Cow Dung Research Articles

Pelaksanaan KRPL dalam Meningkatkan Ketahanan Pangan di Kelurahan Cipari Kecamatan Cigugur Kabupaten Kuningan

Sustainable Food Home Area (KRPL) is a concept that utilizes the yard around the house with varios types of plants. So that people get the benefits of getting food independently, can fulfill nutrition, and provide additional income independently. The purpose of this research is to find out how food availability and find out how to improve household food security in Cipari Village, Cigugur District, Kuningan Regency. The implementation of the Sustainable Food Home Area program begins with the search for raw materials to make a plant such as polybags, soil, rice husks, cow dung, and chili seeds, then proceed with the process of mixing planting media, namely soil, dried cow dung, and rice husks after mixing the plant media, then inserting the planting media into the polybag and inserting chili seeds into the polybag that has been filled by the planting media. The result of this program is that there are 200 plant seeds that were successfully made and successfully distributed to Cipari Village residents, especially in the Sukasari Rw 01, Rt 04 environment. The Sustainable Food Home Area Program is a program that can increase food security in every home in the Sukasari environment, especially Rt 04 and in this work program we can produce a product in the form of chili plant seeds.

Transforming waste into multifunctional nanomaterials: Mg-doped carbon dots from cow dung for Y(III) detection and biomedical applications

Rare earth metal Yttrium (Y3+) plays a vital role in many electronic devices however, discarding these devices eventually contaminates the environmental sources. Herein, we have developed a Mg-doped carbon dots (M-CDs) as a fluorescent probe for selective and sensitive determination of Y3+ in water bodies. The M-CDs having maximum emission at 420 nm upon 310 nm excitation with 20 % quantum yield and which was synthesized from upcycling of agricultural waste i.e., cow dung by simple carbonization followed by hydrothermal method. M-CDs were confirmed using different analytical and characterization techniques as well as stable in different pH and ionic strength solutions. The M-CDs was highly selective towards Y3+ ions over different metal ions with significant blue shift. This fluorescent probe performs a good linear relationship between the different concentrations of Y3+ ion and fluorescence intensity (R2 = 0.99) within the range of 0.2 to 20 μg/mL with a detection limit of 0.019 µg/mL. The study indicates quenching of Y3+ was result of dynamic quenching and the Inner Filter Effect (IFE) effect. Also, the cytotoxicity of M-CDs was checked via CAM assay and significant growth in blood vascularization with healthy growth of chick embryo confirmed the M-CDs were biocompatible. The nontoxic M-CDs was employed for MCF-7 breast cancer cell imaging which gives bright blue fluoresce under UV light excitation. Further, aiming to a circular economy approach the residual carbon remaining after hydrothermal was used as reactivated carbon for the abatement of environmental pollutants. The sustainable, cost-effective and agricultural waste-derived Mg-doped CDs have potential applications in analytical, environmental, forensic as well as biomedical fields.

Decoration of marigold flower-like CoMo LDH on reinforced cow manure-derived biochar as an effective peroxymonosulfate activator for degradation of Bisphenol A in water

Marigold flower-like CoMo layered double hydroxide (LDH) was decorated on biochar derived from cow manure (CoMo@BC) to act as an efficient activator for peroxymonosulfate (PMS), enabling the degradation of Bisphenol A (BPA) in water. The CoMo@BC/PMS system can eliminate up to 98% of BPA at a concentration of 0.044mM within 15min. High efficacy is sustained in the pH range of 5 to 9, underscoring the robustness and adaptability of the system. Furthermore, the catalyst exhibits excellent stability, retaining activity over five consecutive cycles. Versatility is highlighted by the capability to degrade over 88% of various organic pollutants, indicating broad-spectrum applicability in water treatment. A comprehensive mechanistic study has elucidated three distinct degradation pathways and identified six intermediates of BPA, providing valuable insights into the catalytic process. Overall, the research underscores the potential of CoMo@BC as a highly effective catalyst for advanced water treatment applications through PMS activation. Significant efficacy in eliminating organic pollutants suggests great promise for enhancing the sustainability and efficiency of water purification technologies.

