Creation Of Mankind Research Articles

Abu-Sahl al-Masihi (960-1010 AD) and His Description of the Heart

Since the Old Testament era, medicine has drawn scientists from around the world. Persian physicians have played an undeniable role in the advancement of medicine worldwide and their books have been taught as medical textbooks in the East and the West for years. In the Islamic Golden Age (9th to 12th century AD), Abu-Sahl al-Masihi (960-1010 AD), was one of the great Persian scholars contemporary to Avicenna and Al-Biruni. He wrote several valuable works on medicine, philosophy, mathematics, and astronomy in Arabic. The two books titled Al-Mia fil-Tibb (Book of the Hundred [on Medicine]) and Ezhar al-Hekmat Allah Ta’ala fi Khalgh al-Ensan (Manifestations of God’s Wisdom in the Creation of Mankind) also known as Tashrih Badan al-Ensan (Human Anatomy) are among his important works in medicine. Particularly, in Tashrih Badan al-Ensan, Abu-Sahl detailed the structure and function of each organ within the human body. On heart anatomy, he presented interesting, and even innovative views. Despite the significance of his views on medicine among physicians of the Islamic era, his works have failed to be translated into Latin or other languages for unknown reasons, leaving him veiled in academic spheres. This paper aims to describe Abu-Sahl al-Masihi's opinions on heart anatomy.

THE ORIGIN AND MEANING OF OLD TURKIC WORDS

Language has been the primary means of communication since the creation of mankind. Gesture communication of the first people and then language evolved along with civilization, forming languages through divisions such as geographical environment and political class. Language is a living organism being born anew, developing, and then dying, disappearing from the surface of the earth. As an argument, the Latin language can be mentioned, which plays a key historical role. Although it is a dead language, the languages separated from the Latin branch are a reflection of European languages today. The article examines the specific lexical meaning and etymology of some incorrectly translated words or words with different meaning used in Old Turkic runic written monuments. In addition, when considering the research material of the Old Turkic language, they were compared based on the materials of the Middle Turkic and modern Turkic languages. It is mainly compared with the lexical fund and grammar of the Kazakh language and is considered as the main connecting language. Key words: Orkhon-Yenisei, Turkic, runes, etymology, Kazakh language, translation, written monuments.

Concept of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics with Special Focus on Herbal-Drug Interaction

The study of how xenobiotics undergo the process of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) is conceptualized as pharmacokinetics. An understanding therefore of the PK properties is crucial and plays an important contribution in the drug discovery and development of new chemical entities. Drug metabolism is linked to the metabolic breakdown of drugs (xenobiotic metabolism) by enzyme or living organisms. The pathway involved in this process can lead to the bio-transformations that occurs in most living organisms. The drug metabolic action facilitates the detoxification process except in special circumstances where the metabolites (break down products) can lead to toxic effects. Under such circumstances the study of drug metabolism is termed as pharmacokinetics, which constitutes an important discipline as a branch of pharmacology. Herbal natural products have been used to prevent and treat diseases worldwide since the creation of mankind. However, the efficacy, safety and quality of herbal bioactive metabolites depends on the multiple components absorbed in the body and their pharmacokinetics. This review attempts to give an insight into the concept of drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics with special consideration on PK drug-herbal interactions, mechanisms, metabolizing enzymes involved and transporters implicated in the determination of the PK of xenobiotics.

Human Rights and Religious Education: A Study with Special Reference to Islam

A new set of global principles and ambitions emerged from modern human rights. Human rights are essential to any modern discussion on global ethics and justice. Critics charge human rights discourse as being ethnocentric in its focus on minorities. Human rights are intertwined with rights philosophy, which is tied to natural law in Islamic legal theory. For example, the right to life stems from the creation of mankind by God. This article discusses natural law, human beings, best interests, and religious instruction in Islamic legal philosophy. In doing so, I want to build a comprehensive Islamic viewpoint on human rights and a practical component of the issue of human rights in the Islamic world. The major purpose of the research is to investigate the creation of a contemporary human rights framework in the twentieth century. This study's research technique includes doctrinal and analytical research. The data will be acquired from numerous publications and reports by authorities. The researchers used secondary sources as well. Articles, books, journals, newspapers, and websites are examples. It is essential to recognize that different cultures may need to develop their own human rights arguments. It is also important to note religion's global effect. Ensuring universal human rights is not simple, as Islam has shown. No significant impact can be achieved by governmental or intellectual debates on human rights. I believe that most people, regardless of culture or religion, would embrace the notion if adequately educated. People's governments may have to work more to upgrade their legal systems and ensure people's rights.

