Creation Of Landscape Research Articles

Emily Pawley. The Nature of the Future: Agriculture, Science, and Capitalism in the Antebellum North.

We live in an era where the mistrust of science is widespread. In The Nature of the Future: Agriculture, Science, and Capitalism in the Antebellum North, historian Emily Pawley transports readers to a time and place where the reception of scientific experimentation and the circulation of expert knowledge were less encumbered by politically driven skepticism. Although her agenda is far-reaching, Pawley confines her scope and scale to antebellum New York State between the opening of the Erie Canal in 1825 and the beginning of the Civil War in 1861. During these four tumultuous decades, the rural communities of North America’s agricultural epicenter were connected to a sprawling network of agrarian expertise. The architects of this knowledge were “improvers,” a diverse array of scientifically informed agriculturalists who dedicated their careers to the creation of landscapes that could produce colossal yields for far-flung capitalist markets. As Pawley succinctly puts it, “‘Improvement’ or ‘agricultural improvement’ was by this period a powerful system of knowledge making that manifested itself most clearly in the agricultural journals and fairs where agricultural monsters were displayed” (5). These “monsters” included a 975-pound pig, a 2,546-pound ox, and a strawberry with a girth of 8.5 inches. Agricultural prodigies of this magnitude were the realized ambitions of human efforts to transform nature into a storehouse of commodities.

The practice and potential of the SITES v2 rating system for the sustainable design of a landscape: A case study of Chicago’s Navy Pier

The landscape is a synthesis of cultural and natural processes in a place that can be designed and maintained to improve and regenerate the natural benefits and services of ecosystems. The Sustainable Sites Initiative has developed a rating system that identifies and advances best practices for landscape architecture. The SITES v2 Rating System was produced through a multi-year iterative process and incentives sustainable landscape practices by using an ecosystem services framework. Opportunities for continuing research on how SITES v2 encourages the creation of a landscape sustainability system and drives more sustainable land development will become apparent as it expands in application, scope, and impact. To illustrate the practice and potential of SITES v2 for sustainable landscape design, this research is primarily a literature review with the specific context of the SITES gold-certified project, Navy Pier in Chicago. The results show that SITES v2 is an important tool for transforming theory into the implementation of ecosystem services and guiding design decisions towards sustainable outcomes. It also promotes the entire project's accountability to a higher standard of best practices and results in a more sustainable site. In the context of contemporary landscape architecture practices, SITES v2 may lead to the transformation of sustainable landscape design. This study can promote the ongoing application of SITES v2 and the creation of a better sustainable landscape through design. It holds the potential to highlight how the methodology on which SITES has been created can be linked with the development of future cities and the management of urban landscapes.

The Process and Challenges of Resident-Led Reconstruction in a Mountain Community Damaged by the Northern Kyushu Torrential Rain Disaster: A Case Study of the Hiraenoki Community, Asakura City, Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan

Frequent torrential rainfall disasters have occurred worldwide in recent years. In Japan, the Northern Kyushu Torrential Rainfall disaster in July 2017 caused extensive damage to Fukuoka and Oita prefectures and significantly impacted local landscapes, from which residents derive pride and identity and, hence, are of the utmost importance. Local communities in Japan are also at risk of extinction due to progressive depopulation. This study discusses community revitalization through landscape creation and related challenges based on the case of the Hiraenoki Community affected by the Northern Kyushu Torrential Rainfall disaster. We conducted long-term participant observations over two years and semi-structured interviews with all households in the community. We found that the landscape project revitalized local pride and involved numerous people outside the community, including the prefectural extension center, university, and Non-Profit Organization (NPO), and provided them with an opportunity to connect. On the other hand, our investigation also revealed the danger of obscuring the original purpose of reconstruction activities because of collaboration with outsiders. This case study elucidates the possibilities and challenges of resident-led reconstruction activities in communities that are facing depopulation and aging problems and are working with organizations within and outside the community.

Entropy and Cities: A Bibliographic Analysis towards More Circular and Sustainable Urban Environments.

