Waste Cow Research Articles

Steroid estrogens and estrogenic activity are ubiquitous in dairy farm watersheds regardless of effluent management practices

Steroid estrogens contamination has been linked to adverse effects on exposed aquatic biota. Steroid estrogens are excreted by all mammals and are found in most agricultural wastes including dairy manure and dairy shed effluent (DSE). Some previous studies have demonstrated elevated levels of free and conjugated estrogenic steroids in DSE and this source has increased as New Zealand has experienced rapid expansion and intensification of dairy farming. This research used an approach incorporating analytical chemistry and bioassays to evaluate the levels of estrogenic activity in environmental samples from representative dairy watersheds with differing DSE management practices: either land-applied or discharged to water. The results demonstrated that estrogenic activity and steroid estrogens were prevalent in the waterways within all the studied dairy watersheds. Estrone was the predominant steroid measured in watershed waters because of its presence in dairy cow wastes and as a degradate of the main dairy cow estrogen, 17α-estradiol. Measurable estrogenic activity (17β-estradiol equivalents, EEq) was found at low levels in 83% of the stream samples (highest 1.44ngL−1 EEq) and 75% of the groundwater samples (≤0.15ngL−1 EEq). While estrogenic activity was generally <1ngL−1, one (of 10) stream with measurable estrone, 17α- and 17ß-estradiol had activity of 1.4ngL−1, a level potentially harmful to aquatic biota. Comparable steroid estrogen concentrations and estrogenic activity were found whether DSE was spray irrigated on farm paddocks or directly discharged into waterways. This suggests that direct access of cattle to streams, the direct input of DSE into waterways and runoff from land application all require more intervention and effective management.

Pengaruh Pupuk Organik Limbah Biogas Kotoran Sapi Terhadap Pertumbuhan Dan Produksi Tanaman Cabai Merah Keriting (Capsicum annum var. Longum)

This study aims to determine the effect of organic fertilizer waste biogas cow dung on the growth and production of red curly chili plants. The experiment was carried out at Mariyat Village Farmer Land, Mariat District, Sorong District, from August to October 2016. The experiment used 4 treatment of organic fertilizer of cow dung biogas waste with dosage 0, 6, 9, 12 kg / plot, designed using random block design with repeated three times. The results showed that, the application of organic fertilizer biogas waste cow dung affect the plant height, the number of productive branches, the age of flowering, the number of fruit, fruit length, fruit weight per plant and the production of red curly pepper plants. Giving at a dose of 12 kg per plot gives a better effect than with a lower dose.

Biogas Production from Blends of Cassava Waste Water and Cow Dung under Changing Meteorological Parameters

Biogas Production from Blends of Cassava Waste Water and Cow Dung under Changing Meteorological Parameters

