Cranberry Fruit Research Articles

Can Plant Materials Be Valuable in the Treatment of Periodontal Diseases? Practical Review.

Periodontal diseases are one of the most significant challenges in dental health. It is estimated that only a few percent of the worldwide population have entirely healthy teeth, and according to WHO, oral diseases may affect up to 3.5 billion people worldwide. One of the most serious oral diseases is periodontitis, an inflammatory disease affecting periodontal tissues, caused by pathogenic bacteria and environmental factors such as the ageing population, abuse of tobacco products, and lack of adequate oral hygiene due low public awareness. Plant materials are widely and successfully used in the management of many conditions, including periodontitis. Plant materials for periodontitis exhibit antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant activities and affect the periodontium structure. Numerous studies demonstrate the advantages of phytotherapy for periodontitis relief and indicate the usefulness of Baikal skullcap root, Pomegranate fruit peel and root cortex, Tea leaves, Chamomile flowers, Magnolia bark, Blackberry leaves and fruits, Cranberry fruits and Lippia sidoides essential oil. This review aims to analyze the use and applicability of selected plant materials in periodontitis management since it is of paramount importance to evaluate the evidence of the traditionally used plant materials in light of continuously growing interest in phytotherapy and its adjuvant role in the treatment of periodontitis.

Toward the technology of large cranberry fruit storage through declining the fungal rots

Study of fungal invasions and storage rots of cultivated large cranberry on experimental plots of commercial plantations in Rivno and Volyn’ oblasts during 2019–2020 are presented. Berries of the cultivar Wilcox, as more commercially promising, were selected for the final step of investigations. Losses of harvest were recorded during berries storage as a result of the pathogenic fungi infections and on the final step of study the plant material received post-harvest treatment by cold and hot water in different variants, with subsequent drying by warm air. There were examined storage results of the fruits collected in autumn and in early winter, percentage of different types of fungal rots development were estimated.

The effect of cranberry juice and a cranberry functional beverage on the growth and metabolic activity of selected oral bacteria

BackgroundThe oral microbiota is a significant risk indicator for oral diseases, such as dental caries and periodontal inflammation. Much attention is presently paid to the development of functional foods (e.g. beverages containing cranberry constituents, or foods containing probiotics) that may serve as adjuncts for oral disease treatments (e.g. periodontitis and caries). Cranberry fruit, due to its unique chemical composition and antimicrobial potential, is a possible ingredient of such foods. The study aimed to investigate the effects of cranberry juice (CJ) and a cranberry functional beverage (mixture of 80% v/v apple juice, 20% v/v cranberry juice, and 0.25 g/100 mL ground cinnamon; CFB) on the growth and metabolic activity of selected oral bacteria.MethodsSerial dilution pour plate method (SDPP) was used to examine the effect of CJ and CFB on the growth of Actinomyces naeslundii, Streptococcus mutans, and Lactobacillus paracasei subsp. paracasei. 48-h electrical impedance measurements (EIM) during the cultivation of A. naeslundii were applied to evaluate the utility of the method as a rapid alternative for the assessment of the antimicrobial potential of cranberry beverages.ResultsThe tested bacteria differed in their susceptibility to the antimicrobial action of CJ and CFB, with L. paracasei subsp. paracasei being least vulnerable to CFB (according to SDPP). Although CJ at a concentration of 0.5 mL/mL, showed a bactericidal effect on the growth of S. mutans, A. naeslundii was more sensitive to CJ (SDPP). Its inhibitory effect on A. naeslundii was seen even at concentrations as small as 0.03125–0.125 mL/mL (SDPP and EIM). On the other hand, S. mutans seemed to be more vulnerable to CFB than A. naeslundii (SDPP).ConclusionsCFB may be considered an adjunct in the treatment of oral diseases due to its action against selected oral pathogens, and not against the presumably beneficial L. paracasei subsp. paracasei. Bioelectrical impedance measurements appear to be a quick alternative to evaluating the antimicrobial activity of fruit beverages, but their utility should be confirmed with tests on other bacteria.