An Investigation on the Basic Contents of the Main Dishes of the Turkish Cuisine

Nutrition has been the most basic requirement since the creation of mankind. People have met this basic requirement with different ways and methods in the course of their lives. The main dishes are known as the most important element in their meals. Main meals consumed especially at lunch and dinner are thought to be a reflection of the national cuisine. Therefore, analyzing the dishes in meals will also reveal the eating habits in the Turkish culture in a way. The data inside 767 main dishes of the Turkish cuisine were collected and the TF-IDF (Term frequency-inverse document frequency) analysis was conducted via the QDA-MINER software. Depending on analysing both of Turkish habits and of most popular raw materials in the cuisine can be uncovered. The average number of products in the main dishes of the Turkish cuisine, distribution of these products into nutrient groups and importance levels of the used products were shown. As a result; beef, butter, garlic, tomatoes, lemons, parsley, oil, eggs, potatoes and green peppers were found to have high percentage of use.

Fizjologia i rozrodczość kobiety w pismach Metodego z Olimpu i Ambrożego z Mediolanu

Topics concerning women’s physiology and reproduction appear relatively rarely in the reflections of the Fathers of the Church. Most often they perpetuated the beliefs of ancient medicine, benefitting from the appropriate terminology. The originality of their reflection lies in trying to use the “scientific” facts within theo­logical considerations (eg the creation of mankind and the Incarnation of the Son of God) and moral ones (eg the value of sexuality, fertility and parenthood). The scope of this article includes analysis of selected texts of Methodius of Olympus and those of Ambrose of Milan. Both authors had a deep medical knowledge of the issues and their works contain interesting examples related to female repro­ductive physiology. They were protagonists of an ideal of virginity, but yet, they preserved a positive assessment of fertility and marriage. Worthy of particular emphasis, in the works of Methodius, is the defense of the dignity of every unborn child, whom God himself creates and animates in the womb. The basis of the con­siderations in Symposium was a passage from Genesis 2: 21-24, to which he gave allegorical meaning, defining human sexuality and procreation as the typology of the divine and ecclesiastical realities. In turn, Ambrose undertook issues such as conception, prenatal development and the birth of a child, in the context of the exceptional role of Mary in the history of salvation and in the Incarnation of the Son of God. Theological considerations were an excellent opportunity for him to express moral teaching and pastoral care, and to provide very practical and help­ful, medical and educational tips for women.

Assessment of Main Parameters of Extreme Earthquakes in Red Sea, West Coast of Saudi Arabia

The negative effects of natural disasters on human life exist from the foot and did not occur at a specific time but found since the creation of mankind. Humans coexist with extreme events all the time, only when the intensity of the event becomes greater than a certain level there is a resulting disaster. Small earthquakes occur all of the time with no adverse effects. Only large earthquakes cause disasters. Statistical analysis reveals that larger events occur less frequently than small events. Through the large number of seismic events, we find that at the end of the year may have a series of seismic events with different values depending on the strength of activity whether it is high or low on Richter scale and the assessment is only for the greatest value in a year even if recurring this value and the volume of dangerous increases and the frequency of their occurrence according to an ongoing activity, major disasters result from a small number of events and sustained results in a large and devastating event, and can be represented by these results and amounts On a log-scale which points are almost on a straight line and a clear indication of the evaluation event. Through previous data analysis we can understand the following events behavior for coordination and guidance on the development of evacuation plans on the expected future and use a Weibull equation to estimate the frequency of the event and the return again as a percentage for each event and the probability of the occurrence of a particular earthquake to some degree on the Richter scale in the sea during any period. Past records of earthquakes at the West Coast of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Red Sea) for years 1913-2016 are used to predict future conditions concerning the annual frequency, the return period, the percentage probability for each event, and the probability of a certain-magnitude earthquake occurring in the region during any period.