家畜ふん尿の施肥量と施肥法の違いが水稲ホールクロップの窒素の利用率,無機物含有率,サイレージの発酵品質ならびに栄養収集に及ぼす影響

家畜ふん尿の施肥量と施肥法の違いが水稲ホールクロップの窒素の利用率,無機物含有率,サイレージの発酵品質ならびに栄養収集に及ぼす影響

Increase Banana Production with Various Applications of Organic Fertilizers

Banana is a fruit that must be present in every activity of the Balinese people. Almost in every cultural and religious activity it is compulsory to present the banana fruit, even more Bali as a tourism area really need fruits including bananas. Therefore the need of bananas is highly demanded in traditional markets or supermarkets in Bali. Until now, the banana production in Bali is far below demand, therefore we still import form places outside of Bali. Banana has a high nutrient value due to nutrients found in it such as potassium and folic acid that is needed by the body. It is also a good so urce of calcium, phosphor, nitrogen, and vitamins such as vitamin A, vitamin C, and B complexes which helps to repair and regenerate tissues of the body. Banana plants can grow in many places, from low grounds until highlands and in various types of soil. Nevertheless for the optimal growth; fertile soil, crumbly thick, lots of humus, aeration, and a good drainage as well as enough water is all needed. By optimizing land use, banana plants are often planted as a sideline plant for plantatio n of coconut, cocoa, and coffee, as well as sideline plants for many other in-between plantations. The way of planting the banana is a conventional method that is commonly used by local farmers including those in the Angkah village. For growth of banana plants we must consider and ensure before planting a crumbly soil when it is solid, to make drainage, and to make levels in slopes. During plantation organic/compost fertilizers is needed as much as 15-20 kg for each hole for plantation. Organic fertilizers that are added influences the good production for both quantity and quality which makes the fruit tastier and has a higher nutritional value. There are some types of organic fertilizers that are used in this research that are: cow waste organic fertilizer, chicken waste organic fertilizer, pig waste organic fertilizer, goat waste organic fertilizer, and compost fertilizer with a dosage of 15 kg per plant. The placement of fertilizers for each places of treatment is conducted b y using a Random Group Design (RGD). The total treatments are 6 and are repeated 3 times. Planting is conduct ed on the 7th of July 2016 with a ground hole size of 60cmx60cm and a depth of 50 cm. The seedlings that are used are decedents that are 50-65cm in height. The specific aim that is wished to be achieved is the increase production of banana as sustainable food in Indonesia. The result up to the progress of this research was found that treatment with chicken waste fertilizer has given the best influence for growth of the banana plant, increased number of leaves, as well as increased height of the plants, all compared to the controlled. The increment of banana plant with chicken waste fertilizer was 63.33 cm for 3 months.Keywords: Banana, Nutritional Values, Production, Organic Fertilizer

High-Yield Production of Levulinic Acid from Pretreated Cow Dung in Dilute Acid Aqueous Solution.

Agricultural waste cow dung was used as feedstock for the production of a high value–added chemical levulinic acid (LA) in dilute acid aqueous solutions. A high LA yield of 338.9 g/kg was obtained from the pretreated cow dung, which was much higher than that obtained from the crude cow dung (135 g/kg), mainly attributed to the breakage of the lignin fraction in the lignocellulose structure of the cow dung by potassium hydroxide (KOH) pretreatment, and thus enhanced the accessibility of cow dung to the acid sites in the catalytic reaction. Meanwhile, another value-added chemical formic acid could be obtained with a yield of ca. 160 g/kg in the process, implying a total production of ca. 500 g/kg yield for LA and formic acid from the pretreated cow dung with the proposed process. The developed process was shown to be tolerant to high initial substrate loading with a satisfied LA yield. This work provides a promising strategy for the value-increment utilization of liglocellulosic agricultural residues.

Utilizing Cocoa Rind as Organic Fertilizer to Support Sustainable Agriculture

The main key in choosing manure is the level of ripeness, the ratio of Carbon and Nitrogen (C/N) and the Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium (NPPt) contents. So far, the farmers have not effectively utilized organic materials as fertilizers in agricultural lands. Organic materials which can be used include agricultural waste and animal waste. The existence of alternative fertilizers and in order to support the development of sustainable agriculture, utilizing agricultural waste as the materials to make organic fertilizers is encouraged. Organic fertilizers can be in the forms of manure, compost, and the combination of both. The research was aimed to study the NPPt content in compost from cocoa rind and cow waste. This research was done in May – September 2015 in Sub-district Luwuk, District Banggai and in the Laboratory of Chemistry and Soil Fertility, Department of Soil Science Faculty of Agriculture, Hasanuddin University, Makassar. The experiment was conducted in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The experiment contained one factor with three treatments, which were repeated 3 times; thus, there were 9 treatments units. The treatments were comparison dosages of cocoa rind and cow waste, i.e. P1 = 50 kg of cocoa rind : 10 kg of cow waste; P2 = 50 kg of cocoa rind : 20 kg cow of waste; P3 = 50 kg of cocoa rind : 30 kg of cow waste. Data were analysed by comparing the average of NPPt element in cocoa rind compost and cow waste. Data was then analyzed statistically by One Way Anova (One Way Variant Analysis) by using SPSS 19.0 for Windows and further analyzed by Least Significant Difference (LSD) 1% by using Microsoft Excel Windows 7. The results showed that the highest macro nutrients content was in P2 with N = 0.25%; P = 3.91%; K = 5.23% and the lowest was in P3 with N = 0.19% and P = 3.33% as well as in P1 with K = 4.16%.Keywords: Agricultural waste, compost, cow waste [How to Cite: Ramadhani C and W Ramlan. 2016. Utilizing Cocoa Rind as Organic Fertilizer to Support Sustainable Agriculture. J Trop Soils 21: 33-39. Doi: 10.5400/jts.2016.21.1.33]

