjective and objective problems inherent in the Crimean credit institutions: the absence of fierce competition from large banks leads to a certain relaxation of the banking management; the imposed financial sanctions of Western countries restrict the possibilities of the Crimean credit organizations to work in the financial markets; direct and indirect leverage of the state and regional authorities, interested parties in the activities of the bank; general state of economic and social development of the region. The bank’s deposit policy at the present stage should include: the bank’s activity strategy in the field of attracting deposit resources, which should be based on a thorough study of the market, namely the external environment, the deposit market, the place and role of banks in this market, as well as predict the development of the bank’s activities when subject to the preservation of the influence of existing factors; formation of the bank’s tactics for the development and promotion of new banking products for clients.

Business vision on competitive advantage: A case of firms in the financial services sector in Kenya

This study objective was to determine the influence of business vision on the competitive advantage offirms in the financial services sector in Kenya, focusing specifically on banking, microfinance, andsavings and credit societies institutions in Kenya. The theories underpinning this study resource-basedtheory. The positivism philosophy guided the study. The research design that was used was descriptiveand the technique used was cross-sectional. The study's target population was 1356 members in thefinancial services sector and explicitly banking, microfinance, and savings and credit organizations. Asample of 340 staff members was targeted using the Yamane formula, factoring in a 10% non-responseerror. The sampling technique was multi-stage sampling, and a closed-ended questionnaire was usedto collect quantitative data. The descriptive statistics used were mean, standard deviation, andpercentages, while the inferential statistics used were factor analysis, correlation coefficient, analysisof variance (ANOVA), and regressions analysis. The response rate was 92%, and the research foundout that competitive advantage had a positive and significant correlation with the business visionconstructs; shared vision r (306) =.565, p<.05; firm culture and values, r (306) =.583, p<.05; visionaryleadership (306) =.522, p<.05. On the regression, the business vision parameters had a significantinfluence on competitive advantage; shared vision (β = .286 t = 4.950, p<.05), the firm culture andvalues (β = .292 t = 4.629, p<.05) and the visionary leadership (β = .175 t = 2.959, p<.05). From theseresults, firm culture and values had a higher influence on the competitive advantage with a Beta of .292followed by shared vision with a Beta of .286, and lastly, the visionary leadership with a Beta of .175.

Развитие региональных коммерческих банков в условиях цифровой экономики: риски и возможности

The article is devoted to the analysis of the activity of regional commercial banks. The purpose of this article is to identify risks and prospects for the development of regional commercial banks in the digital economy. The author explores the concept of a regional bank, analyzes the peculiarities of the activities of regional banks in modern conditions of increasing banking competition. The article analyzes the state and trends of the development of the banking regional sector from the point of view of efficiency increase of their activities. It is shown that the number of regional banks is constantly declining, and a number of constituent entities of the Russian Federation do not have any longer in the structure of their regional banking system banking credit organizations chartered in their territory as a legal entity. The authors concluded that the development of regional banks can be efficient only through the qualitative growth of each individual regional bank, since in quantitative terms this sector of the Russian banking systems will only decrease. As an example the activity of Rostov bank Tsent-Invest and the regional bank of the Republic of Tatarstan Ak Bars Bank are shown, which occupied certain niches in the Russian banking system and fully compete with foreign banks. To identify and assess the current risks of the activity of regional banks specific characteristics of the digital transformation of the banking industry are determined. As the main risks of development, the authors identified the following ones: risk of increased banking competition, on the one hand, and the risk of monopolization of the banking market, on the other; risk of underfunding of financial technologies; information risks and cyber risks; risks of insufficient financial literacy of consumers of banking products and services; risks of customer base reduction. As opportunities for the development of regional banks the use of remote banking services, allowing to attract new customers, expansion of participation in the state programs, emergence of opportunities for the introduction and development of new business models, in particular ESG-banking are identified. The Bank of Russia can provide certain support for the development of regional banks in the context of digital transformation and increasing banking competition by creating and developing nationwide banking infrastructure platforms.