An Analysis of Environmental Law in Pakistan-policy and Conditions of Implementation

We have human-environment relations inseparable since the creation of mankind. Being a developing country, Pakistan is striving to make developments in all the respective fields which alleviate our hot raising socio- economic issues. But beside the infrastructural and economic growth our environment is also getting polluted leaving behind several drastic and severe environmental crises and one of the adverse repercussions is environmental pollution. The extreme effects of environmental pollution cannot be neglected and through proper and genuine laws and policies implementations we can cope up such issues. This study reveals the history of environmental laws and policies and their implementations in Pakistan. Pakistan has a wide range of laws related to environment but the practice shows there is some problem which hinders to achieve the desired targets. This study mainly includes two main factors of pollution; water pollution and air pollution and their effects on population of Pakistan. Air pollution is top of the list for environmental protection agencies all over the world and same in Pakistan which is acting as a destructive bump for the economic growth of Pakistan. Moreover abruptly elevating health issues are one of the consequences of such factors of environmental pollution. This study also debates some survey of World Health Organization (WHO) and Health institute of USA about the number of people affected by these issues all over the world and in Pakistan. At the end there are concluding remarks concerning the environmental laws and policies in Pakistan, its implementation, current environmental situation with some suggestions and recommendations.

“Guardians of Souls” or “Host(s) of Spirits”? (Genesis A 12a and 41a)

It is plain from the context that both gasta weardum and wuldres bearnum refer to the angels of God, identified more explicitly in the following sentence by the phrase engla þreatas (l. 13b). This apparent use of gasta weardas as a distinctive appellation for angels is remarkable, inasmuch as angels are themselves spirits, whom we might sooner expect to find referred to as gastas than defined in relation to gastas. Angels are, of course, protectors or guardians of souls in the Christian tradition. Yet the context of Genesis A offers no particular warrant for an emphasis on this angelic duty, since the first ninety-one lines of the poem concern the angels and their fall, before the creation of mankind. It seems, then, that gasta weardas must be a conventional poetic expression used to denote angels regardless of context. But two things invite some doubt: no other instance of such an expression has survived; and the use of gastas alone to refer to angels (and devils) is well attested,2 and evident in the beginning section of Genesis A, in the half-lines geomre gastas (l. 69a) and werige gastas (l. 90b), which both describe the fallen angels. It is therefore reasonable to ask whether gasta weardum might be the relic of an earlier expression in which gasta referred simply to the angels.

A Curious Concoction: Tradition and Innovation in Olympiodorus' "Orphic" Creation of Mankind

Olympiodorus' Commentary on Plato's Phaedo I.3-6 has been the linchpin of the reconstructions of the supposed Orphic doctrine of original sin. While Olympiodorus links the Titans' dismemberment of Dionysus and anthropogony, he does not include any element of inherited guilt, either in his narration of the myth or in his interpretation. Moreover, his telling of the myth, which makes the anthropogony the sequel to the dismemberment of Dionysus, is an innovation made for the purposes of his own argument. Rather than preserving in fossilized form a sacred myth more than a millennium old, Olympiodorus concocts an innovative tale of his own.

Visualizing Creation in Ancient Greece

AbstractThere is very little direct representation of acts of creation in Greek art. This paper examines the visual potential of the extended creation narrative first related by Hesiod, focusing on the handful of episodes which are to be found in the visual arts—the births of Aphrodite and Athene, Zeus's slaying of Typhon and the Gigantomachy—while attempting to account for their selection. It also considers the remarkable lack of an authoritative account of the creation of mankind in the archaic and classical periods, and the relatively late development of Prometheus's role as man's creator, which contrasts with the much earlier establishment of traditions concerning local “first men” and the creation of the first woman, Pandora.

Bookends Themes? Maleachi, Hosea en het ‘Boek van de Twaalf’

In recent research a consensus seems to have emerged regarding the basic redactional and theological unity of the twelve books of the ‘minor prophets’. Although the thesis has been severely criticised, it has become almost self-evident for many scholars. If these twelve prophetic books belong to one redactional unity, literary relations between the first and last books of this corpus become interesting. Three of these assumed examples of intertextuality are investigated in this article: Yhwh’s love for Israel,. Yhwh’s creation of mankind, and marriage as a metapher of the covenant between Yhwh and his people. It is concluded that none of these examples can support the thesis of the basic redactional unity of the Book of the Twelve.