Pengelolaan Pelatihan Pembuatan Pupuk Organik Bagi Remaja Putus Sekolah di Pampung Plumbon Karanganyar

The purpose of this study is to describe the planning and implementation of training dropout, describes the factors driving and the problems encountered in the training dropout organic fertilizer, and describe the impact of the activity of teenagers dropping out of school in the training of organic fertilizer in the hamlet Pampung. The approach used in this study is qualitative descriptive. Data collection was conducted using interview, observation and documentation. From the results, the data include: (1). Chemical fertilizer or inorganic fertilizer was shown to lower the quality / damage to the soil; (2). Limousine cow manure waste not managed optimally in Hamlet Pampung; (3). Dropout yet have the ability and knowledge of how to treat the sewage Limousine cow waste into something more useful; and (4). Dropout and farmers are very enthusiastic about the training activities making organic fertilizer from cow dung material Limousine. In order for this training management objectives can be achieved by optimum, then several things that must be considered are: (1). Make this activity as an activity that has a follow-up plan to the marketing process organic fertilizer; (2). Structuring membership consists primarily Pampung hamlet residents, it is to facilitate the coordination of activities in the future; (3). The need for cooperation in the management of organic fertilizers to be marketed properly and smoothly, so it can become a useful citizen entrepreneurs.

Porous carbonaceous solid acids derived from farm animal waste and their use in catalyzing biomass transformation

We demonstrate here the transformation of waste cow manure into N rich porous carbons (NPC) with large amount of micropores and large Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface areas. The transformation process was achieved via carbonization of cow manure in presence of ZnCl2 and FeCl3 additives, without using additional templates. The resultant NPC could be converted into microporous carbonaceous solid acids (NPC-[C4N][X]) by quaternary ammonization of samples with 1,4-butane sultone, and ion exchanging with strong acids such as HSO3CF3 and H2SO4. X-ray diffraction patterns and Raman spectra showed that NPC-[C4N][X] exhibit amorphous carbon network. N2 isotherms and SEM images showed that NPC-[C4N][X] have abundant nanopores with large BET surface areas. XPS, FT-IR and elemental analysis results showed the N rich network in NPC support, has been successfully and homogeneously functionalized with strongly acidic ionic liquid and sulfonic groups. 31P solid NMR spectra confirmed that NPC-[C4N][X] have typical Brønsted acid centers with strong and controllable acidity. Catalytic tests showed that NPC-[C4N][X] exhibits excellent activity and reusability in production of biofuels and fine chemicals through esterifications, transesterifications, and depolymerization of microcrystalline cellulose. This approach may provide a novel and cost effective way to recycle the waste cow manure into efficiently porous carbon based solid acids for heterogeneous acid catalysis.

Dispatches

Dispatches

가축 분뇨를 이용한 미생물 연료전지의 특성 및 MEA 열화

고분자전해질 연료전지용 MEA(Membrane and Electrode Assembly)와 가축분뇨를 이용해 미생물연료전지(MFC)를 구동하였다. 여러 균을 혼합해 MFC를 구동했을 때 개별적으로 구동했을 때보다 높은 개회로전위(OCV)를 나타냈다. 돼지분뇨, 소분뇨, 닭분뇨, 오리 분뇨 중 돼지 분뇨를 이용했을 때 제일 높은 OCV 540mV를 보였다. 그리고 돼지분뇨에서 최고 <TEX>$963mW/m^2$</TEX>의 전력이 발생하였다. MFC 구동과정에서 MEA의 <TEX>$Na^{2+}$</TEX>, <TEX>$Ca^{2+}$</TEX>, <TEX>$K^+$</TEX> 이온 및 불순물들에 의한 오염이 MFC의 낮은 성능의 한 원인임을 확인하였다. Microbial fuel cells (MFC) were operated with livestock wastes and PEMFC (Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells) MEA (Membrane and Electrode Assembly). OCV of MFC with mixtures of microbial was higher than that of MFC with single microbial. MFC using pig wastes showed highest OCV (540 mV) among cow waste, chicken waste and duck waste. And the power density of MFC using pig waste was <TEX>$963m</TEX><TEX>W/m^2$</TEX>. Contamination of MEA with <TEX>$Na^{2+}$</TEX>, <TEX>$Ca^{2+}$</TEX>, <TEX>$K^+$</TEX> ion and impurities was the one cause for low performance of MFC during operation.