Investment mortgage as an innovative banking product in the real estate financing market

Subject. This article discusses the role of investment mortgage in overcoming the crisis of attracting deposits by credit institutions and stimulating the investment activity of households in the real estate financing market. Objectives. The article aims to define particularities of investment mortgage and prospects for its development in the real estate funding market, and ways to improve the quality of mortgage bonds in the investment mortgage segment using artificial intelligence technologies in underwriting. Methods. For the study, I used the systems approach, comparative and logical analyses. Results. The article presents an author-developed definition of the Investment Mortgage category, its basic elements, and it describes the investment mortgage life cycle and risks. It also proposes to supplement the scoring through using the gradient boosting technique when underwriting a credit application for investment mortgage. Conclusions and Relevance. The investment mortgage segment, including mortgage deposit and mortgage loan, has a life cycle and risks that differ from the ones of the mortgage programs implemented in the banking services market. Using the gradient boosting technique can help improve the efficiency of underwriting applications for mortgage lending and investment mortgage. The results of the study can be used by credit organizations when developing a product line of mortgage lending programs in the investment mortgage segment, and digitizing credit underwriting of mortgage borrowers.

Manajemen program Kredit Usaha Rakyat Super Mikro masa pandemi Covid-19

This study aims to describe the planning, organization, implementation, and supervision of the Super Micro People's Business Credit (KUR) program during the covid-19 pandemic in BRI Unit Made, Sragen. The research method used in this research is qualitative. The research subjects were 20 people, consisting of customers, BRI managers, BRI unit heads, and BRI officers. Data collection techniques are through interviews, observations, and documents. The data validity technique used is source and technique triangulation. The results of this study reveal that in the planning stage of the Super Micro KUR program, it aims to help accelerate economic recovery during the COVID-19 pandemic by providing soft loans for entrepreneurship community capital. The strategy used is through massive socialization both online and offline. At the organizing stage in the form of division of tasks in accordance with their respective job descriptions and ensuring officers carry out their main duties and functions. The implementation phase begins with intensive socialization and marketing so that the public knows the benefits of this program. The supervision phase is carried out through daily monitoring by the unit head and BRI micro marketing manager so that credit distribution can be maximized and on target.

Забезпечення ефективності пасивних операцій в банківських установах України

Abstract. Introduction. The goal of any Bank is making a profit, but to increase their own income, credit institutions not only provide all kinds of services to citizens and businesses, but also constantly conducting operations to raise funds, which otherwise is called passive. The accumulation of funds in Bank accounts is carried out by carrying out passive operations. They are designed to provide credit organizations of the resources necessary to Finance its activities and to be active on the market of banking services. Therefore, at the present time, banks still not enough to properly and efficiently manage their resources. Purpose. The purpose of the article is to study the theoretical aspects and the current state of passive operations of JSC CB "PrivatBank", their dynamics and structure, as well as to suggest promising areas of their management. Results. This article derived its own definition of "banking resources" on the basis of the analyzed opinions of domestic scientists on this complex issue. Also analyze the composition, dynamics and structure of liabilities and equity on the example of JSC CB "PrivatBank". In the structure of liabilities the largest share belongs to customer deposits which occupy the main role in the formation of resources of JSC CB "PrivatBank" for carrying out of active operations. The equity capital for 2018-2019 is made possible thanks to the profitable operations of the Bank. The value of own resources of JSC CB "PrivatBank", first of all, is to maintain its sustainability. At the initial stage of establishment of the Bank has own funds that cover the main costs (land, buildings, equipment, salary), without which the Bank cannot start their activities. Thanks to its own resources, banks create the necessary reserves, and they are the main source of investment in long-term assets. Based on the coefficient of the analysis most of the parameters did not meet regulatory value, therefore, it is necessary to improve the management of passive operations of the Bank. Due to the raised from the public deposits and obtaining loans from other entities loan funds increase. They are used for active operations, and, primarily, of the credit. Therefore, the main goal of passive operations is to achieve optimal ratio between own and borrowed resources and borrowings at the lowest possible price, and eliminate the deficit of money in the banking institution. Conclusions. Due to the analysis ratio, the weaknesses and strengths of JSC CB "PrivatBank" are studied, which need constant review and help the management decisions in order to support the status, which is extremely important for our country.

