Cramped Conditions Research Articles

Development Prospects of Railroad Complex “Belarussky Railway Station” in Moscow with Accessible Environment Device for Disabled People and Other Groups with Limited Mobility

The development and modernization of existing stations is conducted under very cramped conditions. The requirements to space-planning solutions are increasing. The list of premises that must necessarily be in place is enlarging. Transit zones are being adapted to barrier-free access for people with disabilities, the environment is becoming more comfortable. But along with this, the arrangement of vertical communications (lifting devices, elevators, stairs, ramps) is complicated because the existing transit zones overall dimensions are not designed for increased passenger traffic and any restriction is not permissible. The article proposes the concept for the development of the railroad complex “Belorussky Railway Station” in Moscow by increasing the number of storeys and the above tracks space development.

CONSTRUCTIVE SOLUTION OF A TUNNEL UNDER THE EXISTING HIGHWAY

Urban underground structures (shallow tunnels), which are usually built in conditions of urban area with heavy traffic, are considered. It was clarified that the reinforced concrete lining are performed of concrete, reinforced concrete, natural and artificial stones in most cases. The types of tunnels road cutting are given. The geometrical dimensions and characteristics of using materials in the construction of tunnels are given. It was established that the existing methods of tunnel construction do not allow to solve the problem in cramped conditions and intense traffic. The new constructive solution of the transverse tunnel under the existing highway was proposed. It is found that the proposed design of the transverse tunnel may be performed in cramped urban environments with the use of modern technological equipment and the proposed method of tunnel meets the requirements of strength, reliability, durability.

Physical and Theoretical Models of Heat Pollution Applied to Cramped Conditions Welding Taking into Account the Different Types of Heat

The standard k-epsilon turbulence model, adapted for welding workshops, equipped with fixed workstations with sources of pollution took into account only the convective component of heat transfer, which is quite reasonable for large-volume rooms (with low density distribution of sources of pollution) especially the results of model calculations taking into account only the convective component correlated well with experimental data. For the purposes of this study, when we are dealing with a small confined space where necessary to take account of the body heated to a high temperature (for welding), located next to each other as additional sources of heat, it can no longer be neglected radiative heat exchange. In the task - to experimentally investigate the various types of heat transfer in a limited closed space for welding and behavior of a mathematical model, describing the contribution of the various components of the heat exchange, including radiation, influencing the formation of fields of concentration, temperature, air movement and thermal stress in the test environment. Conducted field experiments to model cubic body, allowing you to configure and debug the model of heat and mass transfer processes with the help of the developed approaches, comparing the measurement results of air flow velocity and temperature with the calculated data showed qualitative and quantitative agreement between process parameters, that is an indicator of the adequacy of heat and mass transfer model.

‘The Above Mentioned Aliens’: Rudolf Mersy’s German Band in New Zealand, 1913–1919

In early August 1914—within a fortnight of the outbreak of World War I—Auckland police arrested twenty-four German nationals and sent them for internment in Wellington. Strikingly, twelve of these so-called ‘enemy aliens’ comprised a German band led by Rudolf Mersy (1867–1949), a composer renowned in his homeland as the ‘Aschbacher Mozart’. Drawing upon previously restricted files held at Archives New Zealand (Wellington), this article uncovers the origins of these musicians, their activity in New Zealand prior to the advent of war, and the circumstances surrounding their internment. Somewhat surprisingly, given the cramped (and at times brutal) conditions on Somes Island, Mersy and his fellow bandsmen continued to be active as musicians throughout their captivity. The extant documents, which include official reports and confiscated letters written by the Prisoners of War (POWs) to family members, also reveal poignant details concerning their daily lives. Yet despite their earlier successes as touring musicians, in the immediate aftermath of the war lingering anti-German sentiment and the advent of recorded sound combined to ensure the disappearance of the once perennially popular German Band from the global musical scene.

Living space and psychological well-being in urban China: Differentiated relationships across socio-economic gradients

Western research has shown that a shortage of living space is associated with poor psychological well-being. By contrast, norms and practices of extended family co-residence, collectivist social or...

Phase Transformations of the Ti-40% Nb Alloy Under External Influence

The phase transformations of the alloy Ti-40 mas % Nb after tempering and severe plastic deformation are studied. The phase transformations of the alloy according to the type and conditions of external influences are analyzed using methods of XRD, SEM and optical metallography. It is determined that inverse phase transformation of the metastable α''-phase to equilibrium β-phase is carried out after severe plastic deformation. Complete phase transformation α'' → β is typical for the mode, which consists of three pressing operation with the change of the loading axis in cramped conditions, followed by a multi-pass rolling in grooved rolls.