Insight into multilayered alginate/chitosan microparticles for oral administration of large cranberry fruit extract

• Up to 7 layers (CHIT and ALG mv ) shell were built on the CFE-loaded ALG-based cores. • The shell was a non-lamellar, interpenetrating network of oppositely charged polysaccharides. • The mechanical resistance depends on the type of ALG used as the core material and the shell structure. • The three-layered microcapsules showed the best performance in the in vitro release study. • The applicability of the studied particles could be controlled by their core and shell structure. We present a series of multilayered alginate/chitosan microparticles fabricated via combining ionic gelation with the layer-by-layer (LbL) approach to improve oral administration of large cranberry fruit extract (CFE). Sodium alginate of low (ALG lv ) or medium (ALG mv ) viscosity was used as a core polymer, and chitosan (CHIT) and ALG mv layers were alternately assembled to form up to seven layers’ coating. Microparticles size ranged between 640 and 1120 μm, and their morphology, moisture content, and structural integrity were affected mainly by the outermost layer’s composition. Both the microgel core and shell composition of these microparticles influenced the mechanical properties determined by the parallel plates compression test. Microparticles exhibited good CFE entrapment efficiency (E.E. > 55%) and favorable release profiles in the simulated gastro-intestine environment, well described by the hybrid model of the release kinetics. Our results evidence that polysaccharide-inspired microparticles are good platforms for enhancing the oral bioavailability of poorly water-soluble therapeutic agents.

Рецидивирующие инфекции мочевой системы: доказательная база и дискутабельные вопросы мероприятий неантибактериальной профилактики

Рецидивирующая инфекция мочевой системы (ИМС) является распространенным, дорогим и обременительным состоянием, которое касается женщин всех возрастных категорий, рас и этнических групп без учета социально-экономического статуса или образовательного уровня. Современные стратегии, направленные на профилактику рецидивирующих ИМС, как и раньше, не являются оптимальными, о чем свидетельствует относительно высокая распространенность данной нозологии у женщин. Цель данной статьи заключалась в освещении и обсуждении как доказательной базы, так и ряда нерешенных вопросов менеджмента рецидивирующих ИМС. Рассмотрены темы, вызывающие клинический интерес: диагностика, возрастные ассоциации, постоянная и интермиттирующая антимикробная профилактика, эффективность современных мероприятий неантимикробной профилактики, потенциальная роль форинала (комплекс D-маннозы и экстракта плодов клюквы) в профилактике рецидивирующих ИМС.

Уроки COVID-19 для медицинской практики. Метиленовый синий — инновация, проверенная временем

Значение метиленового синего (МС) в лечении метгемоглобинемии, малярии и инфекций мочевыводящих путей (ИМП) хорошо известно. Антимикробный, противовоспалительный и антиоксидантный эффекты МС были продемонстрированы в различных исследованиях in vitro и in vivo. Необходимость найти лекарство от COVID-19 привлекла внимание исследователей и практических врачей во всем мире к МС. Обзор включает различный опыт использования МС, в том числе у пациентов, получавших МС во время эпидемии COVID-19 с профилактической целью, а также собственный опыт по этой теме. МС широко применяется как краситель в различных областях биологии — в диагностических процедурах и лечении различных заболеваний, включая отравления цианидом и угарным газом, и считается нетоксичным. Эффективность МС при лечении пациентов с множественными небольшими камнями в почках, особенно с инфицированными камнями, и предупреждение образования новых камней были продемонстрированы в 5-летнем исследовании. Кроме того, благодаря противогрибковому потенциалу и антимикробному эффекту МС уменьшает симптомы ИМП, улучшает качество жизни и предотвращает рецидивы заболевания. Запатентованный комплекс МС с экстрактом листьев шалфея и экстрактом плодов клюквы крупноплодной (Пембина-Блю®) продемонстрировал значительное уменьшение боли, спазмов у больных циститом. Принимая во внимание ограниченное количество доступных методов лечения ИМП и одновременное увеличение резистентности к препаратам, необходимость поиска новых безопасных и эффективных методов лечения ИМП чрезвычайно актуальна. Учитывая то, что МС является одобренным FDA соединением, уже используется для решения различных терапевтических задач, а также благодаря отдельным антиоксидантным, противогрибковым, антибактериальным и противовоспалительным механизмам, которые приведены в данном обзоре, МС можно рассматривать как многообещающее лекарство в будущем.