Cities are critical to a sustainable future for our planet; still, the construction and operation of cities rely on intensive resource and energy use and transformation, leading to the generation of waste, effluents, and pollution, representing negative externalities outside and inside the city. Within every process, transformation implies the use of energy and the increase of entropy. In an urban system, the transformation of energy and materials will trigger the creation of entropic landscapes, mainly in the informal city and in unguarded natural landscapes, even hundreds of kilometers away, which generates substantial economic, social, and environmental impacts. In this sense, cities are significant contributors to the environmental crisis. Upstream, degradation of landscapes and ecosystems is frequent. Cities' externalities and exogenous consumptions are directly linked with entropy and entropic landscapes, which are recognized as pollution (in the air, water, and land) or waste and in the degradation of natural ecosystems and communities. Through a systematic review of existing literature, this paper first outlines briefly how entropy has been applied in different disciplines and then focuses on presenting recent developments of how entropy has been defined, used, and characterized in urban studies concerning sustainability in cities and architecture, and presents a definition of the concept in relation to urban systems and key aspects to consider.

Tropical agricultural wooded land uses support high site use of forest birds

Agricultural expansion has been responsible for the large-scale modification of forest ecosystems globally. In many regions, this has resulted in the creation of heterogenous landscapes comprised of cleared agricultural lands, and semi-natural and natural wooded land uses such as agroforests and secondary forests. These wooded land uses can play an important role in supporting forest biodiversity. In a tropical agricultural landscape of Northeast India, we investigate how wooded land uses affect site use by forest specialist, forest generalist and open-country bird species, in comparison to a protected area. We also investigate the effects of site vegetation characteristics, surrounding forest cover and distance to the protected area. Using multi-species occupancy models, we found that wooded land uses support high site use of the three forest specialization groups. We attribute the high site use of forest species in wooded land uses to the similarity in site vegetation characteristics between these land uses and the protected area. In addition, high forest cover at, and neighbouring, our sampling sites, and habitat connectivity also contributed towards supporting high site use of forest species. However, for some species across the three groups, a few site vegetation characteristics and surrounding forest cover had a subtle influence. Our study showcases the supplementary role of low-intensity agricultural landscapes as habitat for forest birds, provided that wooded land uses outside protected areas are well maintained. In so doing, it contributes valuable insights into land management practices that support biodiversity in heterogeneous agricultural landscapes.

Opportunities and Challenges for the Creation and Governance of Productive Landscapes in Urban Transformations: The Case of Klosterøya Urban Fruit Forest Park

Former industrial areas in Europe are being redeveloped into residential and recreational spaces, often including sustainability initiatives. This study explores how the co-governance and management of a productive urban open space contributes to sustainable transformations, and aims to identify the opportunities and challenges that multi-actor design teams face when co-designing sustainable solutions. To achieve this goal, the landscape design process in Klosterøya urban park in Skien municipality, Norway, a privately owned yet publicly regulated park, is used as a case study in co-governance and analysed using the theoretical combined governance and management model developed. Data were collected through the observations of project meetings, document analysis and semi-structured interviews with the multi-actor design team. The results indicated that the working method, through co-creation, produced opportunities for sustainable urban agriculture, enhanced biodiversity, testbeds and water and resource circularities in the landscape, while ensuring a learning process and users’ involvement. Willingness to invest due to the lack of technical knowledge and soil contamination are revealed as key challenges. Conclusions emphasise the significance of co-creative landscape practices for productive urban open spaces and sustainable urban transformations, providing insights for an informed analysis of co-governance cases through the combined governance and management model.

红色文化资源在乡村景观营造中的应用研究

红色文化资源在乡村景观营造中的应用研究

Research on the Influence of the Aesthetics of Traditional Chinese Painting on Contemporary Oil Painting Landscape Creation

The aesthetic ideas and expression methods of traditional Chinese landscape painting influence all aspects of contemporary oil painting landscape creation. It not only guides oil painting creators to pay attention to environmental issues, return to nature, and explore cultural connotations, but also reminds oil painting creators to pursue both form and spirit and profound artistic effects while expressing nature. The uniqueness of oil painting creation is highlighted, and the artistic value is enhanced. This article analyzes the aesthetic expression of contemporary oil painting landscape creation and the similarities and differences between traditional Chinese painting and contemporary oil painting landscape painting. Based on refining the aesthetic values in traditional Chinese painting, it studies the impact of traditional Chinese painting aesthetics on contemporary oil painting landscape creation, providing reference for related research.