Mathematical Simulation of Cramped Bending of Sheet Parts Using Finite Element Analysis

The paper describes the method of manufacture of profiles in cramped bending conditions using polyurethaneThe scope of studies included stress-strain state of elastic die and parent sheet, as well as the influence of the basic process parameters on characteristics of the produced items using ANSYS software.

IMPROVEMENT THE CALCULATION OF THE STABILITY OF BUILDING LOCATED NEAR THE SLOPES FOR STRUCTURAL UNSTABLE SOILS

Purpose. This article is devoted to research of soil in complex engineering and geological conditions, as well as ways to improve the stability of the stacked bases structurally unstable soils. The relevance of this work lies in the solution of grounds stability problem interacting with foundations established on structurally unstable soils. In accordance with the researches results compiled recommendations aimed to the improvement of the base stability folded by structurally unstable soils is supposed. Methodology. The aim of the work is to improve the reliability of the strength characteristics obtained by the method of mathematical modeling of the expected processes. The objective was the enhancements the existing testing methods and technologies in order to determine the relative value of safety factor and reliability assessment of the bearing capacity of the base folded structurally unstable soils. Findings. This system was designed to ensure the automated measurement of deformation parameters on the on-line with followed mathematical processing and presentation of data in an accessible form. Thus, the obtained results allow drawing the conclusions about the patterns of structure strain state, as well as predicting its future behavior. It all depended on well-formed mathematical algorithm, which is adjusted by tests conducted in natural conditions in selected regions of the Donbass region. Originality. One of the most effective ways to start and register a timely activation of deformation processes in plant cells from the damaging effects is the use of automated systems with high reliability which receive signals from the deformable objects. The main tool used to solve the problem, was the method of mathematical modeling in ACS reproducing receptive model processes in the soil with a program «HRUNT» and «MONOMAKH». And modeling the three-dimensional base of the building on the joint work of the soil mass and building by the finite element method (FEM-calculation) in the PC-LIRA system. Practical value. The problem of increasing the sustainability of slope, the prognosis of deformations and their strengthening, remains urgent. This is due to the increasing shortage of available land area and the location of facilities in cramped conditions, near the slopes composed of the non-uniform grounds.

Homogenous homes of Finland: ‘standard’ flats in non-standardized blocks

Several authors have successfully created and employed vintage cohorts and housing typologies in research addressing energy renovation needs in the existing dwelling stock. This paper suggests that the idea of types would be useful in creating living quality-related renovation and adaptation concepts for homes. These concepts could be used for increasing the accessibility and individuality of flats and easing life in cramped conditions by means of design. Therefore, the study tests the approach by examining the plan design of flats in one cohort: the Finnish 1960–80s' dwelling stock. A total of 320 apartment blocks with 8745 flats in 51 cities are examined. The study identifies 18 different types of flats, which are based on 10 basic layouts, representing over 80% of all flats. Although the housing production of this era was characterized by cost-efficiency and industrialized prefabrication technologies, the result can be deemed somewhat surprising. This is because the building layouts were never standardized in Finland: only the production technology was standardized. The identified flat types are estimated to cover as much as one-third of all existing Finnish flats. These findings provide future opportunities for creating new mass-tailored renovation concepts.

Hands-on - general medicine - circuit-training in the auditorium--a practical equivalent to a lecture.

Introduction: Traditional university teaching formats are of limited use when it comes to conveying the inner workings and specific remit of general medicine in a practical way. Small supervised groups present themselves as a plausible and effective alternative for learning to interact with patients in low prevalence areas.Description of the project: A frontal lecture was transformed into an interactive seminar-like lecture for 280 students. Short kick-off presentations served as an introduction to rotating circuit stations. Knowledge, skills and professional attitude specific to general and family medicine were intensively trained by 28 small groups in and around the auditorium by means of activating didactic methods. The small groups were supervised by experienced GP’s trained as tutors. During six days, consisting of 3.5 hour sessions per day, working methods, a large variety of common medical conditions, preventive primary care and care for the elderly were amongst the topics addressed. Results: This new format was successfully implemented and developed with regards to content as well as organisation. Well over 90% of the 274 participating students evaluated tutors’ commitment, coherent delivery of content, learner-oriented atmosphere and practical focus positively. Given the advantages of a small-group learning situation, the somewhat cramped conditions were accepted by 92%.Discussion: The innovative concept was able to work successfully within the specific framework of patient care in a general and family medicine setting. A creative approach to the lack of space managed to mobilise resources for practical small-group work. Being able to work on specific general practice problems in a small-group setting and immediately reflect upon them was rated positively overall.Conclusions: Responsibilities and specific working methods in general practice / family medicine can be trained successfully even with large groups of students when limited space is used creatively. In a supervised circuit-training setting, students are able to apply their existing knowledge and skills in a practical way. Further research is needed to assess individual learning success and gains in competence under this novel learning situation.

