Creative Phase Research Articles

A poetry therapy model for the literature classroom

The focus of this article is on a poetry therapy model for literature instructors. This model is based on poetry therapy models used by Nicholas Mazza and Arleen Hynes, but also borrows strategies from Alvin Mahrer's experiential therapy and Richard Kopp's metaphor therapy. The model includes a supportive/empathic phase, a response/examination phase, an action/application phase, and culminates with a creative phase where students create their own artistic project in response to a chosen poem. This approach to teaching poetry encourages students to locate potentials, form new goals, productively cope with negative experiences, and reevaluate their relationships.

Support System Model for Value based Group Decision on Roof System Selection

A group decision support system is required on a value-based decision because there are different concern caused by differing preferences, experiences, and background. It is to enable each decision-maker to evaluate and rank the solution alternatives before engaging into negotiation with other decision-makers. Stakeholder of multi-criteria decision making problems usually evaluates the alternative solution from different perspective, making it possible to have a dominant solution among the alternatives. Each stakeholder needs to identify the goals that can be optimized and those that can be compromised in order to reach an agreement with other stakeholders. This paper presents group decision model involving three decision-makers on the selection of suitable system for a building’s roof. The objective of the research is to find an agreement options model and coalition algorithms for multi person decision with two main preferences of value which are function and cost. The methodology combines value analysis method using Function Analysis System Technique (FAST); Life Cycle Cost analysis, group decision analysis method based on Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) in a satisfying options, and Game theory-based agent system to develop agreement option and coalition formation for the support system. The support system bridges theoretical gap between automated design in construction domain and automated negotiation in information technology domain by providing a structured methodology which can lead to systematic support system and automated negotiation. It will contribute to value management body of knowledge as an advanced method for creativity and analysis phase, since the practice of this knowledge is teamwork based. In the case of roof system selection, it reveals the start of the first negotiation round. Some of the solutions are not an option because no individual stakeholder or coalition of stakeholders desires to select it. The result indicates the alternative solution that will be the best-fit solution. In this problem, a space frame system is the ‘best-fit’ solution for the roof system.

A fuzzy case based reasoning approach to value engineering

This paper is intended to assist the experts during the creativity phase of value engineering through utilizing the past experiences and avoid them in a specific domain from repeating the same experience. To this purpose, a general fuzzy case based reasoning (CBR) system is developed. Our system benefits from a fuzzy clustering model for fuzzy data to facilitate case retrieval and reduce the time complexity. The inherent analogical nature of a case-based reasoning (CBR) model and its integration with fuzzy theory would facilitate access to more precise and systematically classified information during a VE workshop. In order to test the performance of the proposed system, it is applied to suburban highway design data extracted from National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Report 282.

User-Centered Methods for new Product Concept Development

When developing a successor of an existing product, it is relatively easy to involve consumers in the early stages of the process – one could for example observe them using the current products, and discuss with them what could be improved. However, when creating products from ‘scratch’, consumers might find it difficult to articulate future needs, to appreciate the potential and limitations of new technologies, or think about possible applications. So, consumer “co-creation” in the early creative phase will require alternative approaches towards user requirements definition, concept development, and concept feedback. A range of different approaches to include the consumer perspective early in the development process will be presented. Furthermore, implications from a Human Factors perspective will be discussed.

Theory and method of mechanism system design

Conceptual design is the most critical and creative phase of design. Recently, increasing attention has been directed to supporting conceptual-level computer aided creative design and its theories and methodologies. Specifically, for conceptual design of mechanical products, this paper presents a novel function solving model for mechanical product design and highlights the importance of systematic synthesis to achieve creative design. Then it builds a framework as a function-effect-process-action-mechanisms (FEPAM) mapping process, which enables creative design on the basis of conceiving different action schemes. After that, several key points are elaborated including 1) representing and decomposition methods of functions and motion behaviors; 2) action scheme representing method based on network plan techniques; and 3) variation and creation methods based on action scheme transformations.