Semina ignis : The Interplay of Science and Myth in the Song of Silenus

Semina Ignis:The Interplay of Science and Myth in the Song of Silenus Michael Paschalis 1. Introduction hinc lapides Pyrrhae iactos, Saturnia regna,Caucasiasque refert uolucris furtumque Promethei (Virg. Ecl. 6.41-42) The list of myths in Virgil's Eclogues 6.41-42 has intrigued critics since the time of Servius. The problem most commonly pointed out is its lack of chronological and logical order vis-à-vis the mainstream mythological tradition. Virgil does not mention the first creation of man but passes directly to his regeneration from Pyrrha's stones. This is the story of the repopulation of the earth after the Flood and hence ought to have preceded Saturn's reign, which presumably represents man's initial happy state. In addition, Prometheus' punishment comes before his theft of fire; this could indeed be interpreted as a hysteron proteron, but there remains the difficulty that Prometheus is Deucalion's father and Pyrrha's uncle1 and his furtum ought to have preceded Pyrrha's creation of mankind. The majority of critics believe that there is indeed a lack of chronological order and that it is deliberate. I will give a few examples. Zeph Stewart claims that the chronological problem is explicable in terms of Virgil's intention to give random examples of one branch of didactic poetry associated with the name of Hesiod, that is, genealogical and mythological tales of the origin and early history of mankind.2 According to Eleanor Leach the displacement of chronology aims at puzzling readers and causing them to seek an explanation. She furthermore makes the [End Page 201] important observation that these myths "may even seem contradictory for they are not all commonly found in the same accounts" and proceeds to explain that "they provide three distinct ideas of the nature of mankind."3 Charles Segal thinks that behind the deliberate chronological disorder, there is a theme which is central for the song of Silenus, namely "the flawed character of human existence and man's removal from any absolute purity of life or spirit."4 Other critics, however, see no chronological problem in the order of myths. Boyle and Clausen, for instance, note a progression from the creation of mankind (the myth of Pyrrha) to the golden age (Saturn's reign) and from there to the age of technology (Prometheus' theft of fire), which they interpret either as mankind's fall from a happy state or as morally indifferent.5 Patricia Johnston has argued that the relation of men generated from stones to the Saturnia regna conforms to a consistent chronological pattern in Virgil's works and to an overall conception of the Golden Age, which in her view "appears to require that it be preceded by a race of mortals hardened either by primitive existence or by military activities."6 In what follows I intend to suggest a somewhat different approach to the passage in question. The interpretation I propose is based on arguments derived from the close relation of these myths to the preceding "scientific" section. The two sections share thematic and semantic features which, as I show in part 4 of this essay, are also prominent in other parts of Eclogue 6. In an article published in 1923 Günther Jachmann7 made two points which are important for any discussion of Virgil's cosmogony and the section on Pyrrha and Prometheus: 1. Jachmann objected to Servius' observation that line 41 begins a new section ("relictis prudentibus rebus de mundi origine, subito ad fabulas transitum fecit"), which the majority of Virgilian scholars have adopted without giving it much thought. He pointed out that the initial cosmogony forms a thematic whole with the section treating the origin (Pyrrha) and early history of man (Saturn's reign and the theft of fire by Prometheus). Jachmann noted in this respect that a similar pattern is visible in Orpheus' song in Apollonius (Arg. 1.496-511.), one of the models of Virgil's cosmogony. The difference is that Orpheus' cosmogony [End Page 202] is followed by a theogony and focuses on the gods (503-11), while Silenus' cosmogony is followed by an anthropogony and focuses on man, approximately as Ovid, Metamorphoses 1.76-150...

The Oneida creation story

The Oneida Creation Story is the oldest tradition of the Onyota'aka (People of the Standing Stone) and is one of the greatest pieces of oral literature of Native North America. Ancient elements of Iroquoian cosmology are the heart of the saga: Sky-world, the fall of Sky-woman, the creation of Earth upon Turtle's back, and the creation of mankind and early society by the twins. Various versions have been passed down from generation to generation, but the story has never before been published in the Oneida language. The Oneida Creation Story makes this majestic and beautiful story available in both Oneida and English for the first time. This special bilingual edition also features earlier translated versions of the Creation Story, a discussion of its cultural and historical contexts by Oneida Indian historian Anthony Wonderley, and lexicons cross-referenced to the story. Oneida elder Demus Elm first told the Oneida Creation Story to the renowned linguist Floyd G. Lounsbury in 1971. Lounsbury is the author of Oneida Verb Morphology and other works. The transcription and translation of the story were completed with the assistance of Harvey Antone, a relative of Demus Elm, and Bryan Gick. Gick is an assistant professor in the Department of Linguistics and Speech Sciences at the University of British Columbia.