FEATURES OF DESIGNING STRUCTURES ON THE TRANSPORTS INTERCHANGES IN CRAMPED CONDITIONS

Purpose. Offer new approaches in the design of road interchanges at different levels in cramped conditions. Results. Examples of design solution of road interchanges at different levels in cramped conditions. Practical value. Proposed engineering solutions using world experience designing road interchanges at different levels and the use of post-tension curved span bridges, uninterrupted traffic on transportation hub, reducing publicinvestment and ensure the maintanance of bridges.

Do Space Hotels Differ From Hotels on Earth? The Mystery is Solved

This literature review article highlights the differences between current hotels on Earth and the expectations of space hotels in the future. Using existing literature to showcase the most likely space tourism products and services offered in the future, a gap in the literature demonstrated how space hotels may differ from hotels on Earth. It appears that space hotels will be very different from the current facilities and initially very expensive therefore limited to the wealthy and adventurous. Tourists staying in space hotels will have to be physically able, willing to undertake training prior to departure for safety and health reasons, and learn how to eat, sleep, and be comfortable in space. Space tourists will initially have to take care of themselves and be in small, cramped conditions due to the initial cost of space travel—especially when factoring in fuel. The article concludes by suggesting that this is the first stage of space hotels, which will become more cost effective with better facilities and services as more and more tourists explore space travel as an option in the future, as it is the next frontier for tourism.

L’éducation à l’épreuve du pire, 1939-1942

Education facing the worst fate of all (1939-1942)Warsaw 1939-1942 – three brief years – constitute the last chapter in the educational career of Janusz Korczak, the man who claimed that the only real revolution is education. These were the days when his approach to teaching – the Korczak approach – found itself facing the challenge posed by the Nazi’s project to annihilate the Jewish people.Although there could not be any “victory” against the machine of the Reich, “life despite of everything” paradoxically managed to reign in this oasis in the middle of a hell that was then the Orphans’ House. The few survivors of these three nightmarish years help us to better understand how they managed to go on living.The article asks the following question : can this historical account and the stories related teach us something about our present “here and now” life ? The article is based on rare testimonies of those who survived the experience of living in the orphanage until the summer of 1942.The main document is published here for the first time in French. It was written by Yona Bocian, a young stagiaire educator at the orphanage between 1939 and 1942, whose complete text is published in the appendix. Two other testimonials complete the presentation : one by the teacher Misha Wroblewski and another more extensive one given by Shmuel Gogol, one of the oldest children in the orphanage. By an irony of fate, both Wroblewski and Gogol owed their salvation to the narrow dimensions of the last premises allocated to children in the ghetto. The cramped conditions forced some of the older children to be accommodated separately from the smallest children, thus saving their lives.The question raised here is not an academic one but rather an empirical inquiry. Can the approach of Korzac to child rearing be relevant in today’s world under very different conditions than the extremely harsh ones that existed during the Holocaust ? Even if the answer is polemic, the act of questioning continues to preoccupy many teachers, particularly those who have the responsibility to pass on history.

Dreaming our own Dreams: Singapore Monodrama and the Individual Talent

For its size, Singapore hosts an exceptional amount of theatrical activity, emanating both from within the city state and from its role as sponsor of regional international workshops and productions. Its English-speaking dramatists are in the forefront of staging original plays about the foibles of Singaporean society and serving as mediators among South-east Asian theatre practitioners. While troupes depend on government funding and must obtain government permits to perform, most have opted to take an alternative position to the government's narrative of the Singapore success story. This has created an uneasy relationship that undermines the strength of the theatre's social-political critique and encourages self-censorship. In the following essay, Catherine Diamond examines the psychologically cramped conditions within which current Singaporean dramatists operate through a comparison of monodramas. Catherine Diamond is a professor of theatre at Soochow University in Taiwan, and a frequent contributor to NTQ. She is currently directing a flamenco dance-drama adaptation of The House of Bernarda Alba.