Debt strategies of European countries and vectors of implementation of best experience in the practice of external public debt management of Ukraine

The policy of external and domestic public debt management in different countries has its own specifics, and its results are not always unambiguous. Thus, the existing recommendations of the International Monetary Fund and the Maastricht criteria prove that the maximum value of public debt to GDP should be no more than 60 %. Exceeding this limit can lead to a deterioration in financial stability, debt sustainability, and ultimately to a technical default of the state. However, the practice of public debt management in many developed countries shows quite opposite trends, as a significant excess of the Maastricht criterion not only does not lead to default, but on the contrary allows countries to accumulate the necessary financial resources to ensure stable economic growth.
 Therefore, the study of European debt strategies and their effectiveness is a very important issue, especially given the consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic for developing countries. Given the growing external debt dependence of Ukraine as a result of both the war with the Russian Federation and the COVID-19 pandemic, the search for a better experience of European debt policy and consideration of ways to adapt it to domestic realities are discussed in our article.
 Based on the analysis of the debt policy of European countries, the expediency of using debt rules, aimed at regulating both the country's debt security and the effectiveness of the use of public borrowing to stimulate economic growth has been proved.
 Cluster analysis of debt strategies of some European countries has shown that the high level of dependence on external public debt has a negative impact on economic security in general, because in the event of deteriorating macroeconomic situation, the likelihood of foreign investors selling government securities increases, and in the case of external loans from international financial and credit organizations – the risks of negative impact of burdensome non-financial obligations on the national economy grow.

Process Approach and Construction of the Database for Non-Core Asset Management in Credit Organizations

A method for building end-to-end management accounting in a division of the Bank’s subdevision specializing in working with non-core assets is proposed. Has been proposed the process approach, an algorithm for building a database for the formation of key performance and control indicators. Has been described the key stages of the department's work, the attribute composition of entities (set) arriving, enriched and transmitted at each stage of the department's work. By modeling the process has been built a role model, access and editing rights for employees. Data sources (reference books) for optimization and unification of the process of filling the database (tuple) are proposed. A method of accessing the database in the Power Query Microsoft Excel add-in is proposed, which allows you to collect data from files of all basic data types, process and refine the received data. In the interactive programming environment Jupyter Notebook, mathematical and financial models for data analysis (logistic regression, decision tree and discounted cash flow method) were built based on data in order to predict costs, the timing of asset exposure and make a decision on the optimal cost of putting property on the Bank's balance sheet and selling price. Based on ready-made libraries (matpotlib, seaborn, plotly), options for data visualization for management are proposed. Using the example of the Bank's division, the author describes the positive effects and opportunities that open up to the management of different levels in solving day-to-day tasks and planning the activities of the division. A technical task was proposed for the development of a showcase for the sale of non-core assets on the Bank's website as an environment for the accumulation of external data for making flexible management decisions.

Methodological Aspects of the Analysis and Assessment of the Creditworthiness of Enterprises in Various Areas of the Agro-Industrial Complex and the Practice of Their Application

The agro-industrial complex plays one of the main roles in the economy not only of the Russian Federation, but also of all countries of the world. The standard of living of the population and food security of the country directly depend on the development of the agro-industrial complex and its support by the state. Enterprises of the first and third spheres of the agro-industrial complex in their activities are focused on the development of the second sphere of the agro-industrial complex–agricultural production, which is characterized by natural, technological and economic features. Agricultural production is significantly associated with natural factors, this relationship determined the riskiness of this industry and taking into account the features in all processes of enterprise development and the choice of state regulation mechanisms. The development of agricultural production and related industries is impossible without the attraction of borrowed funds and the formation of specific approaches in the process of financial and credit services. Credit organizations, serving enterprises in this industry, take this factor into account, and provide an opportunity to draw up a convenient schedule for debt repayment.