Impact of farming on African landscapes

As the continent with the deepest record of human history, the relationship between landscape formation and human subsistence practices is inseparable. The activities that constitute ‘farming’ are open for some matter of discussion, but essentially speak to the co-evolution of human, plant and animal reproductive systems along a continuum of interdependence. This process is ever evolving, but has resulted in the formation of landscapes in which anthropogenic processes characterize ecosystem functionality in nearly all biomes on the continent. Practices of cultivation, broadly conceptualized, across Africa are varied in the ways in which they have transformed ecological systems and landscapes. The use of fire as a landscape management tool dates to the Pleistocene, and penning of wild sheep to the early Holocene. The alteration of the landscape of fear by these types of human activities had fundamentally restructured trophic systems in Africa prior to the introduction of agriculture. However, the introduction of animal herding and intensive forms of plant cultivation by the middle Holocene correlated to even more significant ecological changes. The creation of agricultural landscapes has had a negative impact on biodiversity in some locations, whereas other some practices at different points in time have positively affected biodiversity. It is now recognized that humans have long influenced the evolution of landscapes wherever they live, but the current research focuses on where, when and how socio-ecological processes become coupled in the palaeoecological record.

Can urban green space water planes be quantified? A new way of thinking about landscape planning and design

Water bodies in urban green spaces are important parts of urban landscapes, and their planar shapes are an important factor governing the creation of waterfront landscapes. To improve the aesthetics and functionality of water bodies, this paper takes Nanjing as an example for analysis to investigate whether it is possible to scientifically quantify the planar shape of urban green space water bodies. First, water bodies meeting the conditions within the municipal area were selected as the study objects for classification. Second, in view of the lack of theoretical and innovative problems in previous studies, the use of fractal theory was proposed to improve the scientificity. Finally, remote sensing data images were used to extract water body planes, and the fractal dimensions were calculated and quantitatively evaluated by coupling the box dimension method with fractal theory. The results show that the fractal dimension could be used as a quantitative parameter to determine the planar morphology of water bodies in urban green spaces, and the fractal dimension value is positively correlated with the complexity of the water body, which can be used for both quantitative assessment of the landscape aesthetics of existing water bodies in urban green spaces and theoretical support for the future design of water planar morphology.

Trans-Boundary Legislative Impact Assesment of the Kailash Sacred Landscapes

The Kailash Sacred Landscapes evokes a deep rooted religious affiliation for the Hindus in India, Nepal and the Buddhists in India, Nepal and Tibet Autonomous Region or the Xizang Autonomous Region. A myriad of international conventions, charters, declarations and guidelines emanating from UNESCO and ICOMOS and IUCN, pertaining to cultural landscapes and sacred sites have been documented and applied but the issues pertaining to the transboundary integrated approach remains abstract and obscure and remains to be evolved. In India, China and Nepal, since the ratification of World Heritage Convention, 1972, there are national legislations that recognises the notion of cultural heritage, relics, monuments and sites but does not recognise the notion of cultural landscapes, primarily because the interpretation of heritage is often monument based conservation or of built heritage. In the domain of natural heritage, the environment and the biodiversity Acts function in water-tight compartments and are not in coordination with their cultural counterpart. The article aims to investigate and study the coherent issues pertaining to the nature-culture linkages and conservation relating to transboundary cultural landscape of Kailash Sacred Landscapes. The legislative framework of China, Nepal and India are taken into account, by exploring, comparing and distinguishing the vagueness in the creation and representation of cultural landscapes as defined or interpreted in the international conventions and charters. While studying the modes of adaptation, the article also explores the constitution and the role of the stakeholders (actors and institutions), local, intra-national and trans-national in the adaptation of a harmonious legislative framework.

