Waste Cow Research Articles

Zn-Al layered double hydroxide supported on waste cow dung-derived biochar as a highly efficient adsorbent for anionic dye removal from contaminated water.

In this study, Zn-Al-SO42- LDH-functionalized biochar was fabricated using the co-precipitation method. The biochar was synthesized from waste cow dung using a low-temperature pyrolysis process (300 °C). The materials were fully characterized by TGA, FTIR, EDS, SEM, and XRD analysis. Then, a comparative study was performed to investigate the adsorption capacity of the materials against an anionic dye (i.e., methyl orange (MO)). The LDH-functionalized biochar demonstrated high adsorption capacity (400 mg/g in 120 min, at pH 5) compared to the raw biochar (212 mg/g in 120 min, at pH 5). The effect of various adsorption parameters (e.g., pH of the dye solution, temperature, initial concentration, adsorbent dosage, and contact time) was investigated. The adsorption of MO on LDH-functionalized biochar followed the Freundlich isotherm and pseudo-second-order kinetics, while the raw biochar followed the Langmuir isotherm and pseudo-second-order kinetics. The thermodynamic data indicated the endothermic nature of adsorption and an increase in the degree of randomness during adsorption. The enhanced adsorption capacity of the Zn-Al LDH-functionalized char was attributed to the synergistic effect of the surface adsorption into the porous biochar matrix, interlayer adsorption, and ion exchange capacity of the LDHs. Therefore, modification of waste cow dung-derived biochar with Zn-Al LDH can be a promising approach to fabricate a highly efficient adsorbent for toxic dyes from wastewater.

Deciphering cleaner and sustainable frontiers in scientific cow waste valorization: a review.

The forecasted global population growthis poised to create a greater exigency for livestock-derived food production,leading to a significant wastegeneration from the industrial-scalelivestockoperations, which necessitates to develop sustainable waste management solutions. The heightened demand for livestock and dairy products has driven a surge in cow waste (CW) production. While CW is typically used as organic fertilizer or solid fuel, improper disposal poses potential environmental hazards. Anaerobic digestion and composting transform CW into valuable products, such as biofuels and organic fertilizers, with the potential for electricity and heat generation, biochar production, and advanced friction materials. The CW contains essential inorganic and organic compounds vital for plant functions, including lignin, cellulose, hemicellulose, nitrogen, and minerals such as potassium, sulfur, iron, magnesium, copper, cobalt, and manganese. Additionally, the rich microbial diversity in cow dung drives the production of bioenergy carriers like biomethane and biohydrogen, promoting cost-effective energy generation and environmental sustainability. This review employs bibliometric analysis to explore the latest trends in CW applications, with a particular focus on innovative applications such as cellulose extraction, biochar production, microbial fuel cells, and nanoparticle synthesis. Itfurther evaluates the environmental impacts of these technologies and assesses their potential to advance sustainable and cleaner frontiers in the valorizationof CW.

The Effect of the Type of Organic Residues and the Level of Lead on the Growth of Yellow Corn mays Zea L.

For the purpose of studying the behavior of lead in the two study soils in Basrah Governorate, southern Iraq, soil samples were collected from two sites in Basrah Governorate (Al-Zubair and Kutayban) with different chemical and physical soil properties, and their content was estimated. Of total lead, a pot experiment was carried out that included growing the yellow corn crop (mays Zea L.) in pots filled with three kg of air-dry soil from the two study soils, treated with organic waste (cow waste and wheat straw waste) at a level of 0.40 tons ha−1. Then lead was added to the two study soils at a level of 0, 50, and 100 mg Pb kg−1 soil. The experiment continued for 60 days, after which plant growth measurements were taken, as well as the amount of total and ready lead remaining in the soil. The results of the study showed that adding lead at a level of 50 mg Pb kg−1 soil significantly increased the total lead concentration compared to the comparison treatment, and the Zubair soil was superior to the Kutayban soil in terms of dry weight and absorbed quantity. The levels of materials added from cow manure and wheat straw to the two soils of the study had a significant effect. In the concentration of lead compared to the comparison treatment, with the difference in the effect of the two substances, the cow manure 40 tons ha−1 outperformed the rest of the treatments and gave the highest growth characteristics, as the dry weight of the plant and the amount absorbed reached 8.806 mg pot−1 and 2.281 mg pot−1, respectively.