Preparation of Innovative Development Rating of Russian Regions by the Level of University Involvement

The paper presents method of clustering and grouping the university performance indicators to prepare an integral rating of Russian regions by the level of university involvement in innovative development of Russian regions. The following problems that require the management influence of state structures are considered: the role of the research base of regional universities in strengthening the innovative potential of regions, the degree of involvement of universities in the innovative regional space.The aim of the study is to develop a rating system for Russian regions according to the degree of university involvement in innovative development using mathematical tools and an intelligent data processing system. The main hypothesis of the article is the existence of a link between regional innovative development and the effectiveness of university contributions. The mathematical approach involves the consideration and multidimensional ranking of the main groups of university performance indicators in order to obtain cluster classifications within each of the problems posed. The solution to the problems is to build a barometer of innovation activity in the form of a multi-purpose problem-oriented rating.Materials and methods. An approach is applied that includes the assessment and multidimensional ranking of the contribution of universities using groups of integral indices created on the basis of aggregation of several important indicators of the university’s activity. Computational experiments were conducted according to the data of the Ministry of Education and Science for the regions of Russia and regional universities. 16 indicators of Russian regions for 2016 are considered.Results and discussion. The ranking and comparison of universities according to the degree of involvement in the innovative development of the region was performed using an indicator model and aggregation depending on the target problem. Quantitative indicators of the quality of university’s activities by regions are obtained, which allow us to obtain an integral rating of Russian regions by the level of university involvement. Unlike other approaches, the author’s method includes three components, which are independent integral indexes and indicate the level of involvement of universities in regional innovative development. Statistical data on the leading indicators of Russian universities for 2016 were processed. The methodology Science-model with three factors - the model with regrouping, named by the author A-B-C, showed the high potential of Russian universities to balance their regional demand as management research centers.Conclusion. The results of the study are compared with the ratings of the well-known agencies. The author hopes that soon Russia will have a reliable scientometric system at the level of rating universities on their involvement in the innovative development of Russia, such a rating will be an indisputable argument in favor of financing regional universities. The author laid down a high requirement: compliance with the three models, only in this case, regional universities can receive funding from the municipality, after redistribution from the center. At the same time, it is necessary to carefully choose universities in which projects will receive development and perspective. Regional authorities must meet the requirements to receive the necessary investments in promising projects. The scientific potential and demand for theoretical research for their full application at all enterprises, the combination of theoretical science and practical implementation will reduce the cost of stabilizing outdated technologies in all areas of knowledge and use the experience of older generations and the strength of young people for high-tech production growth in Russia. Therefore, the results of the study will be useful to federal authorities and financial and credit organizations that provide financing.

УДОСКОНАЛЕННЯ ОБЛІКУ ТА ОПОДАТКУВАННЯ ФІНАНСОВО-КРЕДИТНИХ УСТАНОВ

A question of improvement the fiscal accounting and taxation of bank institutions is especially actual and importance of financial and credit organizations grows, because a bank comes forward as an interlink between a population and enterprises, providing its stability, effective activity. Therefore, there is a requirement in the search of new stimuli and reasons in relation to reformation of tax policy in a bank sphere with the aim of balanced of the tax loading on all spheres of national economy activity, increase of reputation and activity bank to the sector. A research aim is sent to development of practical recommendations in relation to application of effective tax measures for the improvement the process of taxation the financial and credit establishments and its fiscal accounting. Methodological basis of research is becoming legislative and normatively-legal acts modern scientifically - applied researches in a bank sphere. In the conducted researches are used methods of dialectics, methodic and principles of scientific cognition, instruments of economic analysis for the ground of suggestions in relation to the change of taxation the bank institutions. The basic hypothesis of research is becoming supposition in relation to possibility of optimization the tax policy and improvement of the fiscal accounting the financial and credit establishments by introduction of tax on commission profits. Exposition of basic material. In the article are investigate the basic problem aspects of taxation the financial and credit establishments, the ways of optimization the tax policy of banks and improvement of process the fiscal accounting, offered innovations in taxation of banks, reasonable necessity of its realization for the sake of effective development bank to the sector and stimulation of its activity. Originality and practical meaningfulness are confirmed by offered in profitable taxation of bank transactions that will allow optimizing the processes of taxation the financial and credit establishments. Conclusions and prospects of further researches. It is well-proven that optimization of tax policy by means of introduction of tax on commission profits can be realized, because answers all calls, that answer modern to the stage of development the national economy and tax policy that is conducted in the foreign European countries in relation to bank institutions. Further researches will be sent to the analysis of factors that can influence on reformation and improvement of accounting and taxation the financial and credit establishments.