Role of Yeasts in the Cranberry Fruit Rot Disease Complex.

Cranberry fruit rot (CFR) is an economically important disease caused by at least 10 species of filamentous fungi. Despite the application of fungicides, incidence of CFR is sometimes high, raising the possibility of a role for microbes other than fungi in the CFR complex. Isolation of microbes from rotten berries on culture media that favor either bacteria or yeasts resulted in mucoid colonies from <15% of dry-harvested rotten berries but up to 60% of wet-harvested berries. The mucoid colonies were identified as yeasts, primarily in the family Saccharomycetaceae. Inoculation of sound berries with three yeasts, Hanseniaspora uvarum, Pichia fermentans, and Pichia terricola, resulted in significantly higher incidence and severity of rot symptoms compared with mock-inoculated controls; these yeasts were recovered from inoculated berries, providing evidence of their pathogenicity. The minimum concentrations of azoxystrobin, chlorothalonil, and prothioconazole that resulted in 80% inhibition of growth compared with untreated controls (MIC80) were determined for a subset of yeasts. In general, MIC80s were higher for azoxystrobin and prothioconazole (usually >64 µg/ml) than for chlorothalonil (usually ≤1 µg/ml). To complement culture-dependent studies, DNA was isolated from wet- and dry-harvested rotten berries, and fungi were identified to the level of family by high-throughput sequencing of the fungal internal transcribed spacer region. There were no fungal families consistently detected among samples by one method (culturing or high-throughput sequencing) and missed by the other that have not previously been reported in cranberry; however, some fungal families were found to be more abundant by one method versus the other. Harvest method (wet or dry) had a significant effect on the composition of fungal communities of rotten berries (P < 0.001), and operational taxonomic units representing the Saccharomycetaceae were more abundant in wet- than dry-harvested berries. Taken together, the results suggest that some yeasts are pathogenic to cranberry and may be especially relevant in wet-harvested berries.

Draft Genome Sequences of Pseudomonas spp. Isolated from Berry Surfaces in Commercial Cranberry Bogs in Massachusetts, USA.

ABSTRACTThe surfaces of plants are colonized by a rich diversity of microbes but are largely unexplored. Here, we present the draft genome sequences of five Pseudomonas spp. isolated from cultivated cranberry fruit surfaces. Although the isolates represent four different species, their genomes all contain conserved iron sequestration and uptake genes.

Detection of Antimicrobial Activity of Cranberry Fruit Extract against Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase Escherichia coli