Change in community behaviour in supporting sustainable development: The case of the biogas program in Ponorogo Regency

The change in community occupation to dairy farmers and the increase in the number of livestock have caused environmental problems. This research focuses on the program’s function on changing the behaviour of the community in disposing of dairy cow manure from the phase of throwing it into the ditch to the phase of processing the manure into the biogas. This research was conducted using qualitative methods, with data collection techniques carried out through in-depth interviews, observation, documentation and literature review. The biogas problem launched by the government has proven to be able to change communities behaviour in the disposal of dairy cows manure. After receiving the biogas program, the community processed the cow dung into biogas. Interestingly, the factor that contributed the most to this behavioural change is economic. This shows that the social, environmental, and economic system have related functions and cannot be separated from each other in society. There is not much research on community behaviour change that is affected by environmental sanitation and motivated by economic factors. This study also alludes to the potential for corruption in the program. This study concludes that the biogas program is able to provide opportunities for the community to save on purchasing household fuel and minimize the waste of dairy cow waste into rivers. Apart from that, the biogas program could be a consideration for the government in creating new programs related to environmental sanitation, especially in the rural livestock industry.

The effect of raw material (cow and chicken manure) and reactor type for improving and maximizing biogas production.

Biomass energy is a type of renewable energy and animal waste is one of the main resources for its production. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of raw material type (cow and chicken manure) and the type of reactor (digester) on the biogas produced by measuring the amount of methane in the product. Three types of digester (metal, simple PVC, and PVC with leachate rotation) with the same volume (10 L) were prepared. Equipment was installed on the digesters to measure the pH and volume of produced gas. The experiments were carried out in controlled temperature conditions (28-30 °C) and in two stages. The first experiment was to load the digesters with cow excrement, and the second experiment was to load the digesters with chicken excrement. In both experiments, the digesters were fed with 1.5 kg of animal manure and water with a ratio of 1:1. During a period of 60 days, the volume of biogas and methane produced was measured and recorded. The results showed that the amount of biogas produced from chicken waste is more than the amount obtained from cow waste. However, the amount of methane produced using cow excrement was more than that of chicken excrement. Also, the performance of PVC digester with leachate rotation was better than the other two digesters, which could be due to the mixing of raw materials in this type of digester.

Developing the pakisjajar community through a livestock compost processing

This research aims to assist the government in the development process which is centered on empowering village communities. The concept of participatory empowerment was adopted to increase village communities’ economic growth. This concept is applied in Pakisjajar Village, Malang Regency in the process of processing both (solid and liquid) cow waste into compost. This research uses a qualitative method with a Participatory Action Research (PAR) approach. Researchers have a role as facilitators and are considered very important in developing the Pakisjajar village community. The development of a PAR approach model can help communities or organizations meet basic needs and become a tool to increase the income of the Pakisjajar village community in the long term.

Calcination-based direct extraction of hydroxyapatite from bovine bone waste

ABSTRACT The main chemical components of waste cow bones are apatite minerals, especially those containing calcium and phosphorus. This study investigated whether this bone could produce extracted hydroxyapatite through calcining at 900° C for different holding times (1–6 h). An average mass loss of 45% occurred in this experiment during the preparation of bone powders, which involved crushing and further calcining at this temperature. The quantitative XRD analysis showed that 99.97 wt.% hydroxyapatite and over 0.3 wt.% calcite were present in the raw and as-calcined bone powders, with trace amounts of CaFe3O5 (calcium ferrite) phases appearing in the calcined product. Depending on the holding calcining times, SEM images of the calcined bovine powders revealed aggregate sizes ranging from 0.5–3 µm and crystallite (grain) sizes ranging from 70 to 340 nm in all calcium-phosphate powder products. Following EDX analysis of all sample surfaces, possible calcium-deficient hydroxyapatite instead of hydroxyapatite formed, as evidenced by the calcined product's Ca/P ratio exceeding 1.67. Additionally, calcining cow bones for 5–6 h at 900° C yielded a high-purity nano-crystalline hydroxyapatite powder precursor in biomedical applications.