Using forum theatre as university widening participation (WP) for social well-being agendas

This article traces a case study of how participatory theatre is used to make a positive impact on the widening participation (WP) agenda for one particular university in the United Kingdom. The WP agenda is a philosophical position taken by the UK government to restructure access to higher education and is underpinned by notions of equality and diversity to improve social health and national well-being. The project titled H.E. for me ? is a joint venue between academic staff and students on a BA (Hons) Acting degree programme and several external partners. H.E. for me ? aims to provide sixth formers with helpful information and insights into life at university. This innovative approach to dealing with WP uses the well-established convention of forum theatre in fulfilling objectives which give young people the opportunity to explore and interrogate HE related issues. Accounts of the lead in period and the creative engagement phase of the project are offered, as well as the research outcomes. This article identifies the impact of, and the lessons emerging from, this pilot (intended to become an ongoing programme) and raises several pertinent issues relating to the researchability of applied theatre.

How to develop web-based decision support interventions for patients: A process map

Objective Significant advances have been made in the development of decision support interventions, also called decision aids, for patients facing difficult or uncertain decisions. However, challenges related to the definition, the theoretical underpinnings, the relative contribution of different components and how to migrate these tools to the Internet, remain unresolved. We propose a systematic process map for others to consider as they develop web-based, perhaps multimedia, decision support interventions and to examine the future challenges faced by developers. Methods Based on our experiences of developing and evaluating web-based decision support interventions, we outline a process map to illustrate the general principles of content specification followed by creative design and tailoring to the target audience. Results Content specification is fundamental and it should go beyond the traditional emphasis on scientific evidence in order to ensure patients’ perspectives on the proposed options. The creative design phase aims to develop a medium to achieve three fundamental tasks: present information; achieve accurate affective forecasting; provide a basis for preference construction. This phase should be an open to experimentation and, where empirical work may be difficult or not yet available, guided by consultation with users, using an iterative method of trial and adaptation. Conclusion There is little empirical research on how best to achieve these tasks. The guiding principle needs to be one of customising the delivery, based on close consultation with the target users and an iterative development process until the intervention is deemed accessible and useful. Practice implications The process map provides a basis for further developments and outlines areas where remaining challenges need further investigation.

Methods that may stimulate creativity and their use in architectural design education

The architectural design process is based on a creative phase where creativity is highly valued. Although the literature on creativity is rich in ways to stimulate the decision-making process, these tools are rarely formally present in the building design process. To further the discussion on creativity and design education this paper presents a study on methods that may enhance the creative process and their application in architecture courses around the world. The results of this inquiry indicate that design instructors apply methods that may stimulate creativity mostly informally, with some positive results. To explore more fully the richness of the literature on the enhancement of creativity, structured applications of methods are recommended in controlled experiments to analyze results.

Enhancing Value Engineering Process by Incorporating Inventive Problem-Solving Techniques

The creativity phase is critical to the success of a value engineering exercise, in which the brainstorming technique is deployed to generate ideas. One shortcoming of the brainstorming technique is its lack of direction in problem solving, and consequently the efficiency is low in generating innovative and useful ideas. To overcome this shortcoming, this paper has explored the possibility of incorporating the theory of inventive problem solving (TRIZ) into the workshop session of the value engineering exercise by initiating three new procedures in this session: (1) an initial design procedure to examine the functions of a proposed project; (2) a function trimming procedure to fully utilize existing resources and ensure low life-cycle cost and sustainability of the proposed project; and (3) an interaction analysis procedure to assess the proposed project in a broad perspective with social, economic, and environmental awareness. A case study has indicated the workability of the modified workshop procedures and the usefulness of TRIZ tools and techniques in efficiently and effectively creating innovative ideas.