Revisiting irrigation efficiency before restoring ancient irrigation canals in multi-functional, nature-based water systems

CONTEXTIn the Middle Ages, the Muslims introduced communal water management in the Iberian Peninsula. Some irrigation systems of medieval origin are still in operation in the mountainous areas of Southern Spain. Snowmelt runoff is diverted during spring from high-altitude streams into contoured recharge ditches that convey the water to areas of high infiltration (shallow aquifers). This regulates and delays discharge into the main river, from which downstream flow is diverted, during late spring and summer, to irrigation ditches that supply terraces and fields on river plains. The Busquístar irrigation ditch and its irrigation scheme comprise one of these ancient systems. OBJECTIVES1) To characterize the Busquístar system, its water source and regulation, its water users' association, its multi-functionality, and its quality as a nature-based solution for water security. 2) To review the irrigation efficiency concept applied to the restoration of ancient irrigation systems, taking into account their ecosystem services. METHODSi) Semi-structured interviews with stakeholders to evaluate irrigation system operation and perceptions of multi-functionality; ii) field surveys for description of the irrigation ditch and its riparian flora; iii) satellite imagery for quantifying riparian vegetation; iv) water balance for irrigation efficiency computation. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONSCrop production is the main function of the Busquístar irrigation scheme but additional ecosystem services are creation of landscape and biodiversity. Eight riparian plant communities were distinguished along the irrigation ditch. The discharge measured at its head on 23 July and 3 September 2017 represented 14 and 50% of the mean river flow in July and September, respectively. The flow measured at the first bifurcation of the ditch was about half that at the head, revealing the proportion filtered along its 6470-m long conveyance reach. The remaining flow was then diverted to 4 branches along the 3140-m long distribution reach proportionally to the irrigable area in each branch. Return flows and irrigation efficiency were estimated for the two measuring dates considering riparian and crop evapotranspiration. The estimated efficiency was highly dependent on which water uses were considered beneficial and on the scale of analysis, field, entire system or watershed. SIGNIFICANCEThe study revealed the integrated approach behind the traditional water management in these ancient systems. The article proposes a review of the irrigation efficiency concept that allows reconciling the character of a nature-based solution with the current restoration of the system, responding to the needs of the emerging export horticulture in the area.

Landscape Creation of Children’s Outdoor Activity Space in Urban Residential Areas Based on Child Psychology Analysis

The investigation of the unidentified world and the restriction field has intensified as the application concept of Artificial Intelligence (AI) continues to expand, due to which lifestyle of people and manufacturing modes have also changed dramatically. Based on these revolving trends, this work examines AI and studies children’s outdoor spaces from the perspective of their behavioral psychology. Furthermore, based on the analysis of text information, this study first defines the relevant concepts, then studies the characteristics and composition of children’s psychology and behavior, their habits, and activity space, respectively. In addition, this study interprets the excellent case design of children’s outdoor activity space at home and abroad from the perspective of behavioral psychology to provide a theoretical basis and design a reference for the design of children’s outdoor activity space. Besides, a survey of children’s residential areas analyzes the current situation and problems of children’s outdoor activity spaces and explores their renovation. Finally, using the author’s participation in the design of children’s outdoor activity spaces in residential neighborhoods as an example, it relates theory to practice. It studies and discusses the planning and design of children’s outdoor activity spaces by constructing an outdoor activity space under children’s behavior and psychology.

Landscape Art from the Miniature or Local Amplification Techniques to Create Characteristic Scenic Spots

With the improvement of people’s living standards, people not only to the urban landscape green space construction is satisfied with the improvement of the natural environment, but also pay more and more attention to the pursuit of urban characteristics and cultural landscape. Urban characteristic landscape should pay full attention to the natural attributes of the city, deeply integrate the landscape construction and urban characteristics with socialist civilization, and strive to establish a landscape rich in urban characteristics and humanistic themes, so as to better improve the urban value and human cultural connotation. In order to understand more about the characteristic scenic spots created by landscape art, this paper first expounds the necessity of garden landscape, the characteristics of miniature landscape and the role of plant landscape creation, explores the application method of miniature landscape effect in characteristic scenic spots, and expounds the design of an artificial landscape tree, hoping to provide reference for relevant personnel.