Objective: Antibacterial effects of Cranberry fruit extract on Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Extended Spectrum beta lactamase producing E. coli and its comparison with Linezolid and Meropenem.&#x0D; Materials and Methods: It is a Pre Clinical (in-vitro) study conducted in Ziauddin University from January 2020 to October 2020. All samples were collected from Ziauddin University. All clinical samples were collected inform of pus, urine, blood, tracheal aspirations, patients admitted in surgical and medical wards, intensive care units and outdoor patients who were attending clinics. All these samples were transported to Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Ziauddin hospital, North Nazimabad campus and then culture and sensitivity test were performed there. Sample showing double growth and contamination on agar plates were excluded from study.&#x0D; Results: Out of 80 samples included in this study 46(57.5%) were female and 34(42.5%) samples were male; female to male samples ratio of 1.35:1.The mean age was 45.71±11.83 years. MRSA commonly found in pus swab 15(37.5%) and 21(52.5%) ESBL producing E. coli found in urine samples. 14(35%) samples were observed anti-bacterial activity of cranberry fruit extracts against Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase Producing Escherichia coli at 50 mg/ml concentration, followed by 10(25%) and 9(22.5%) samples at 60 mg/ml, 40 mg/ml were respectively. While resistance of Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase Producing Escherichia coliwere observed high at different concentration level of cranberry fruit extracts. Good anti-bacterial activity of cranberry fruit extracts observed against Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus at different levels of concentration 20(50%), 23(57.5%), 21(52.5%), 26(65%), 29(72.5%) samples were 20 mg/ml,30mg/ml,40mg/ml, 50mg/ml, 60mg/ml respectively. Most superior and best dose of cranberry fruit extract against Staph Aureus in about 72.5% (29) at 60mg/ml and their Comparison with linezolid and meropenem against Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus and found best positive results as compared with Linezolid and found significant p value 0.005.&#x0D; Conclusions: Cranberry extract has a lot of potential to prove itself to be a good antimicrobial agent. The cranberry fruit extract has high antimicrobial activity against methicillin resistant S.aureus and resistant strains of E. coli in comparison to linezolid and meropenem.

Development of Novel Polymorphic EST-SSR Markers from the Cranberry Fruit Transcriptome.

Background: Cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.) has high developmental prospects and great research value. Cranberry has a narrow genetic base, however, its morphological characteristics are not easily distinguishable. Besides, traditional breeding methods are limited, and breeding progress on cranberry cultivars has been slow.Objective: The objective of this study was to assess polymorphic EST-SSR markers developed from a cranberry fruit transcriptomic sequencing library to provide candidate EST-SSR sequences for future research on stress resistance breeding of cranberry.Materials and Methods: Thirteen cranberry accessions were used for EST-SSR analysis, and 16 accessions of other Vaccinium species were used to test primer transferability. Genomic DNA was extracted from young leaves of 6-year-old cranberry plants and subjected to PCR amplification. A binary matrix was established and analyzed in NTSYS-pc v.2.10e for calculation of the genetic similarity of cranberry cultivars and construction of a cluster dendrogram.Results: A total of 47 stress-resistance-related primer pairs were designed, of which 7 pairs showed polymorphism. The average number of effective alleles was 1.844, and the average expected heterozygosity was 0.455. The average transfer rate was 63.39%. Genetic similarity coefficients ranged from 0.28 to 1.00, with an average of 0.76. UPGMA clustering divided the 13 cranberry accessions into four groups at a genetic similarity of 0.74.Conclusions: The seven polymorphic EST-SSR markers were able to reveal genetic relationships among 13 cranberry accessions and can be used for future research on stress resistance breeding of cranberry.

Cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon L.) fruit juice from Serbia: UHPLC- DAD-MS/MS characterization, antibacterial and antioxidant activities

Cranberry fruit (Vaccinium macrocarpon L., Ericaceae) is a valuable material for the production of juices and other fruit products, quite popular among consumers in Serbia. Different types of cranberry juice are produced in Serbia and other countries, but the chemical composition, as well as the antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of juices depend on both the used technology and the region in which cranberries are grown. Within this study, the screening of bioactive components found in cranberry juice from Serbia was performed by the UHPLC-DAD-MS/MS method, as well as the determination of its antibacterial and antioxidant activities. The juice was obtained by cold-pressing of ripe cranberry fruit grown in Serbia and enriched with sugar. Among the seventeen identified compounds, the most common were phenolic compounds and hexoses, followed by organic acids. The antibacterial activity of the juice was assessed by the disc diffusion method against Listeria monocytogenes, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella enteritidis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The DPPH test was used to determine the antioxidant effect. The cold-pressed cranberry juice showed higher antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria. The obtained results will be useful in promoting further progress and development of cranberry cultivation and processing in Serbia.

Cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon) Is a Marginal Host for Brown Marmorated Stink Bug.

The brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), is a well-documented pest of agricultural crops across the globe. However, not all crops are suitable hosts for H. halys, and it is necessary to proactively document the susceptibility of economically important specialty crops, such as cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon; Ericaceae), a native fruit crop that contributes millions of dollars to the North American economy. In this study, we tested whether cranberry is a suitable host for H. halys by measuring the development and feeding injury inflicted by H. halys on cranberry fruit and foliage. We found that H. halys nymphs cannot successfully develop on cranberry fruit or foliage alone, but that the fruit are susceptible to adult feeding. On the basis of these findings, cranberry does not seem to be a suitable host to support nymph development, but adult feeding could negatively impact fruit quality. Future research should consider the impacts of adult feeding on fruit quality and how adult abundance in and near agricultural crops might change the risk profile of this pest.

Chromosome-Level Genome Assembly of the American Cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.) and Its Wild Relative Vaccinium microcarpum.

The American cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.) is an iconic North American fruit crop of great cultural and economic importance. Cranberry can be considered a fruit crop model due to its unique fruit nutrient composition, overlapping generations, recent domestication, both sexual and asexual reproduction modes, and the existence of cross-compatible wild species. Development of cranberry molecular resources started very recently; however, further genetic studies are now being limited by the lack of a high-quality genome assembly. Here, we report the first chromosome-scale genome assembly of cranberry, cultivar Stevens, and a draft genome of its close wild relative species Vaccinium microcarpum. More than 92% of the estimated cranberry genome size (492 Mb) was assembled into 12 chromosomes, which enabled gene model prediction and chromosome-level comparative genomics. Our analysis revealed two polyploidization events, the ancient γ-triplication, and a more recent whole genome duplication shared with other members of the Ericaeae, Theaceae and Actinidiaceae families approximately 61 Mya. Furthermore, comparative genomics within the Vaccinium genus suggested cranberry-V. microcarpum divergence occurred 4.5 Mya, following their divergence from blueberry 10.4 Mya, which agrees with morphological differences between these species and previously identified duplication events. Finally, we identified a cluster of subgroup-6 R2R3 MYB transcription factors within a genomic region spanning a large QTL for anthocyanin variation in cranberry fruit. Phylogenetic analysis suggested these genes likely act as anthocyanin biosynthesis regulators in cranberry. Undoubtedly, these new cranberry genomic resources will facilitate the dissection of the genetic mechanisms governing agronomic traits and further breeding efforts at the molecular level.

A low malic acid trait in cranberry fruit: genetics, molecular mapping, and interaction with a citric acid locus

The fruit of commercial cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.) cultivars have relatively high concentrations of malic acid (MA) and citric acid (CA), and, to a lesser extent, quinic acid. These acids contribute to the high titratable acidity (TA), a measure of tartness, of cranberry fruit, which typically ranges from 2.3 to 2.5% citric acid equivalents in commercial cultivars. Thus, considerable amounts of sugar are added (“added sugar”) in products such as sweetened-dried cranberries and juices. Within our cranberry germplasm collection, a unique accession was identified with fruit having a TA ≈ 1.5%, where MA concentration was reduced to ~ 4 mg/g fresh weight (FW), compared to ~ 8 mg/g FW in current cultivars. Inbred crosses derived from this accession yielded progeny with a lower MA phenotype (~ 2 mg/g FW). Observed segregation indicated the accession was heterozygous (Mala/mala) for a low MA allele (mala) and very low MA progeny were homozygous (mala/mala). MA was reduced approximately 75% in these populations relative to standard cultivars. The homozygous mala/mala locus also depressed fruit CA and quinic acid concentrations. Quantitative trait loci mapping identified a region on chromosome 4 associated with low MA. The combined segregation of three half-sib populations derived from the low MA accession generated effective (within < 1 cM) Kompetitive allele-specific PCR (KASP) markers for use in breeding of cranberry cultivars with lower MA. Dihybrid populations were developed having a previously described low CA allele, cita, with the mala alleles of this study to explore the interaction of alleles at both loci.

The Development and Consumer Acceptance of Functional Fruit-Herbal Beverages.