Developing a knowledge management system for improved value engineering practices in the construction industry

This paper has developed a value engineering knowledge management system (VE-KMS), which applies the theory of inventive problem-solving and integrates its creativity tools into the creativity phase of the VE process and thus makes the creativity phase more systematic, more organized and more problem-focused. This attempt will significantly enhance the creativity power of the VE team beyond their collective capability and consequently enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of the VE exercise. The data of a number of sample VE exercises has been extracted and stored in the database to test the validity of the information schema of the VE-KMS, and the domain knowledge is condensed and coded into a broad scope of ten disciplines to increase the utility of the VE-KMS. Furthermore, a transport interchange project is used to demonstrate the application of the VE-KMS.

'von einen sprachen'. Poetologische Untersuchungen zum Werk Ernst Jandls by Michael Hammerschmid, Helmut Neundlinger

Reviews 215 at times, the book nevertheless combines detailed analyses with an eloquent overview of the relationship between national identity and art from thedistanced expert perspective of a British scholar. Furthermore, itmanages to address most of thediverse tendencies thatbecome part of the Second Republic's new identity, thus inspiring stillmore interest in this period ofAustrian literaryhistory and its heterogeneous ways of expressing the cultural climate through text. Queen Mary, University of London Heide Kunzelmann 'von einen sprachen'. Poetologische Untersuchungen zum Werk ErnstJandls. By Michael Hammerschmid and Helmut Neundlinger. Innsbruck: StudienVerlag. 2008. 226 pp. 24,90. isbn 978-3-7065-4411-5. Ernst Jandl was probably best known in his day for his visual-cum-acoustic concrete poems and witty 'surface translations': i.e. as the author of mat hart lieb zapfen eibe hold (1963), Laut und Luise (1966), der k?nstlicheb?um (1970), and such powerful Sprechgedichte as schtzngrmm and ode auf N. Yet as his prize-winning radio play F?nfMann Menschen, written in collaboration with Friederike Mayr?cker in 1968, suggests, there were more sides to this ever-metamorphosing writer than the received image reflects.One of the achievements of Hammerschmid's and Neundlinger's poetological investigations is to have established the parameters for a clearer appreciation of the range, diversity and ingenuity ofJandl's various phases of intense creativity, from Andere Augen (1956) to his swansong: the rigorously constructed stanzen in dialect (1992). The early poems of his transitional period in the 1950s, Chapter 2 argues, need to be seen in historical context as 'ein Innehalten und Bestandsaufnahme der Verh?ltnisse' (p. 57). After a brief evaluation of the early work, Hammerschmid and Neundlinger offer a likewise brief account of Jandl's concrete poetry in order to proceed to the bigger picture presented in their introduction: 'W?hrend in der experimentellen Poesie die Sprache selbst auf dem Spiel steht, um in Laut und Schrift permanent erweitert und in ihren Ausdrucksm?glichkeiten ausgelotet zu werden, leitet die heruntergekommene Sprache zu einer poetisch-spielerischen (Selbst-)Kritik des Schreibens alsT?tigkeit ?ber' (p. 13).The firsthalf of their studyfleshes out this claim by offering a series of evaluative and contextualizing 'Untersuchungen zur heruntergekommenen Sprache und zu ihrenQuerverbindungen innerhalb von Jandls Werk' (p. 15). The allusion in the present study's deliberately ungrammatical title to what Jandl called 'die heruntergekommene Sprache' reflects the authors' thesis that this inventive form of quasi Austro-German pidgin, with itsoftenmisunderstood echoes o? Gastarbeiterdeutsch, offersa key to all the ensuing paradigm shiftsinJandl's 'Poetik des existentiellen und literarischenNullpunkts' (p. 11).As the authors point out, the afterword to gedichte an die kindheit (1977) already emphasizes the programmatic importance of Jandl's interest in 'fehlerhaftes,widerspr?chliches in der Sprache' for his ongoing experiments with poetry and related genres. The present study demonstrates this through close readings of his principal works written in 'die heruntergekommene Sprache' (tagenglas [1976], die bearbeitungder m?tze [1978] and dergelbe hund [1980]), aswell as his play die humanisten (1976), the 2l6 Reviews Sprechoperin 7 Szenen: Aus derFremde (1978), and the stanzen cycle which brought to an abrupt conclusion the systematic experimentation with new linguistic possibilities and literary sub-genres. Hammerschmid and Neundlinger highlight many of the advantages of 'die heruntergekommene Sprache* as a major breakthrough after Jandl's anxiety that with concrete poetry his writing had somehow reached a dead-end. They present his work written in such a seemingly dysfunctional discourse as essentially a deliberate dual strategy: 'Man muss sie gleichzeitig als elaborierten, hochliterarischen Code und als antiliterarischeKetzerei untersuchen' (p. 15).Their interpretationsbring out the individuality, thematic range and linguistic diversity of Jandl's poems in 'heruntergekommene Sprache', where the protagonist of each Rollengedichtbecomes unique in terms of diction, predicament and response. The medium is shown to illuminate various facets of the general human condition, while at the same time offering Jandl a new way of compensating for various personal and artistic crises. As any reader of thepresent study soon discovers, Jandl's innovative deployment of 'heruntergekommene Sprache' is a source of both amusement and language renewal, the resultant poems being characterized by a vein of social criticism as well as functioning as an indirect form of artistic introspection. The same...