Strategy Formulation of Empowering Farmers Capability at Integrated Farming of Beef Cattle and Paddy Base on Zero Waste: Analytical Hierarchy Process Approach

The study aims to formulate a strategy for strengthening the farmers in the adoption of technology for the development of integrated beef cattle with paddy. Research was conducted in Pinrang South Sulawesi province for seven months. Primary Data obtained by using questionnaires, interviews and focus group discussion. In this study also was involved expert respondents. Flow implementation strategy formulation is done using analytical hierarchy process (AHP) techniques. The results showed that to increased optimally capacity of paddy straw processing technologies dairy farmers as feed technology for implementation strategies required waste treatment at the level of the farmers (weighting 0,558). Increased capacity of the farmersin cow waste processing technology as fertilizer can be achieved by applying a strategy of increased knowledge and skills of extension officers in sewage treatment technology (weighting 0,443). In order to increase achievement farmers cow waste processing technology as biogas and development material/methods extension technology based on the needs of ranchers was required a strategy in providing of facilities and infrastructure supporting the application of the technology of sewage treatment (weighted 0.590 and 0,517).

Microbial Quality of Animal Compost using the Windrow and Open Pile Techniques

Composting of raw organic waste is an excellent example of highly biological processes used for agricultural practices. The Open pile and the Windrow methods where used in composting poultry, cow and Municipal solid waste for 12 weeks and the heavy metals in the finished products where determined using the Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. The results showed a steady decline in the first seven weeks of composting and the overall quality of the final compost meet the recommended standard by the European Union for finished compost. Large scale, wide spread and further researches are highly recommended.

Stabilization of Pb2+ and Cu2+ contaminated firing range soil using calcined oyster shells and waste cow bones

Pb2+ and Cu2+ contamination at army firing ranges poses serious environmental and health risks to nearby communities necessitating an immediate and prompt remedial action. In this study, a novel mixture of calcined oyster shells (COSs) and waste cow bones (WCBs) was utilized to immobilize Pb2+ and Cu2+ in army firing range soils. The effectiveness of the treatment was evaluated based on the Korean Standard leaching test. The treatment results showed that Pb2+ and Cu2+ immobilization in the army firing range soil was effective in significantly reducing Pb2+ and Cu2+ leachability upon the combined treatment with COS and WCB. A drastic reduction in Pb2+ (99%) and Cu2+ leachability (95%) was obtained as compared to the control sample, upon treatment with 5wt.% COS and 5wt.% WCB. The combination treatment of COS and WCB was more effective for Pb immobilization, than the treatment with COS or WCB alone. The 5wt.% COS alone treatment resulted in 95% reduction in Cu2+ leachability. The SEM-EDX results suggested that Pb2+ and Cu2+ immobilization was most probably associated with the formation of ettringite, pozzolanic reaction products and pyromorphite-like phases at the same time.

Production of methanol from biomass waste via pyrolysis

The production of methanol from agricultural, forestry, livestock, poultry, and fishery waste via pyrolysis was investigated. Pyrolysis was conducted in a tube furnace at 450–500°C. Sugarcane bagasse showed the methanol production (5.93wt.%), followed by roots and sawdust with 4.36 and 4.22wt.%, respectively. Animal waste offered the lowest content of methanol, as only 0.46, 0.80, and 0.61wt.% were obtained from fishery, goat, and cow waste, respectively. It was also observed that the percentage of methanol increased with an increase in volatile compounds while the percentage of ethanol increased with the percentage of ash and fix carbon. The data indicate that, pyrolysis is a means for production of methanol and ethanol after further optimization of the process and sample treatment.