Bioconversion of legume cover crop waste into organic fertilizer based on integrated composting-vermicomposting method

Abstract Circle weeding is a mechanical strategy in controlling legume cover crop (LCC) entanglement at the reclamation area of PT Mitrabara Adiperdana Tbk, Indonesia. Circle weeding generates up to 3.83 tons/ha leavings of LCC biomass, serving as recycled raw material for compost but with poorly degraded biomass. This experimental study attempted to discover an effective procedure to generate LCC Fertilizer by testing the integration between composting and vermicomposting. The chopped LCC were fermented using bioactivator for 21 days, then added with cow manure at different ratios as bulking materials for vermicomposting. The results showed that the recovery value obtained from the composting stage was 64.43%. The most ideal composition was 50:50 LCC to cow dung with 12-day vermicomposting which resulted in 93.27% recovery value. Laboratory analysis on the nutrient content indicated the fertilizer was suitable for soil amendment. Parameters of heavy metals, micronutrients, and N are up to par, whereas P and K for solid organic fertilizer based on KEPMENTAN RI No. 261/KPTS/SR.310/M/4/2019 were subpar. Further development is advised.

Optimising Growing Media Composition and Seed Selection Strategies For the Conversation of the Endangered Sandalwood (Santalum album Linn.)

Overexploitation and insufficient conservation efforts have classified Sandalwood (Santalum album Linn.), an economically and ecologically significant species, as endangered. This study investigates the effects of seed size and growing media composition on the germination performance and growth of sandalwood seedlings, aiming to optimise seed selection and media composition strategies for its conservation. We employed a completely randomised design (CRD) experiment, which included three seed size categories (small, medium, and control) and three media compositions: soil and sand alone, soil and sand with chicken manure, and soil and sand with cow manure. Results revealed that the combination of medium-sized seeds and chicken manure (A2B1) yielded the highest fresh weight (0.31 g), while small seeds combined with chicken manure (A1B1) achieved the highest germination speed index (0.63%/day), germination value (0.07%/day), and dry weight (0.07 g). We identified chicken manure as the most effective organic amendment, enhancing soil structure, microbial activity, and nutrient availability. In contrast, cow manure exhibited slower nutrient release, and soil and sand alone hindered root development due to compact soil properties. These findings underscore the importance of nutrient-rich organic amendments and optimal seed selection in enhancing sandalwood germination and growth. This study provides actionable insights for sustainable sandalwood cultivation and conservation efforts. Further research should focus on field trials under variable environmental conditions to validate these strategies on a larger scale.

Mechanical Characterization, Biodegradability Evaluation, and Machine Learning-based Prediction of Bio-composites Fabricated from Polybutylene Succinate (PBS) and Cow Dung Powder

Mechanical Characterization, Biodegradability Evaluation, and Machine Learning-based Prediction of Bio-composites Fabricated from Polybutylene Succinate (PBS) and Cow Dung Powder

Coal thermal power plant magnetic fly ash as an accelerant for anaerobic digestion of cow dung and aloe peel residue: Optimizing the particle size under static magnetic field

Coal thermal power plant magnetic fly ash as an accelerant for anaerobic digestion of cow dung and aloe peel residue: Optimizing the particle size under static magnetic field

Producing agri-food derived composts from coffee husk as primary feedstock at different temperature conditions

There is a great global concern about agricultural wastes from food and feed crop processing that have significant environmental impacts. Composting is the most environmentally friendly, cost-effective, and efficient processes that can solve the problems of accumulation and toxicity of agricultural waste. The aim of this study is the detoxification of coffee husk by composting at two temperature conditions (“warm” and “cold”). In the greenhouse, the ambient temperature was changed day by day to mimic the situation of a spring to summer “warm” period (≈16–34 °C) and a spring “cold” period (≈7–20 °C) typical of central Italy. The coffee industry should accept the responsibility for the large amount of organic waste production, which presents toxicity and mass accumulation problems. Coffee husk as the main raw material is not used directly as bio-fertilizer in agriculture sector due to the leaching of phenolic compounds and high pH value. The brewing industry is famous for its mass production, and the brewer residues as a by-product have an extremely acidic pH that makes them an unsuitable material for direct composting, but the mixture of these materials can optimize pH. The addition of cow manure accelerates microbial activity and is a strategy to improve composting rate and maturity. The following mixtures were tested: coffee husk and brewer spent grains in a proportion of 2:1 (Compost 1), coffee husk and cow manure in a proportion of 4:1 (Compost 2), and coffee husk, brewer spent grain, and cow manure in a proportion of 5:3:2 (Compost 3). Quality and maturity of the final composts appeared to be affected by the ambient temperature conditions, which remarkably affected pH, C/N ratio, nutrient and trace elements availability, germination index, microbial biomass carbon, and FDA hydrolysis. Results showed that both sets of temperatures produced composts to be considered standard compost, but "warm" conditions compost showed greater maturity, while the composts produced under “cold” conditions were able to increase seed gemination.