Georg Simmel Goes Virtual: From ‘Philosophy of Landscape’ to the Possibilities of Virtual Reality in Landscape Research

With his text “Philosophy of Landscape” (German original: “Philosophie der Landschaft”), the German sociologist and philosopher Georg Simmel laid a foundation for landscape research that is still significant today. In the text, he equates the creation and perception of landscape with the creation of a painting. In doing so, he provided an essential foundation for landscape research with a constructivist orientation. In order to be able to grasp the differentiated nature of landscape analytically and to apply it to Simmel’s understanding of landscape, we resort to the approach of the three landscapes, which was developed from Karl Popper’s theory of the three worlds. The pictorial metaphor of Simmel’s understanding of landscapes, however, had the effect of limiting landscape to the visual, and often to what he described as ‘natural’. It did not address the power-bound nature of landscape. These aspects, however, are of great importance in current discussions about landscape. Aspects of power, multisensuality, and the incorporation of non-natural elements gain additional currency through the creation of augmented and virtual landscapes. This concerns, on the one hand, the creation of these landscapes, on the other hand, their individual internal consciousness, as well as their social construction. These show, not least, the contingency of landscape construction. They offer possibilities for the investigation of landscape stereotypes, and how innovations can be fed into the social construction of landscape to engage other senses beyond the sense of sight. The aim of our paper is to use conceptual critique to reflect on the conceptual development of social and cultural studies in landscape research since Simmel and to present its potential for framing research on AR and VR landscapes.

City fortifications and the form of European cities, with special reference to Croatia

Developments on the sites of bastion fortifications are often welldesigned expansions of city cores with mainly public buildings, representative residential buildings and public spaces. The transformation of bastion fortifications in the Croatian towns of Karlovac and Osijek in the earlytwentieth century resulted in the creation of urban landscapes that can be compared in their characteristics with similar areas in major cities such as Frankfurt, Hamburg and Copenhagen. Developments in these two towns are comparable to those in the nineteenth century in many parts of Europe. They are inner fringe belts forming boundary zones between historically and morphologically distinct housing areas.

A Companion to Chivalry

A Companion to Chivalry

Impact of forest stand development on long-term changes in the herb layer of semi-natural Carpathian beech forests

The distinction of changes in herb layer communities related to the dynamics of the forest stand and / or the regimes of forest management from that managed by random or non-random, global environmental disturbance, would allow for more precise recognition, and counteracting the effects of contemporary threats. In this work, we integrated databases of long-term vegetation records from tree research periods and archival forest inventory datasets to examine the changes in forest herb layer communities over time intervals of up to five decades across the major mountain forest habitat in the Polish Eastern Carpathians (managed semi-natural fertile mountain beech forests). Over the past half – century, these forests have been gradually aging. In this work, based on long-term datasets, we found clear differences in herb layer composition and diversity between beech forest developmental stages. Herb layer characteristics were compared between three forest stages, classified as broadly defined Growing (G), Optimum (O), and Terminal (T) stage. Stands in the Growing stage had the largest stocking, as well as the smallest volume, tree DBH and high, and age. Stands in the Optimum stage had the largest volume and tree height. Stands in the Terminal stage had the smallest stocking and the largest tree DBH and age. Although in the Optimum stage, the lowest beta diversity was recorded, this stage provided the best habitat conditions for species important from a beech forest’s conservation status point of view (e.g. diagnostic for beech forests, ancient forest species). Moreover, in this stage the highest alpha diversity was recorded. We found that in gradually aging Carpathian forests the changes in the structure of stands play a significant role in controlling herb vegetation composition and diversity. The cause was the dominance of single developmental stages during temporally synchronous forest development in the studied region of the Carpathians over the past half – century (i.e. G in the 1970s, O in the 2000s and T in 2010s). Our results have important implications for forest management and biodiversity conservation. In particular, forest managers should ensure the creation and maintenance of forest landscapes with a more even share of development stages (mosaic of different age-classes). Additionally, this age differentiation of stands should be planned not on a local scale but on a regional scale.

Selection of trees species composition for creation of forest belts on newly created agrarian landscape of a regulated landfill

Every year the number of landfills for municipal solid waste (MSW) is growing all over the world. Overloaded landfills are closed, followed by reclamation and creation of agricultural landscapes. Trees and shrubs must adapt to unfavorable environmental conditions in a reclaimed MSW landfill. As a result, plants resistance is reduced. We studied the safety of planted trees and shrubs, as well as their growth over three years of research, in order to study the adaptation of woody plants to the conditions of the reclaimed MSW landfill and the effect of soil on adaptation. Canadian maple, barberry and Siberian mountain as h were studied on the experimental site of the newly formed agricultural landscape at the reclaimed MSW test site. The MSW landfill is located in the northwestern part of the city of Barnaul. According to research, mountain ash has the lowest overall survival rate at about 2%, barberry at 33%, and Canadian maple has the highest overall survival rate at 81.25%. Canadian maple can be used on the newly created agricultural landscape of MSW landfill for forest reclamation purposes.