Removal of cadmium from aqueous solution by magnetic biochar: adsorption characteristics and mechanism.

Experiments were conducted to investigate the potential of the efficient resource utilization of waste cow manure and corn straw in an agricultural ecosystem. In this study, a magnetic cow manure and straw biochar were synthesized by a co-precipitation method, and cadmium (Cd(II)) was removed by adsorption in aqueous solution. Several physicochemical characterization techniques were applied, including SEM, BET, Zeta, FTIR, Raman, XPS, and VSM. The effects of pH value, magnetic biochar content, adsorption kinetics, and isothermal adsorption on the adsorption of Cd(II) were investigated. The physicochemical characterizations revealed that the physical and chemical properties of the magnetic biochar were substantially changed compared to the unmodified biochar. The results showed that the surface of the biochar became rough, the number of oxygen (O)-containing functional groups increased, and the specific surface area increased. The results of the adsorption experiments showed that the adsorption capacity was affected by pH, magnetic biochar addition, Cd(II) concentration, and adsorption time. The adsorption kinetics and isothermal adsorption experiments showed that the Cd(II) adsorption processes of the cow manure and corn straw magnetic biochars were consistent with the Freundlich model and pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The results also showed that the Cd(II) adsorption effect of cow manure magnetic biochar was found to be more effective than that of corn straw magnetic biochar. The optimal conditions for Cd(II) adsorption were 800 ℃ for cow manure magnetic biochar, with a pH value of 5 and 0.14g biochar addition, and 600 ℃ for straw magnetic biochar with a pH value of 8 and 0.12g biochar addition. In conclusion, the cow manure magnetic biochar was an effective adsorbent for the absorption of Cd(II) in wastewater.

Elucidation of biopotentiators in organic based formulation bijamrith from Gir Cow (Bos indicus) excrements and urine using GC-MS

Background: Traditional organic formulation bijamrith prepared from fresh urine and dung of cow is an important element in natural farming and extensively applied in modern agriculture practices to improve the soil fertility, control pest and disease in plants. The scientific validation of the biologically active compounds in bijamrith is unexplored. Methods: Bijamrith was prepared from excrements of Gir cow. Since, the volatile low molecular weight organic compounds from cow wastes could be derived from the solvent extract using GC-MS effectively, the compounds were separated by liquid-solvent extraction method using diethyl ether solvent and analyzed by GC-MS. Result: GC-MS analysis revealed the elution of about 40 different compounds in bijamrith formulation. Among them, fatty acid namely 9-octadecenoic acid (Z)-, an ester compound 2,3-dihydroxypropyl occupied higher concentration with peak area of 13.96% at 29.29 minutes of retention time which were reported to possess antifungal, antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activity. The other biologically active compounds eluted were antioxidants, plant growth hormones, nematicidal agents for defense mechanism and improvement of plant health.

Peningkatan Ekonomi Desa melalui Pemberdayaan Masyarakat dalam Pengolahan Limbah Menjadi Pupuk Organik

Samar Village was located in Pagerwojo District, Tulungagung Regency. The majority of residents in Samar Village focus in the livestock sector. The average cow waste produced 20 – 30 kg in one day. Handling of livestock waste needs to be done immediately so that waste accumulation does not have a negative impact on the surrounding environment. The problem is, the community does not have expert knowledge in processing the livestock waste produced. If left unchecked, it will cause a continuous and mounting buildup of livestock waste. Based on the problems faced by partners, the community service team collaborates with the village government to try to educate and empower the community in processing livestock waste into manure with high economic value. The method of implementing manure start from planning, implementing and evaluating the program which includes practical activities for making manure, testing the effectiveness of fertilizer and socializing the packaging and marketing of the products produced. This program also utilizes appropriate technology, namely a sieving machine that was recently handed over from the State University of Malang Service to Samar Village. Making this fertilizer requires a fermentation process mixed with an activator (EM4) and molasses (cane molasses) mixed evenly. In the process of making the fertilizer, it is closed tightly so that it is not exposed to air from outside and reopened within ± 2 weeks. The results of the effectiveness test by comparing plants given manure were proven to have benefits in increasing plant growth. This community empowerment program was successful because of the high enthusiasm of the community in efforts to increase community income and overcome the problem of livestock waste.