Research Conservatism is Responsible for Myths in Tourism Research

Tourism, as a field of study, has witnessed phenomenal growth in the past 15 years. This growth has been matched by an equally impressive expansion in both the number of journals and authors. It is estimated conservatively that at least 5,000 people and likely many thousands more have contributed to our academic literature in this decade alone. The growth presents both opportunities and challenges for our field of study. On the one hand, tourism is in the midst of a dynamic and creative expansion phase. More people from more countries have more opportunities than ever before to explore ideas and to find a medium to publish those ideas. It is an exciting time to be a tourism scholar. But on the other hand, some colleagues are questioning whether sufficient talent exists to satisfy the opportunity. They wonder if supply has exceeded demand. Good papers will still be published, but they wonder if there are there enough ‘good’ papers to go around. The short answer is yes, for the refereeing process eliminates unpublishable work. But, the longer answer is possibly not, for it appears that a larger number of poor or unacceptable manuscripts are being submitted to journals each year that simply should not be in the system. One senses growing evidence of conservatism, a lack of methodological innovation and an over reliance on clicking the mouse on software packages with a concomitant failure to appreciate the meaning of the results, in much of the research that does not meet publication standards. In addition, one is surprised at the lack of intellectual curiosity evidenced by some PhD students. Admittedly, these comments are based purely on personal observation and informal discussions with colleagues from other universities. But, the trend seems to be accelerating. Research conservatism is an underlying theme behind many of the myths identified by Josef Mazanec in the ‘Probe’. In particular, the advancement of some tourism research is being constrained by the perceived need to largely replicate work conducted by others, but to proclaim it as an advancement. In many instances, such advancements may involve nothing more than repeating the same study in a different locale, while in others, it may involve adding one or two variables to an existing framework. True, it may be admirable to test the universality of some ideas, but how many repetitions of the same study are needed to confirm its basic soundness, perhaps with minor local variations? It is also somewhat disappointing to see so many people feel obligated to use models and test hypotheses. Don’t misunderstand! Models and hypotheses are useful when appropriate for the project. But they can also limit arbitrarily the scope of the project and the depth of intellectual enquiry involved. Some social science research has to be model- and hypothesis-based, but they are not suitable in all cases. Good research, though, is always about good ideas. The best insights can often be gained by posing a question and looking for answers, rather than by imposing a rigid model, quantitative questionnaire or testing binary reject/do not reject hypotheses. Two other issues arise. First, the vast majority of ‘models’ encountered are not models at all. They are primarily methodological frameworks that guide the research process. As such they tend to reflect the linear thinking process behind the study, rather than trying to simplify and explain reality. Likewise, hypotheses work best in limited studies where a no/not no answer is desired, where a sufficient body of knowledge exists to test a proposition. But they do not work in open-ended studies that seek to explore an issue. Asking questions is a much more effective way to frame this type of research. It is no surprise that much of the early work done in tourism is so relevant, for it was all about ideas. Butler’s(1980) lifecycle, Cohen’s (1972, 1979) typologies, Leiper’s (1990) ideas of attractions systems and many other key papers were based on a deductive reasoning approach where people saw reality and tried to explain it. Some people complain that these studies lack rigour, but what they really mean is that they lack numbers. The ideas themselves were developed in a rigorous manner. The same people who subscribe to quantitative methods often fail to appreciate that a survey used is only as good as the questions asked. If the variable is not included, it cannot be measured, no matter how important it may be. The first question that comes to mind