Abundance of Collembola in Biopore Infiltration Holes Filled with Organic Waste and Animal Waste

Garbage and flooding are environmental problems that need attention. One solution to dealing with organic waste and flooding is the creation of biopore absorption holes (LRB). Organic waste can be processed into compost with the help of soil animals such as Collembola. The number of soil animals (Collembola) in the biopore hole is influenced by the type of waste used to fill the hole. The aim of this research was to determine the abundance of Collembola in LRBs containing organic waste and animal waste. Used 9 LRBs made from perforated pralon material. LRB group A which contains organic waste only (3 LRB), LRB B which contains organic waste and cow dung (3 LRB) and LRB C which contains organic waste and goat dung (3 LRB). The results of this research show that the LRB composting process has occurred with the help of Collembola. Four types of Collembola were found that were active in biopore infiltration holes (LRB), namely Pseudosinella sp, Ceocobrya sp, Cyphoderus sp and Isotoma sp. There were differences in the abundance of Collembola in LRB sets containing organic waste and animal waste. The Diversity Index value H' < 1, indicates that species diversity is low.

Application of a Mixture of Rabbit Fertilizer and Manure on Several Varieties of Chilli (Capsicum Frutescens L.) on Plant Growth And Yield

This research aims to obtain the best mixture of rabbit fertilizer with manure and the response to the best chili varieties. This research is a factorial experiment, with a basic randomized block design (RAK) with 2 factors being tried. The first factor with 3 levels: K 0 = no manure, K 1 = rabbit manure + cow manure, K 2 = rabbit manure + chicken manure. Second factor with 3 chili varieties: V1= Rawita, V2= Ori 212, V3= Caliber and repeated 3 times. K1 gave the highest value for the fresh weight of harvested fruit per plant, namely 250.63 g. The Caliber V3 variety gave the highest value for the fresh weight of harvested fruit per plant, namely 252.87 g.

Technical Feasibility Analysis of Processing Food Waste into Organic Fertilizer with Black Soldier Fly Composting Method

Food waste is a major issue in Indonesia, accounting for 41.97% of waste generated. This untreated waste can lead to the production of greenhouse gases. However, food waste has the potential to be composted due to its high nutrient content. The purpose of this study was to analyze the technical feasibility of processing food waste using the Black Soldier Fly (BSF) composting method for organic fertilizer production. The study used variations of fish waste and reject milk as composting mixtures, with percentages of 100% food waste, 70% food waste and 30% cow manure, and 30% food waste and 70% fish waste. The dimensions of the BSF composting reactor were 56 cm x 43 cm x 20 cm. The research was conducted for 15 days with the addition of local microorganisms (MoL) to accelerate the degradation process. Various parameters such as pH, moisture content, C-Organic, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium were analyzed. The results showed that all variations met the required compost quality standards, it which was technically feasible to be used as organic fertilizer using the BSF composting method. The results of this study can improve the circular economy because compost and bsf larvae products have many benefits if traded.

Development of High-Quality Organic Fertilizer from Biomass Waste and the Application of Biochar in Local Areas of Sakon Nakhon Province, Northeastern Thailand

This study investigates the production of high-quality organic fertilizers from biomass waste in the Ban Wa Yai community of Sakon Nakhon Province, Northeastern Thailand, aimed at promoting sustainable agricultural practices amidst challenges such as soil degradation and reliance on chemical fertilizers. The primary objective was to develop organic fertilizers that enhance soil health and support plant growth while utilizing locally sourced biomass materials, including cow and buffalo manure, finely ground fermented leaf scraps, and weed debris. A fermentation process lasting 15 to 30 days was used, integrating biochar to improve nutrient profiles and microbial activity. Results showed optimal pH levels of 8.04 after 15 days and 7.94 after 30 days of fermentation, beneficial for addressing the region’s acidic soil conditions (pH 4.67 - 5.38). The germination index (GI) was notably high at 129 ± 1.86 after 30 days, indicating effective growth promotion potential. Analytical assessments confirmed nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) concentrations in the organic fertilizers met or exceeded organic standards, supporting plant nutrition and fostering healthy microbial ecosystems. The organic matter (OM) and organic carbon (OC) content were approximately 40 - 60 % higher than commercial alternatives, enhancing soil structure, aeration, and water retention. Additionally, calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) levels improved the nutrient profile, with Ca slightly exceeding standard limits, which helps ameliorate soil acidity. Economic analysis indicated a 40 % reduction in fertilizer costs for local farmers, promoting a shift towards organic practices. Overall, this study emphasizes the significance of self-reliance and the sufficiency economy philosophy in fostering sustainable agriculture practices within the Ban Wa Yai community. By utilizing local resources and transitioning from chemical fertilizers to high-quality organic fertilizers, the community enhances agricultural productivity while promoting economic independence and resilience. Such initiatives exemplify the potential for integrating traditional practices with modern agricultural methods to ensure a sustainable future. HIGHLIGHTS The study developed high-quality organic fertilizers from local biomass waste, enhancing sustainable agricultural practices in the Ban Wa Yai community. Fermentation resulted in optimal pH and nutrient levels (N, P, K, Ca, and Mg), surpassing commercial fertilizer standards and improving soil health. Transitioning to organic fertilizers led to a 40 % cost reduction for farmers, promoting self-reliance and aligning with the sufficiency economy philosophy. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