Tearing Apart the Zagreus Myth: A Few Disparaging Remarks on Orphism and Original Sin

In this essay, I distinguish between the ancient tales relating to the dismemberment or sparagmos of Dionysos and the modern fabrication which I call the "Zagreus myth." This myth is put together from several elements: 1) the dismemberment of Dionysos; 2) the punishment of the Titans; 3) the creation of mankind from the Titans; and 4) the inheritance humans receive from the first three parts - the burden of guilt from the Titans' crime and the divine spark from the remains of Dionysos. Building upon Linforth's critical review, I first examine the pieces of evidence out of which this Zagreus myth has been assembled, demonstrating that the few pieces of evidence used to construct the myth fail to support the existence of such a story before the modern era. While ancient sources provide testimony to the first three components of the myth, the final component-the resulting original sin-is an addition of modern scholars. I next show that, viewed without the framework of the Zagreus myth, the pieces of evidence provide testimony to a variety of tellings of the dismemberment myth, which was not the exclusive property of the "Orphics" but rather a well-known element in the Greek mythic tradition. I then explore the Christian models of religion within which the myth was mistakenly reconstructed, noting the role this reconstruction of Orphism played in the turn-of-the-century debates surrounding the nature of the early Church. Finally, I conclude that the gold tablets and their religious contexts have been misunderstood because these texts have been interpreted in terms of a modern fabrication dependent on Christian models, the Zagreus myth. The "Orphic" gold tablets themselves have nothing to do with the stories of sparagmos and anthropogony, but instead supply important evidence for the study of Greek eschatological beliefs.

Decifra-me ou te Devoro, ou do Enigma da Criação em Greenaway

From the idea of text as a generative texture of signification, this article approaches the short film M is for man, music and Mozart (directed by Peter Greenaway in 1991 and produced by the English network BBC) in order to trail some of its possible and multiple intertextual images. This journey leads to the Italian Renaissance and some of its masters, Greenaway's happy metaphor on the creation of mankind and its myths.

Helen and the ΔIΟΣ BΟYΛH

Helen and the ΔIΟΣ BΟYΛH Kenneth Mayer The opening lines of the Cypria and the scholia concerning them have long attracted scholarly notice. The lines are quoted in Schol. A. Vind. 61 as follows: . (Cypria Frag. 1 Allen) Zeus pities the overburdened Earth and therefore calls the Trojan War into being in order to relieve her of excess population. The scholium quoting these lines evidently contains elements foreign to the Cypria,1 but other statements may ultimately derive from the epic itself. The scholiast reports Momus' advice to Zeus, not to use disasters such as lightning or flood, but rather to arrange for the birth of Helen and the marriage of Thetis. For, the scholium adds, the Trojan War is a direct result of these two events: . Eustathius follows this tradition, but extrapolates further by explicitly defining Helen and Achilles as the instruments of the βουλή: [End Page 1] -Eustathius, Ad Iliadem 1.33.15 (TLG) The original scholium does not define the precise role of the θνητογαμία of Thetis. That marriage resulted indirectly in the judgment of Paris and the strife between the goddesses, which directly led to the Trojan War. Eustathius, who was rather closer to the scholiastic tradition than we are, does not include the judgment in this account of the origins of the war. Instead he regards the birth of Achilles as a central element in the depopulation of mankind, on par with Helen. Scholiasts of the twentieth century have come up with their own accounts of Zeus' plan and the origin of the Trojan War. Particularly compelling is Laura Slatkin's reading of the marriage of Thetis as the closing chapter in the struggle for divine succession.2 Prophesy foretold that her son would be mightier than his father, so instead of marrying her himself, Zeus gives her to a mortal, thereby stabilizing the order of heaven by displacing strife onto the earth. Nagy (Best of the Achaeans, 220) argues that this displacement of strife from the divine sphere "causes not only the Trojan War in particular but the human condition in general." He bases this on, among other things, a fragment of the Hesiodic Catalogue of Women which begins shortly after the marriage of Helen and the birth of Hermione: These lines and others following connect the Trojan War with a plan of Zeus to end the endless spring and begin the cycle of the seasons (97-98), to give sorrow and death to mortals (98-100), and to separate gods from men (102-4). The fulfillment of the plan is then narrated: the death [End Page 2] of the heroes in lines 118-20; the coming of winter in lines 124-29. Taken together these events spell the end of the Golden Age, which seems to be the calculated conclusion of the Hesiodic Catalogue.3 In some accounts at least the Trojan War thus spelled the end of the Golden Age. The myth of divine succession accounts for the central role of Achilles and the marriage of Thetis. What about Helen? I do not think that the pairing of Achilles and Helen in the scholia is haphazard or pedantic patchwork. In a very real sense the Trojan War was felt to have started with the creation of both of these figures. Helen's role will become clearer when we step back and look at comparable patterns in other mythologies. The Cypria fragment mentioned earlier has aroused scholarly interest in part because of the overpopulation theme, to which several parallels have been adduced from the Near East, Iran, and India.4 This paper will extend this work and demonstrate that in these mythologies overpopulation belongs to a larger construct which is worth examining in detail. Central to the larger construct is the final struggle for heavenly succession, in which the last opposition to the canonical pantheon is quelled. The creation of man is contemporaneous with or results from this struggle. Often the defeated god or gods are involved in the creation of mankind in general or of a particular strife-causing individual or group. The form of the defeated gods' involvement varies-mankind may be their direct progeny, their creations or reincarnations, or created...