Willy Brandt, Groping toward Détente

To scholars of the Cold War, détente in Germany is commonly associated with a brief, pregnant phrase coined by Egon Bahr in July 1963: Wandel durch Annäherung, “change through rapprochement.” Bahr's reasoning is so familiar that it can seem, in retrospect, utterly banal. Rather than brusquely rejecting all dealings with the East German regime, Western leaders should constructively engage their Eastern counterparts. Only after they ceased to fear the West as an existential threat would Communist functionaries feel comfortable introducing the kind of internal liberalization that might, in the long run, yield fundamental transformation.1 The counterintuitive, dialectic nature of Bahr's proposal—accepting the status quo in order to overcome it—greatly enhanced its intellectual appeal in the 1960s. But do Bahr's ideas really suffice as a shorthand version of West German ostpolitik? Was Willy Brandt merely the executor of Bahr's program? Arne Hofmann's insightful study reexamines the conceptual foundations of détente and restores primacy to Brandt himself as the motive force behind one of the most creative phases in postwar German diplomacy.

Entrepreneurship through relationships – navigating from creativity to commercialisation

This paper explores the role of relationships in the emergence of a network's value creation structure. The strategic navigation from creative exploration to global exploitation through the use of so‐called transformation networks is particularly highlighted. The creativity phase requires a creator with visionary leadership. The commercialisation phase, on the other hand, requires technology integration and global marketing excellence. Realising that this requires more than a bright inventor, the creator of Anoto brought in the right complementary assets at distinct phases of the commercialisation process. Our case illustrates how integrator and marketeer profiles were brought into a networked act of entrepreneurship for joint navigation across an ocean of relationships that gave birth to a global standard for digital writing. By combining theories on open innovation and networking, a theoretical framework is developed to analyse the different nature of the networks (or the value creation structure) in which complementary assets can be accessed, transferred and transformed into commercialised innovation. The analysis suggests that the value of complementary assets are embedded in and unlocked by three distinct types of networks: creativity networks, transformation networks and process networks. It also suggests that the ideal approach to accessing complementary assets shifts over the research and development management process, and happens through these three different types and levels of networks, requiring fundamentally different approaches to leadership and relationship management. Current literature describes open and networked innovation as a continuous – not dynamic – process of exploration and exploitation without any distinction of how types and structures of networks evolve and interact in the process.

Age‐related Changes in Creative Thinking

Age‐related differences in cognitive processes were used to understand age‐related declines in creativity. According to the Geneplore model (Finke, Ward, & Smith, 1992), there are two phases of creativity — generating an idea and exploring the implications of the idea — each with different underlying cognitive processes. These two phases are measured in the Creative Invention Task (CIT; Finke, 1990). Younger adults (n = 41) and older adults (n = 41) completed the CIT, the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking (TTCT), and a measure of working memory capacity (Paper Folding test). In addition, the CIT was scored by both younger and older adults. There were age‐related declines on both phases of the CIT, but not on the TTCT. These declines were noted by both the younger and older raters. After adjusting for working memory capacity, however, age‐related differences on the CIT were nonsignificant.

An innovative project for equity and mobilisation at work? The case of IRIS project in a French territorial civil service

Our main goal is to analyse the concept of equity and its fluctuations during an innovation process, the IRIS project. We analyse and evaluate, by the way of a qualitative methodology, the project impact on the agents' feeling of equity and therefore on their mobilisation level. The results show that the agents' implication in the innovation project proceeds in two distinct phases. One, purely innovative, highlights a feeling of mobilisation in the creative phase that favours a feeling of equity or even of up-equity; and another, a phase of work stabilisation oriented comes unlike with a feeling of sub-equity.