A comparative assesment of biostimulants in microbiome-based ecorestoration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon polluted soil.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) pose severe environmental and public health risks due to their harmful and persistent nature. Therefore, developing sustainable and effective methods for PAH remediation is crucial. This study explores the biostimulation potential of various nutrient supplements in enhancing the metabolic activities of indigenous oleophilic bacteria to PAH degradation and removal. The physicochemical and microbiological characterization of the soil sample obtained from the aged crude oil spill site prior to bioremediation revealed the presence of PAH and other hydrocarbons, reduced nutrient availability as well as an appreciable population of PAH degrading bacteria such as strains of Pseudomonas, Enterobacter, Kosakonia and Staphylococcus. The polluted soil treatment was conducted in six microcosms representing each nutrient supplement: casmes-CM, cocodust-CCD and osmocote-OSM slow-release fertilizers, NPK 20:10:10, casmes + cow dung - CM + CD and a control (unamended soil). Each pot contained 4kg of soil spiked with 4% Escravos crude oil to a final concentration of 989mg/kg of PAH, respectively. All treatments enhanced the activity of the indigenous bacteria to promote PAH removal (> 50%) after 35days although CM + CD had the highest biostimulation effect (B. E.) of 56% with 71.77% PAH attenuation followed by NPK treatment with B. E. of 54.9% and 70.4% PAH removal, respectively. The order of degradation of PAHs from lowest to highest is: control > casmes > osmocote > cocodust > NPK > CM + CD. First-order kinetic model revealed soil microcosm amended with CM + CD had a higher k value (0.0342day-1) and lower t½ (18.48day) and this was relatively followed by NPK treated soil. Biostimulation is an effective bioremediation approach to PAH degradation, however, a combined nutrient regimen in the presence of PAH-degrading microbes is more potent and eco-friendly in driving this process.

Thousands of Years of Pastoralism Don't Count: Coprophagous Beetles Prefer Exotic Alpaca Dung to That of Cattle.

Dung beetles mostly feed on mammal dung. Throughout the European Alps, the dung produced by local domestic ungulates attracts many species of dung beetles, giving rise to rich and diversified communities that play an important role in the Alpine agricultural ecosystem. There is, therefore, understandable concern about the introduction of exotic livestock, such as alpacas (Vicugna pacos (Linnaeus, 1758)), into the region. This research studied dung beetle assemblages in an Alpine valley where both cattle and alpacas are raised. We used standardized pitfall traps baited with alpaca or cow dung along altitudinal transects to assess the "attractiveness" of the two resources to dung beetles. Most species entered both trap types. The average number of species per trap did not vary significantly and the nMDS trap ordination largely overlapped, but the total number of individuals and the average number of individuals per trap were higher in traps baited with alpaca dung. This difference was largely due to the preference of the dominant species Euheptaulacus carinatus (Germar, 1824) for alpaca dung-baited traps. Moreover, both the abundance and specific richness changed with altitude, being greatest in alpaca traps during July at intermediate altitudes. IndVal analyses showed that eight out of nine species (all Aphodiinae) showed a preference for alpaca traps. Since the microclimatic conditions (i.e., temperature) of the two trap types were virtually the same, it is reasonable to consider trophic preferences as the source of the observed differences. Finally, we also sampled the beetles present in the alpaca latrines and cow dung pats deposited on pastures, providing confirmation that dung beetles do indeed visit the dung of both species. Our results emphasize the usefulness of polyphagia and the trophic flexibility of dung beetles, providing evidence that the long history of pastoralism in the Alps has not led local species to adapt to the dung of domestic ungulates. The results also suggest that alpaca breeding could be a sustainable activity since, thanks to the work of dung beetles which feed upon and move the dung into their tunnels (as occurs with cattle dung), there is less need for farmers to remove the dung from pastures.

A catalog of metagenomes and metagenome-assembled genomes from culture-enrichment microcosms containing polyethylene as carbon source.