Immobilization of As and Pb in contaminated sediments using waste resources

As and Pb-contaminated sediment obtained from the Nakdong Lake and Yeongsan River in the Republic of Korea was stabilized using a combination of calcined oyster shell (COS), waste cow bone (WCB) and coal mine drainage sludge (CMDS). The effectiveness of the stabilization treatment was evaluated using the Korean Standard Test (KST). The KST tests were performed using 1 N HCl extraction fluid for As and 0.1 N HCl extraction fluid for Pb. Scanning electron microscopy-energy dis- persive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX) analyses were performed to investigate the mechanism responsible for As and Pb immobilization upon treatment. The treatment results showed that effective stabilization of As and Pb- contaminated sediment was obtained. Specifically, 10 wt% COS-5 wt% CMDS was the best treatment for As immo- bilization and 5 wt% COS-5 wt% WCB was the best treatment for Pb immobilization. The COS-WCB treat- ment outperformed the COS-CMDS treatment in immo- bilizing Pb in the contaminated sediment. SEM-EDX results indicated that Pb immobilization was strongly associated with Ca, Si, Al and P while As immobilization was strongly associated with Fe and O. Therefore, utili- zation of COS, WCB and CMDS is beneficial for the sta- bilization of contaminated sediment.

폐 광산 주변 농경지 토양의 중금속 안정화 연구

본 연구에서는 오염된 논밭의 토양에서 비소 및 중금속을 안정화하기 위하여 <TEX>${\alpha}$</TEX>-FeOOH와 <TEX>$CaCO_3$</TEX>, <TEX>$C_{10}(PO_4)_6(OH)_2$</TEX>, CaO를 각 주성분으로 하는 석탄광산배수슬러지(coal mine drainage sludge: CMDS), 폐소뼈(waste cow bone: WCB) 및 폐굴껍질(waste oyster shell: WOS)을 사용하여 안정화 처리 효율을 평가하였다. 오염된 토양을 안정화 물질과 충분히 혼합한 후, 28일 동안 수분과 함께 양생시켰다. 밭 토양을 CMDS(wt. 15%), WOS(wt. 5%)과 혼합하여 안정화 처리 시 비소, 납, 구리, 아연, 카드뮴은 각각 5.1, 0.12, 0.33, 2.28과 0.25 mg/kg 용출되어 환경보전법(2009년)상 '가' 지역의 오염우려기준을 만족시켰다. 또한 논토양의 경우, CMDS(wt. 20%); CMDS(wt. 10%)과 WOS(wt. 5%); CMDS(wt. 15%), WOS(wt. 5%); CMDS(wt. 10%), WOS(wt. 10%)에 의해 각각 1.6, 3.52, 2.2과 2.42 mg/kg 가 용출되어 오염우려기준을 모두 만족시킬 수 있었다. In this study, the stabilization treatment efficiency of coal mine drainage sludge (CMDS), waste cow bone (WCB) and waste oyster shell (WOS), which mainly contain <TEX>${\alpha}$</TEX>-FeOOH and <TEX>$CaCO_3$</TEX>, <TEX>$C_{10}(PO_4)_6(OH)_2$</TEX> and CaO, respectively, was estimated for ordinary and paddy fields contaminated with arsenic, lead and other heavy metals. After mixing the contaminated soils completely with stabilization materials, the samples were preserved with moisture for 28 days. The extraction of As, Pb, Cu, Zn and Cd for ordinary soils stabilized by CMDS(wt. 15%) and WOS(wt. 5%) were 5.1, 0.12, 0.33, 2.28 and 0.25 mg/kg, respectively, satisfying the concerned limit for 'Ga' region established by the Ministry of Environment at 2009. The extracted arsenic concentrations of paddy soils stabilized by CMDS(wt. 20%), CMDS(wt. 10%)/WOS(wt. 5%), CMDS(wt. 15%)/WOS(wt. 5%), and CMDS(wt. 10%)/WOS(wt. 10%) were 1.6, 3.52, 2.2 and 2.42 mg/kg, respectively. These results also satisfied the concerned limit for 'Ga' region.