Setting the stage for developing innovative product concepts: people and climate

When developing a successor of an existing product, it is relatively easy to involve consumers at the early stages of the process—one could, for example, observe them using the current products, and discuss with them what could be improved. However, when creating novel products from ‘scratch’, consumers might find it difficult to articulate future needs, to appreciate the potential and limitations of new technologies, or think about possible applications. So, consumer co-creation in the early creative phase does not seem to be feasible. Other approaches to include the consumer perspective need to be considered. Furthermore, product innovation is increasingly about how to create an appealing and alluring experience, bringing further challenges to the innovation process. A promising approach seems to be bringing together domain experts from different backgrounds, creating a setting in which barriers between disciplines can disappear, and adopting a user-centric, rapid iterative investigation, ideation, prototyping and development process.

Assessing Quality in Cultural Goods: The Hedonic Value of Originality in Rembrandt's Prints

The definition of quality, and its consistent assessment, is a fundamental issue when dealing with collectibles. We analyze how originality is priced by the market. The market for prints by Rembrandt is considered. An original database has been built including almost 5,000 transactions in the international auction market during the period 1985–1998. The data allow us to control for many different characteristics (market, aesthetic, originality, authenticity, rarity, art history, techniques, conservation, etc.). The concept of “state” is used to measure originality. In printmaking a state is defined as the artist's creative phase, which occurs on the plate before inking and printing. We test whether (non-original) posthumous states are sold at prices lower than Rembrandt's own (original) states. The implicit price associated with the state has been found to significantly decrease if the state was later printed by someone else when it was no longer the master's intervention on the plate. Furthermore, a decreasing value among subsequent original states has proved to positively account for Rembrandt's direct invention.

Local Knowledge in Action

This article examines the value of local knowledge in the creative phase of planning practice. It uses the case study of an urban renewal project in Antwerp to explore the ways that workshop participants made sense of the planning situation. Analysis of the “talks” identified shared interpretive “frames” employed by the lay participants. The article goes on to discuss how distinctive these were from the professionals’ perspectives and what the consequences were for the material outcomes of the planning process. It was concluded that the public input was used to making adjustments to planning solutions rather than formulating new interpretations of the planning situation itself.

Engineers' CAx education—it's not only CAD

The general product development can be divided into three phases: creative, conceptual and engineering phase. All phases of the complete life cycle of a product are supported by various IT-systems often called ‘CAx’ 1 1 CAx: Summarised CAD, CAM, CAS, CAQ, -systems. Therefore CAD-education should be extended to ‘CAx-education’ and pay attention to all phases of the life cycle. When looking at today's process chain many different jobs related to CAx can be identified. All of them require different levels of knowledge about subjects like information technology, design procedures or CAGD 2 2 CAGD: Computer Aided Geometric Design -functionalities. The methods to teach those subjects vary from simple autodidactic, via computer supported training methods to interactive person to person training. In industry, the training methods are primarily depending on the company's size and branch. The bigger the company is, the more complex are the training methods and the more specialized is the CAx-education. Enterprises specialised on CAx-training but also in-house education departments are concerned. Other possibilities for CAx-education are internships, technical colleges and universities. All of those suffer from the complexity of the subject and result often in broad but superficial education. Apart from knowledge about CAx-systems and their usage, the students have to learn also about the organisation of the CAx-process and its structures including the cooperation of enterprises. Following these experiences the students or employees will at first be trained in fundamental CAS/CAD/CAM. In a second step they will attend special courses for PDM, Data exchange, FEM, or others. On higher level there will be courses dealing with PLM 3 3 PDM: Product Data Management, PLM: Product Lifecycle Management , process- and company networks, with future trends and techniques. During the whole education the application aspect has to be dominant.