Manual for Survival: A Chernobyl Guide to the Future by Kate Brown (review).

Reviewed by: Manual for Survival: A Chernobyl Guide to the Future by Kate Brown John P. DiMoia (bio) Manual for Survival: A Chernobyl Guide to the Future By Kate Brown. London: Penguin, 2019. Pp. 432. An eclectic combination of the history of technology, environmental history, and disaster STS, Kate Brown's Manual for Survival: A Chernobyl Guide to the Future (also published by W. W. Norton with the subtitle An Environmental History of Chernobyl) captures the aftermath of Chernobyl (1986), focusing less on the specifics of reactor technology and far more on the issue of radiation as an unknown. Brown thus offers a careful account of the accumulation of knowledge, using human bodies, plants, and the surrounding environment collectively as a vast repository, a living archive concerning questions of radiation's absorption, as well as the environment's ability to adjust. She argues that Soviet specialists already held a great deal of such knowledge acquired through the domestic nuclear industry and its attending regulatory problems, although this fact (and the associated knowledge of health physics) was kept quiet at the time, when the mobilization of an accident-free industry remained a standard form of rhetoric. A series of accidents, contingencies, and unknown variables motivates the activity in this fascinating chronicle, when the decisions that were made held long-term implications for lives, along with medical outcomes, favorable or not. Along with her earlier work, Plutopia (2013) and Dispatches from [End Page 246] Dystopia (2015), Manual for Survival continues Brown's project of shifting attention from a body of work located much closer to European history to a more conventional one in the area of Soviet Studies. Throughout her career, Brown has been interested in changing landscapes whether for political, economic, or regional reasons, and in these recent three books, she has tied this theme closely to clusters of vast, overreaching technological ambitions. The creation of industrial landscapes and shattered spaces is not unique to the Soviet project, however, and Brown clearly makes this point in Plutopia, which details the production of plutonium at multiple sites, thereby capturing the American side of the experience. In Manual for Survival, the focus rests on the Ukraine and Soviet stories, while suggesting strongly that the narrative holds lessons for other sites. Brown walks carefully through the technical details of building a tentative model to understand the effects of radiation, drawing upon official and previously unavailable sources, numerous interviews, and personal accounts. If her actors, including Ukrainian, Russian, and a wide range of international citizens, doctors, and activists, frequently come off as less than polished, it is because their motivations encompass a diverse set of aims. While not explicitly a Latourian, Brown incorporates non-human actors, especially when examining the surroundings for radiation effects. For example, the fallen leaves in the area offer a careful measuring device of absorption: a material trace, something many scientists were slow to recognize at first. In contrast to the official reports of deaths and cancers attributed to the accident, Brown offers stories of the living, whether those with mild symptoms, a prolonged cough and respiratory issues, or others who have undergone multiple, invasive surgeries. This material is an alternate brand of accounting and has a cumulative impact that exceeds more traditional measures with strictly defined categories and boundaries. For historians of technology, Brown's narrative appeals on several levels. The first, and most obvious, lies with Russian and Soviet studies, and there are numerous echoes of previous accounts of the Russian nuclear project, including most recently, Sonja Schmid's Producing Power (MIT Press, 2015), a wonderful description of the preceding period. Given Brown's interest and previous work covering the effects of radiation in Washington State, Patrick Vitale's Nuclear Suburbs (University of Minnesota Press, 2021) provides a complement, exploring the changes of the urban landscape through technological spin-offs. Brown moves us from an older, binary Cold War to a richer, multilateral one, enmeshed with environmental history, and perhaps invoking a conscious lack of resolution, given the sober subject matter. If there are traces of Agamben's "bare life" in the narrative, Brown's rich account ultimately finds its ground in painstaking historical detail from archives, sources, and...