Cow leather-derived N/O codoped hard carbon as a high-performance anode material for sodium-ion batteries

Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) have gained increasing attention owing to the abundant and cost-effective availability of sodium precursors. However, the quest for cost-effective and high-performing anode materials for SIBs remains a challenging task. In this study, we employed a straightforward pyrolysis method to fabricate nitrogen (N)- and oxygen (O)-doped hard carbon (HC) using waste cow leather, a low-cost biomass with high yield, as a carbon source. Our findings reveal that the pyrolysis temperature significantly influences the sodium storage performance of cow leather-derived HCs by modulating their microstructures and compositions. Specifically, the cow leather-derived HC pyrolyzed at 1100 °C exhibits a high reversible specific capacity of 207.9 mAh g−1 after 100 charge/discharge cycles at a current density of 0.1 C. Additionally, a reversible capacity of 142 mAh g−1 is maintained after 200 cycles at 1 C. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations validate that N/O codoping in HCs enhances the presence of defects and active sites and facilitates electron transfer, thereby improving sodium storage performance. This work provides insights into the sodium storage behavior of cow leather-derived HCs carbonized at different temperatures and presents a promising avenue for converting solid waste into high-performance anode materials for SIBs.

Pemanfaatan Limbah Tulang Sapi dan Kaca Sebagai Substitusi Parsial Semen terhadap Bata Beton Pejal

Cement is a non-renewable natural resource, this natural resource will run out over time. In this research, waste cow bone and glass were used as a partial substitute for cement for solid concrete bricks. This study used a quantitative method in the form of an experimental method referring to the General Requirements for Building Materials in Indonesia (PUBI – 1982) and the Indonesian National Standard (SNI) 03-0349-1989, with a total of 24 test objects measuring 15 x 15 x 15 cm consisting of 4 variations of composition which were tested at the age of 7 days. The content of calcium oxide (CaO) in beef bones and silica (SiO2) contained in glass can be used to increase the hardening of concrete. Based on the test results, it was found that a mixture of solid concrete bricks with 4.5% beef bone powder and 3% glass powder (BSK I), produced an optimum average compressive strength of 290.56 Kg/cm² with a water absorption value of 2.445%, declared to be entering quality I solid concrete brick. This proves that the innovation of solid concrete bricks with the addition of bovine bone and glass waste can be stated to be better than conventional solid concrete bricks, resulting in solid concrete bricks that have high compressive strength, economical price and are environmentally friendly.Keywords : solid concrete brick, glass waste, cow bone waste

Pemanfaatan Limbah Tulang Sapi dan Kaca Sebagai Substitusi Parsial Semen terhadap Bata Beton Pejal

Cement is a non-renewable natural resource, this natural resource will run out over time. In this research, waste cow bone and glass were used as a partial substitute for cement for solid concrete bricks. This study used a quantitative method in the form of an experimental method referring to the General Requirements for Building Materials in Indonesia (PUBI – 1982) and the Indonesian National Standard (SNI) 03-0349-1989, with a total of 24 test objects measuring 15 x 15 x 15 cm consisting of 4 variations of composition which were tested at the age of 7 days. The content of calcium oxide (CaO) in beef bones and silica (SiO2) contained in glass can be used to increase the hardening of concrete. Based on the test results, it was found that a mixture of solid concrete bricks with 4.5% beef bone powder and 3% glass powder (BSK I), produced an optimum average compressive strength of 290.56 Kg/cm² with a water absorption value of 2.445%, declared to be entering quality I solid concrete brick. This proves that the innovation of solid concrete bricks with the addition of bovine bone and glass waste can be stated to be better than conventional solid concrete bricks, resulting in solid concrete bricks that have high compressive strength, economical price and are environmentally friendly.Keywords : solid concrete brick, glass waste, cow bone waste

Reproductive Profile of Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia Illucens L.) on Different Rearing Substrates as Ruminant Feed

There is lack of evidence on the black soldier fly (Hermetia Illucens L.) and its use as a biological control and waste recycle agent. Unknown information related with mating and ovipositional activities. The aim of this research is to determine the reproductive profile and its manure of the Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia Illucens L.) through different rearing substrate as ruminant feed. A total of 4 treatments and 4 replicates were used in this experiment. The treatment diet was formulated as follows: T0: dry fermented cow waste, T1: 21% of crude protein, T2: 22% of protein, T3: 23% of protein. The data was analyzed using ODA SAS on an academic general linear model (GLM). The result showed using different rearing substrates gave insignificant differences (p > 0.05) on the reproductive profile, nutritional content, and manure nutritional content. In summary, the use of different leves of protein can be used as the rearing substrate without any adverse effects.