Aretaeus of Cappadocia

Having divided the endogenous psychoses into manic-depressive illness’ and dementia praecox’, in 1899 Kraepelin proposed the use of manic-depressive insanity’ to describe all forms of recurrent psychoses (1). He partitioned this from dementia praecox’ (what is now called schizophrenia) on the basis of disease symptomatology, course of illness and associated family history. However, the earliest recorded observations of bipolar disorder extend back almost two millennia, to the second century AD. Aretaeus of Cappadocia (150 AD), a practitioner in Rome, made the observation that euphoria can immediately follow melancholy. He suggested a connection between the two phases of manicdepressive illness with a periodic nature: It appears to me that melancholy is the commencement and a part of mania’. (2) This is a tremendous insight that raises some interesting considerations. For instance, what prompted him to observe the different phases of cyclical mood disorders and whether at that time, there was something unique about his background and Cappadocia that was conducive to this insight. Cappadocia is exactly in the middle of Anatolia, the peninsula between Asia and Europe. A lack of wood in this geographical area and the occurrence of frequent earthquakes would have forced inhabitants to seek refuge in the naturally occurring stone blocks in this region. Volcanic activity and consequent eruptions in Cappadocia have created a subterranean land with unshakeable, fire resistant, rock houses that maintain a stable temperature throughout the extremes of both winter and summer (shown above). After the crucifixion of Jesus Christ, the first Christians and all of the apostles, including the Virgin Mary, took refuge in the underground city of Cappadocia. Hiding from the Romans and living together in cramped conditions in the underground city, at this time, and in subsequent years, it is possible that people may have lived in these shelters for months and years. In these confined and stressful conditions, inhabitants of Cappadocia probably manifest more than their fair share of highs and lows that possibly provided Aretaeus the opportunity to observe people and their mood states at close quarters. It is only conjecture as to what extent this environment and background contributed to his descriptions of melancholy, which he considered to be both mental and physical, and his deliberations on euphoria as a form of catharsis. However, ultimately he managed to correctly link the two phases of manicdepressive illness, what is now know as bipolar disorder, an observation that forms a foundation as unshakeable to this day as the rocks of Cappadocia.

Assessing the Effect of Mother's Migration on Childhood Mortality in the Informal Settlements of Nairobi

Between one and two million migrants reside in cramped conditions in Nairobi’s slums without proper access to sanitation or affordable clean water. Children in such areas are exposed to enormous risks health risks in particular. Using longitudinal data collected every four months during the period between 2002 and 2004 we analyze their survival patterns of children under five year of age who resided in two informal settlements (Viwandani and Korogocho). The research question assumes that children born to recent migrant mothers are more likely to die. The assumption is that migrant mothers do not have social network which translates to a lack of information and lower access to health facilities. In the subsequent event history analysis childhood mortality is shown to remain very high in the Nairobi informal settlements especially among new migrants. Given the high degree of rural urban migration which is bound to increase in the foreseeable future for most African countries our study raises critical public health concerns. Another important finding in the context of the HIV AIDS pandemic is the risk factor associated to the mortality among children who have lost their mother. Our study also demonstrated a persistent disadvantage of children born to migrant mothers irrespective of the length of stay in the receiving zone. The latter seems to point out the difficulties for migrants to develop social network outside their area of origin.

Political conflict, town planning and housing supply in Jerusalem

In this detailed demographic analysis of the current ethnic composition of Jerusalem, Samer Bagaeen looks at the highly problematic role of urban planning in ethnically polarized cities. He argues that “city planning [in Jerusalem] has been turned into a tool of the [Israeli] government to be used to help prevent the expansion of the city's non‐Jewish population”. Palestinians have, as a result of national and municipal housing policies, been forced to live in cramped conditions, and according to the author's own surveys, overcrowding is now having a deteriorating effect on the physical fabric in the Palestinian quarters of the Old City. Jerusalem has been of ongoing concern for City and this paper is in some respects a continuation of Michael Safier's article on Jerusalem and cosmopolitan co‐existence in Vol. 5, No. 2, 2001.

Travellers' thrombosis and economy class syndrome: incidence, aetiology and prevention.

In this article we review economy class syndrome or travellers' thrombosis as it should be more appropriately described. We review the evidence for and against the existence of this condition. Much of the evidence included in this article has been justifiably criticised but it is the best evidence available to date. We conclude that there is a probable link between thrombosis and long distance travel. However this association is confined to individuals with additional risk factors and fatal pulmonary embolus is very rare. The probable aetiology of this association is prolonged immobilisation in cramped conditions. Other factors are likely to play a minor role. When considering preventative measures, for the majority of individuals the risk is very small. Simple advise can be given with no requirement for additional intervention. Compression stockings should be considered for high-risk patients. In individuals planning prolonged travel with multiple risk factors for thrombosis low dose low molecular weight heparin should be considered. The criteria for defining risk groups remains unclear and we outline our recommendations. There is conflicting evidence with regard to the use of aspirin but considering the latest evidence we do not recommend it.

Advising patients about air travel.

Serious medical incidents are rare during commercial airline flights but any that occur may have to be managed without the help of a doctor, with limited equipment and in cramped conditions. Increasingly, doctors have to identify and advise people for whom air travel could present risks. Problems can often be anticipated and prevented. In this article we discuss how risks can be minimised by careful assessment and planning.

Deformation of an array of interacting movable elements

Abstract A system of movable interacting discs in cramped conditions is regarded as a model geophysical medium. The evolution of the simulated system is described by the solution of a system of dynamic equations. Exposed to stationary action the system displays complicated behavior characterized by both a chaotic nature and the formation of structures. The character of the time course of energy dissipation is subject to qualitative changes with changeable deformation velocity.