The development of functional beverages often requires a compromise between the palatability and high content of bio-active compounds. The purpose of this study was to elaborate on the fruit-herbal beverages with defined pro-health functions and evaluate their consumer acceptance. The beverages contained 80% of juices obtained from the fruits of aronia, rugosa rose, acerola, sea buckthorn, and cranberry. Each beverage was supplemented with different plant extracts which enhanced the designed functions of the beverage. The beverages were sweetened with sugar or with steviol glycosides, and were preserved by thermal pasteurization. The main groups of bio-active compounds and antioxidant capacity using ABTS, DPPH, and ORAC methods were analysed before and after pasteurization. The sensory acceptance was tested by 60 adult consumers who assessed the desirability of taste, odour, colour, and overall quality. Each beverage contained substantial amounts of polyphenols, including anthocyanins; rosehip-acerola and sea buckthorn beverages were also sources of vitamin C and carotenoids. All these components were stable under thermal treatment. Rosehip-acerola beverages had the highest antioxidant capacity, which was measured using all three methods exhibited. The highest level of consumer acceptance and willingness to purchase went to aronia beverages, while the sea buckthorn gained the lowest. There was no significant difference between the acceptance of beverages sweetened with sugar and stevia. Women and the 25- to 34-year-old consumer group rated the overall acceptability of the beverages slightly higher, although this was not reflected in their inclination to buy them. Attitude toward proper body mass and health had no influence on overall acceptance and willingness to complete the purchases. The main motivation for purchasing the functional beverages was their sensory acceptance, even if the consumers were informed of their potential health benefits.

Effects of sonication and freezing on the color, mechanical and thermophysical properties of osmo-microwave-vacuum dried cranberries

The aim of study was to determine the effects of sonication (S), convective freezing (F), convective freezing preceded by sonication (SF) as well as cryogenic freezing (N) on the osmo-microwave-vacuum drying kinetics, energy usage and properties of dried cranberries such as moisture content, moisture diffusion, water activity, density, porosity, thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity, volumetric heat capacity, lightness, redness, yellowness, total differences in color, saturation and hue, hardness, cohesiveness, springiness, and chewiness. Osmo-microwave-vacuum drying of cranberries took from 13.5 to 16.0 min. All initial treatments increased the moisture diffusivity and thus reduced the drying time. The most energy effective method was osmo-microwave-vacuum drying preceded by sonication (S) of fruits. Osmo-microwave-drying of cranberries subjected to convective freezing preceded by sonication (SF) resulted in the highest lightness (32.5 ± 0.5), redness (33.9 ± 0.7), and yellowness (11.3 ± 0.5) of fruits, as well as the lowest cohesion (the lowest resistant to stress associated with manufacturing, packaging, storage, and delivery). The lowest hardness, i.e. 12.3 ± 0.4 N and the highest cohesiveness and springiness, i.e. 0.38 ± 0.02 and 0.74 ± 0.03 of dried fruits, were noted for berries subjected to initial cryogenic freezing (N). Cryogenic freezing (N) combined with osmo-microwave-vacuum drying resulted in the largest color changes of fruits and the highest thermal conductivity. Sonicated and convectively frozen (SF) fruits were characterized by the highest thermal diffusivity. Sonication (S), convective freezing (F) and their combination (SF) significantly reduced the volumetric heat capacity of cranberry fruits.

Cranberry polyphenols‐gut microbiota interactions and potential health benefits: An updated review

AbstractCranberry fruits are rich in polyphenols, comprising small‐molecule flavonols, anthocyanins, and oligomeric A‐type proanthocyanidins. It is becoming increasingly clear that the gut microbiota plays a crucial role in maintaining the metabolic health of the human host, and the cranberry polyphenols‐gut microbiota interactions result in the production of an array of metabolites along with the compositional change of microbiota. Cranberry polyphenols‐induced these changes may be associated with improved host health and disease prevention. However, it is unclear to what extent microbiota‐derived metabolites are absorbed into the systemic circulation and exert pharmacological effects. Because the composition of gut microbiota influences the host energy metabolism and have systemic effects on lipid homeostasis, intake of cranberry rich diet may be beneficial in preventing metabolic syndrome associated with chronic diseases. Exploring connections between alterations in gut microbiome composition, and host metabolic health after chronic exposure to cranberry products is critical for understanding the potential health benefits of cranberry fruits.