A lithiophilic MnO@biomass-derived carbon nanofiber host for stable lithium-metal batteries

High-energy-density lithium (Li) metal batteries are a promising next-generation energy storage system but suffer from uneven Li deposition, anode material volumetric expansion, and the formation of “dead lithium”. To address these challenges, a three-dimensional (3D) lithiophilic manganese oxide@biomass-derived carbon nanofiber (MnO@BDCNF) host was prepared using waste cow leather as the precursor. The 3D lithiophilic MnO@BDCNF is capable of reducing local current density and suppressing the growth of lithium dendrites. As a consequence, the MnO@BDCNF host displays small overpotentials, stable polarization profiles, and high Coulombic efficiencies under various current densities and deposition capacities. When lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4) is used as the cathode, the assembled Li/MnO@BDCNF||LiFePO4 full cells deliver remarkable cycling stability with a capacity retention rate of 99.5% for 120 cycles. This work provides a viable approach for converting solid waste into a high-value-added host for lithium metal anodes.

Effective utilization of silica from waste cow dung ash filler reinforced biodegradable jute epoxy composites: influence of silica on its mechanical properties

Effective utilization of silica from waste cow dung ash filler reinforced biodegradable jute epoxy composites: influence of silica on its mechanical properties

Maximizing sustainable hydrogen and ZnO nanoparticles production from Goshala wastes with nanoparticles of ZnSO4 and NaBH4

The main objective of the present research is to create clean energy from Goshala waste in a sustainable way. Accordingly, the cogeneration of hydrogen fuel and zinc oxide nanoparticles from a sustainable Goshala waste of cow urine was tested. From this point of view, nano sodium tetrahydridoborate (nSTH) and nano zinc sulfate particles (nZS) were combined through a chemical reaction with cow urine to produce hydrogen. Consideration was given to cow urine that was 12 hr old and older by 12-hr steps. nZS concentration ranged from 0.2 g to 0.8 g with a 0.2 g step, while nSTH concentration ranged from 0.1 g to 0.4 g with a 0.1 g step. The range of pH values (3 to 12) was seen in goshala urine samples and their impact on hydrogen generation was also studied in the present paper. The novelty in this investigation not only optimizes (maximizes) the hydrogen production from the goshala waste but also produces and characterizes the ZnO nanoparticles as a byproduct. By using the combustion process, ZnO nanoparticles are produced from the residual solution after producing hydrogen. Scanning Electron Microscopy and X-Ray Diffraction studies were used to analyze the ZnO nanoparticles. According to the data, fresh cow urine (up to 12 hr old) produces 728 mL more hydrogen than aged (>12 hr old) urine when nanoparticle concentration was 0.8 g nZS and 0.4 g nSTH. The reaction for the production of hydrogen rate peaked at 237 mL/min within 2 min. The maximum removal efficiency was discovered at the same concentration as its residue, which has a low total carbon content of 2041 mg/L, an organic carbon content of 1334 mg/L, a nitrogen content of 1911 mg/L, and a phosphorus content of 170 mg/L. The generation of hydrogen was high in urine with a pH range of 3 to 8. In the final, the present research reported that the waste cow urine can be converted into a hydrogen source with the support of nanoparticles in an effective way.