Sustainable Development Assessment of Commercial banks based on the Analytic Hierarchy Process

In the present context, the issues of sustainable development of commercial banks are becoming particularly relevant, since they largely determine the state of the country’s economy as a whole. At the same time, commercial banks operate under the influence of various factors of the internal and external environment, digital transformation and the transition to the fourth industrial revolution, which significantly changes the conditions of their functioning. The time lag in which a credit institution can be in a relatively static, stable state is reduced. In this regard, there is a need to develop a methodology for assessing the sustainable development of commercial banks. This paper aims to develop theoretical provisions and methods for assessing the sustainable development of commercial banks using the analytic hierarchy process. As a result of the research, theoretical approaches to the disclosure of the economic content of the sustainable development of commercial banks, as well as existing A methodological approach to assessing the sustainability of the bank’s development is justified, considering five components: economic, social, environmental, institutional and technological. Within the framework of this approach, criteria for their assessment are proposed for each of the components of the sustainability of the development of commercial banks, a scale of their relative importance is constructed and vectors are determined based on expert assessments. The authors make a conclusion that it is necessary to distinguish four types of stability of the bank’s development: absolute stability, normal stability, unstable state, crisis state. This approach can be used by commercial banks when developing a strategy for the sustainable development of financial and credit organizations. Prospects for further research may be associated with the development of alternative methods for assessing the sustainable development of commercial banks.

How Capital Endowment and Ecological Cognition Affect Environment-Friendly Technology Adoption: A Case of Apple Farmers of Shandong Province, China.

Ever-increasing global environmental issues, land degradation, and groundwater contamination may significantly impact the agricultural sector of any country. The situation worsens while the global agricultural sectors are going through the unsustainable intensification of agricultural production powered by chemical fertilizers and pesticides. This trend leads the sector to exercise environmentally friendly technology (EFT). Capital endowment and ecological cognition may significantly impact fostering farmers’ adoption of environmentally friendly technology. The government also tends to change the existing policies to cope with ever-increasing challenges like pollution control, maintaining ecological balance, and supporting agricultural sectors substantially by employing ecological compensation policy. The study’s main objective is to explore the impacts of farmer’s ecological compensation, capital endowment, and ecological cognition for the adoption of EFT. The empirical setup of the study quantifies with survey data of 471 apple farmers from nine counties of Shandong province. The study used Heckman’s two-stage model to craft the findings. The results showed that 52.02% of fruit farmers adopted two environmentally friendly technologies, and 23.99% of fruit farmers adopted three forms of environmentally friendly technologies. At the same time, we have traced that the capital endowment, planting scale, family income, and technical specialization of fruit farmers significantly impact adopting EFT. The study also revealed that understanding ecological compensation policy has a significant positive effect on adopting environmentally friendly technology. Seemingly, ecological compensation policy has a specific regulatory effect on fruit farmers’ capital endowment and ecological cognition. Therefore, it is necessary to extend the demonstration facilities, training, and frequently arrange awareness-building campaigns regarding rural non-point source pollution hazards and improve the cognition level of farmers. The agriculture extension department should strengthen the agricultural value chain facilities to make farmers fully realize the importance of EFT. Government should promote and extend the supports for availing new and innovative EFT at a reasonable price. Moreover, cooperative, financial, and credit organizations need to lead for the smooth transition of EFT. The agricultural cooperatives and formal risk-taking networks should act responsibly for shaping the behavioral factors of farmers.