Development of Methods for the Identification and Quantitative Determination of Hydroxycinnamic Acids in Fruits of Vaccinium oxycoccos L. and Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.

Using TLC and HPLC, we revealed the presence of hydroxycinnamic acids in the fruits of common cranberry (Vaccinium oxycoccos L.) and large-fruited cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.). Chlorogenic acid is predominant among them. The quantitative determination of hydroxycinnamic acids in terms of chlorogenic acid is carried out by spectrophotometric analysis.

Variability in the Qualitative and Quantitative Composition and Content of Phenolic Compounds in the Fruit of Introduced American Cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Aiton).

The aim of this study was to determine the composition and content of phenolic compounds in ethanol extracts of eight different cultivars of American cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Aiton) fruit using spectrophotometric and UPLC-ESI-MS/MS analysis and to evaluate the antioxidant activity in vitro of these extracts. The highest total amount of phenolic compounds evaluated via Folin–Ciocalteu spectrophotometry was detected in American cranberry fruit samples of the ‘Bain’ clone, and the highest total amount of flavonoids was found in samples of the ‘Drever’ and ‘Baiwfay’ cultivars. The highest total amount of the individual phenolic compounds (519.53 ± 25.12 mg/g DW) identified and quantitatively evaluated via chromatography was detected in samples of the ‘Searles’ cranberry cultivar. In the studied cranberry samples, the predominant phenolic compounds were hyperoside, quercetin, and procyanidin A2, while the amounts of other compounds were significantly lower. HCA and PCA revealed that ‘Woolman’, ‘Holliston’, ‘Pilgrim, and ‘Searles’ fruit samples had different quantitative content of phenolic compounds from other cranberry cultivars. Meanwhile, fruit of ‘Baiwfay’, ‘Drever’, ‘Bain’, and ‘Bergman’ were similar in their phytochemical profile.

Organic cranberry pomace and its ethanolic extractives as feed supplement in broiler: impacts on serum Ig titers, liver and bursal immunity

With the pressure to reduce antibiotics use in poultry production, cost-effective alternative products need to be developed to enhance the bird's immunity. The present study evaluated the efficacy of cranberry fruit by-products to modulate immunity in broiler chickens. Broiler Cobb 500 chicks were fed a control basal diet, basal diet supplemented with bacitracin (BACI, 55 ppm), cranberry pomace at 1% and 2% (CP2), or cranberry pomace ethanolic extract at 150 and 300 ppm (COH300) for 30 d. Blood sera were analyzed at days 21 and 28 of age for Ig levels by ELISA. The innate and adaptive immune-related gene expression levels in the liver and bursa of Fabricius were investigated at 21 d of age by quantitative polymerase chain reaction arrays. At day 21, the highest IgY level was found in the blood serum of the CP2-fed birds. In the liver, 13 of the 22 differentially expressed genes were downregulated across all treatments compared with the control. Expression of genes belonging to innate immunity such as caspase 1 apoptosis–related cysteine peptidase, chemokine receptor 5, interferon gamma, myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88, and Toll-like receptor 3 were significantly downregulated mainly in BACI- and COH300-fed birds. In the bursa, 5 of 9 genes associated with the innate immunity were differentially expressed. The expression of anti-inflammatory IL-10 gene was upregulated in all treatment groups in bursa compared with the control. The expression of transferrin gene was significantly upregulated in livers of birds fed COH300 and in bursa of birds fed BACI, indicating feeding practices and organ-dependant modulation of this gene in broiler. Overall results of this study showed that cranberry product feed supplementation modulated the innate immune and suppressed proinflammatory cytokines in broilers, providing a platform for future investigations to develop berry products in poultry feeding.