Mito y fábula

The paper studies the relationship between fable and myth: their points of contact and their differences. At the beginning both genres were used as example, and often they were instructive or etiological. They refer to stories which happened in old times. The characters are different, but no absolutely, because some gods appear in the fable, and some animals in the myth. The fable differs from the myth because it deals with situations of all kind, it is innovative and flexible. Besides, it has a critical and satiric character. The paper ends giving a list of the fables on which there are divine characters: gods in connection with the creation of mankind, and erotic and comic gods.

The Infancy of Man in a Sumerian Legend

IN 1933 Professor B. Landsberger contributed to a volume' in honour of the seventieth birthday of Freiherr M. von Oppenheim an article which placed in an entirely new light what had, until then, been considered an example, virtually unique, of a musical notation accompanying an Assyrian bilingual poem which related the culminating incident in the genesis of the world, the creation of mankind. He there demonstrated that the syllables accompanying the text, for the greater part meaning nothing and assumed to represent notes of music, occur also in othet places, dissociated from the poem, and sometimes furnished with Akkadian translations of their significance, as though they represented the Sumerian column of an ordinary syllabary. Unwelcome as it may be to give up so attractive a notion, the musical explanation is hereby made almost impossible of acceptance; but this leaves us with the problem of finding a better one. In the article already quoted, Professor Landsberger, as well as pointing out other examples of this strange collection of syllables, studied their structure, the meanings assigned to some of the groups, and the use made of them in the regular series of syllabaries, but came to the conclusion that the compilation must be regarded as a work of ancient literary artifice, the method and purpose of which at present escape us. In particular, there is the'question why this curious accompaniment stands beside the lines of a particular poem, and that not only in a single example (which might have been an individual freak) but in copies found both at Asshur and Nineveh. These are alike not only in the text and arrangement but in bearing colophons which allude expressly to the esoteric nature of their contents. The purpose with which I write these lines does not include an attempt to answer this question fully, but a suggestion will be made, with the utmost reserve, concerning'the matter of the poem and its possible relation with the enigmatic syllables. This can, however, be preceded by a single observation about which there will be far less uncertainty. It was noticed by Professor Landsberger (p. I77 of his article) that the fragment of a tablet in the British Museum, numbered 80-7-I9, i84, belonged to and probably joined another, K. 4I752?Sm. 57, which bears a portion of the text in question. That join having now been made, it follows, as he has pointed out, that this text was numbered as the second tablet of a series, the third of which began with a line partly preserved as a catchline on the reconstituted fragment. This line reads:

Chinese Beliefs about Caves

MR. HERBERT SPENCER, in his “Principles of Sociology” (3rd edition, New York, vol. 1. p. 207), relates the beliefs in the creation of mankind under the ground or in caverns, current among the Todas in Asia, the Basutos in Africa, and at least one-half of the American tribes. A similar belief I have lately found in a Chinese record. In Li Shih's Suh Poh-wuh-chi (written in the 13th cent. A.D., Japanese edition, 1683, tom. ii. p. 3) a quotation from the Ning-kwoh-lun runs as follows:—“Primitively there was no Liau-Kien in Shuh (now Sze Chuen); this tribe emanated from red clay in a cave of Teh-yang mountain, whence bits of the soil had began to roll out, each roll enlarging them, so that at last thereby was created a couple, who gave birth to many ”