EFFECT OF FERTILIZATION ON GROWTH CHARACTERISTICS OF CYPRINUS CARPIO CULTURED IN RICE FIELDS IN IRAQ

This study was carried out to evaulate the effect of organic fertilization on the growth of common carp Cyprinus carpio cultured in rice fields and its effect on rice production as well as the possibilitd reducing the feed provided to fish. Four fields with an area of 100 m2 were cultured Yasmine rice represented four treatments. Common carp fish were cultured in it with a weight of 100 g/fish and a culture density of 100 fish/field. In the first treatment, organic manure was added without providing fish feed, second treatment, organic manure was added with fish feed, the third treatment without adding organic manure with fish feed, and the fourth treatment without adding organic manure and without providing fish feed. The results of the statistical analysis rate showed that T2 showed a significant increased(p≤0.05) in relative and specific growth in T2 compared to all treatments followed by T3. The results of the statistical analysis of the characteristics of the rice yield showed the number of dahlias, number of grains / dahlia, weight of 1000 grains and grain yield, showed a significant difference (p≤0.05) in T2 and T3 compared to T1and T4, while there were no significant differences(P>0.05) between treatments for the weight of 1000 grains trait. the study concluded that it is possible to apply the fish farming system in rice fields in Iraq by using organic fertilization (cow waste) and adding supplementary feed, as the T2 treatment gave the best growth for fish and rice.

Activation of peroxymonosulfate by cow manure biochar@1T-MoS2 for enhancing degradation of dimethyl phthalate: Performance and mechanism

Introduction: Dimethyl phthalate (DMP) which has been widely detected in water is neurotoxic to humans and should be effectively eliminated. Persulfate-based advanced oxidation processes are considered to be reliable methods aiming at emerging contaminants degradation, while an efficient catalyst is urgently needed for the activation of the reaction. As a typical 2D material, 1T-MoS2 is expected to be applied to the activation of persulfate owing to its abundant active sites and excellent electrical conductivity. In practical applications, 1T-MoS2 has the phenomenon of reunion which affects the exposure of its catalytic sites.Methods: Therefore, in this study, we used waste cow manure as a raw material to prepare biochar and achieved high exposure of 1T-MoS2 activation sites by loading 1T-MoS2 onto the surface of cow manure biochar through hydrothermal synthesis. The prepared composite catalytic material CMB@1T-MoS2 was used to activate PMS for the degradation of DMP.Results: It was found that CMB@1T-MoS2 has better effect than CMB or 1T-MoS2 alone for the degradation of DMP, reaching 77.65% at pH = 3. Under alkaline conditions, the degradation rate of DMP was reduced due to the inhibition of the catalytic process. Among the different coexisting anions, HCO-3 interfered and inhibited the degradation process the most, leading to the lowest degradation rate of DMP with 42.45%.Discussion: The quenching experiments and EPR analysis showed that SO-4• and •OH were the main ROS in the CMB@1T-MoS2/PMS process. This study promotes the resourceful use of cow manure and is expected to provide a novel persulfate-based advanced oxidation process catalyzed by CMB@1T-MoS2 for the elimination of DMP in an aqueous environment.

Evalution of Jeevamrutham (Organic Biofertilizer) for It’s use in the Devising an Nutrient Medium for the Isolation of Bacteria

Jeevamrutham is widely used Organic biofertilizer prepared with cow waste, gram flour and Jaggery by fermentation process. The study was aimed at physicochemical and microbiological analysis of jeevamrutham and also to evaluate it’s use as a nutrient medium for isolation of bacteria. The Jeevamrutham prepared and subjected to physicochemical, and microbiological analysis. The filtrate of the Jeevamrutham was studied for its use as a Nutrient (Jeevamrut) medium for the growth of the bacteria. Total solid content of Jeevamrutham was found to be 100 mg/ml. The Standard Plate count (SPC) for Nitrogen fixers, for Phosphate solubilizing bacteria was found to be maximum on 6th day of fermentation. The SPC for Yeast and Molds was found to be maximum on 8th day. The study regarding the evaluation of Jeevamrut medium showed excellent growth of test Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria on Jeevamrut medium. The pigment producers showed same pigmentation pattern on Jeevamrut agar and on conventially used Nutrient agar. The cost of the Jeevamrut medium was calculated per 100 ml of medium and was found to be 60.27% less than that of commercially available media. The Jeevamrut medium is economical, all the ingredients are easily available, cheap and ecofriendly. The Jeevamrut medium can be a best option to use as a Nutrient medium for the cultivation of bacteria in the laboratory