Evaluation of Fluted Pumpkin (Telfairia occidentalis, Hook f.) Waste as Nutrient Amendment in Compost for its Effective Management and Crop Production

The study investigated the Telfairia occidentalis waste (leaves and stalk) potential in supplementing the naturally low nutrients in compost. Experimental study design was conducted inside windrows to compare different recipes for aerobic composting of the waste. Total of four windrow chambers (labeled as: AA, BB, CC, TO) were used. Inside each chamber, compost recipes were varied viz: AA contained mixture of Telfairia occidentalis waste, Cow Intestinal Waste (CIW) and other organic waste from Mixed Municipal Waste (MMW); BB contained Telfairia occidentalis waste and CIW; CC contained CIW and MMW; and, TO contained Telfairia occidentalis waste alone. The ratio of 3:1 was maintained for either Telfairia occidentalis waste or MMW and cow waste respectively. The materials were allowed to decompose for a period of 12 weeks. At maturity composts samples were analyzed for their nutrient and heavy metal compositions. BB appeared to be the best recipe for Telfairia occidentalis waste management through composting. It gave the highest values for the following nutrients: C (37.350±0.212 %), N (3.205±0.007 %), P (1.310± 0.028 %), Mg (0.500±0.057 %), and Ca (0.730±0.028 %) that are of good compost characteristics. The levels of nutrients and heavy metals were within the ranges of national and international standards. Hence, the management of Telfairia occidentalis waste through composting serves dual purposes of recovering nutrients locked-up in the stalk and leaves for plant growth and environmental sanitation. Keywords - Composting, Environmental sanitation, Fluted pumpkin, Plant growth, Waste management

EFFECT OF PHOSPHATE FERTILIZER (DAP) AND ORGANIC FERTILIZERS AND THEIR INTERACTION ON THE MORPHOLOGICAL , PHYSIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTIC OF Arachis Hypogaea L

Afield study was carried out on peanuts to determine its response to different levels of phosphate and animal manure in terms of some morphological (plant length number of branches ,leaf area,dry weight of the vegetative group )and physiological characterics such as (leaves content of chlorophyll a,b and total chlorophyll and carbohydrates and soluble protein in leaves). The results have shown significant response of peanuts when fertilized with different levels of phosphates .The best response was achieved with 40kg p/ha of phosphates for all studies properties.Also peanuts showed significant response when fertilized with different levels of animal manure (sheep and cow wastes). The best response was achieved with 40kg p/ha of sheep and cow manure. Results have shown sheep wastes manure gave the best response for all studies properties. Mixing organic with phosphates gave significant response for all studies properties . The best of interaction was 80 kg p/ha with 40 ton/ha of organic manure. The interaction between phosphates and sheep wastes gave the best response for peanuts properties than interaction with cow wastes for all studies properties. It can be concluded that the best suitable ratio for peanuts to gave the best production characteristic to be fertilized with 80 kg p/ha with 40 ton/ha of sheep wastes.

Effects of sodium bisulfate on the bacterial population structure of dairy cow waste

To determine the effects of sodium bisulfate (SBS) on the bacterial populations in cattle waste. We applied SBS at 0, 60, 70 or 100 kg week(-1) to cattle waste as it accumulated on the floors of four cattle pens, housing eight cattle each. We observed significant pH decreases in all of the treated wastes on day one; however, the 60 kg week(-1) treatment returned to control levels by day four, while the others remained significantly lower. Heterotrophic plate counts of the waste revealed that all treatments reduced the bacterial populations in the wastes on day one; however, all returned to control levels by day four. The 16S rRNA gene libraries derived from the wastes revealed significant reductions in sequences associated with the phyla Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes and increases in the Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria and Spirochaetes on day one, but resembled the control by day seven. Sequences associated with Escherichia coli increased significantly after SBS application, but became undetectable by day seven. SBS application significantly alters the bacterial population structure of waste during the first few days of application, but the populations return to almost normal after 7 days. Application of SBS to animal waste can reduce emissions; however, biosecurity precautions must be rigorously maintained during the initial application to ensure that pathogenic E. coli is not released into the environment.