We present a data set detailing enrichment microbial consortia degrading polyethylene (PE) plastic. Derived from 180-day microcosm incubations using landfill soil, seawater, and cow dung, the data set includes three metagenomes and 23 metagenome-assembled genomes that capture microbial community interactions, structures, and functions relevant to PE biodegradation.

The Dark Fermentation Hydrogen Production of Mixed Bacterial Strains with Immobilized Cells from Household Waste

Polyurethane sponge particles were employed as bio-immobilized cell carriers for dark fermentation hydrogen production with heating-treated cow dung inoculum from epipremnum aureum waste and kitchen waste. This study explored the performance changes of batch dark fermentation hydrogen production systems under different influent substrates. Different influent total solids concentration and substrate types both had a large effect on the efficiency of the biological hydrogen production process. Based on the combined analysis of hydrogen production efficacy, VFA, and energy conversion efficiency, the optimal influent total solids concentration was 2 g/L and 10 g/L for epipremnum aureum waste and kitchen waste, respectively. For the epipremnum aureum waste, the energy conversion efficiency was 13.6% and the metabolic type was mixed fermentation at a total solids concentration of 2 g/L. For kitchen waste, the energy conversion efficiency was 14.4% and the metabolic type was ethanol/acetic fermentation at a total solids concentration of 10 g/L. The results indicate that epipremnum aureum waste and kitchen waste can be used as substrates for dark fermentation hydrogen production, and kitchen waste performed better than epipremnum aureum waste at the same influent total solids concentration. Compared to other nutrients, both epipremnum aureum waste and kitchen waste also showed better hydrogen production efficacy and energy conversion efficiency. The study can provide a more economical and efficient method for residential household waste recycling.

Effect of Cow Manure Biochar on Lettuce Growth and Nitrogen Agronomy Efficiency.

This study aimed to produce livestock manure biochar to decrease environmental problems from livestock manure and evaluate its effectiveness as an organic fertilizer by examining the growth and nutrient use efficiency of crops. A plot experiment was conducted to investigate the characteristics of lettuce growth and nitrogen use efficiency in upland soils treated with cow manure biochar. The cow manure biochar was applied at rates of 0, 3, 5, 7, and 10 t ha-1 (referred to as CMB0, CMB3, CMB5, CMB7, and CMB10, respectively), along with inorganic fertilizer (IF, NPK-200-59-12 kg ha-1). The lettuce cultivation test was carried out for 42 days, during which the fresh weight, dry weight, length, and number of lettuce leaves were measured. Nitrogen use efficiency was evaluated by determining the agronomic efficiency of N and the apparent recovery fraction of N. Overall, as the cow manure biochar application rate increased, crop growth and nitrogen uptake improved. Soils treated with CMB5 and CMB7 showed higher lettuce growth, nitrogen content, and nitrogen uptake compared to soils under other treatments. Nitrogen use efficiency followed a pattern similar to that of crop productivity, with cow manure biochar application levels playing a significant role. In particular, the agronomic efficiency of N and the apparent recovery fraction of N, which are both related to crop nutrient utilization, were significantly higher in the CMB5 treatment compared to the IF treatment. These results indicate that nitrogen use efficiency can be enhanced through biochar application when growing crops on agricultural land. Therefore, it is suggested that the appropriate application of cow manure biochar can reduce inorganic fertilizer use and increase crop productivity, thereby enabling sustainable and eco-friendly agriculture.

Anaerobic co-digestion of Cow Manure and Food Waste: An investigation of biogas yield from feedstock percentage variation

Anaerobic co-digestion of Cow Manure and Food Waste: An investigation of biogas yield from feedstock percentage variation

Effects of Cow-based Preparations and Mulching on Weed Management and Nodulation in Chickpea under Intercropping System

Mulching is one of agronomic practices with goals of lowering soil evaporation, preserving moisture, regulating soil temperature, inhibiting weed development, and enhancing microbial activity. It is mostly predicated on the recycling of biomass within the farm, with a focus on biomass mulching, the use of cow dung and urine preparations within the farm and preserving soil aeration. A field experiment was conducted for two years during the spring season (2019-20 and 2020-21) at Palampur, Himachal Pradesh (India), which comprises different combination of ghanjeevamrit (mixture of urine, dung, jaggery and chickpea flour), jeevamrit (mixture of urine, dung, jaggery, chickpea flour, handful soil, and water) and mulching (added at rate of 10 t ha-1). The weed count, weed dry matter, and yield of wheat as well as chickpeas were studied under sub-temperate humid zone (India). Data showed that application of cow-based preparations (ghanjeevamrit- added at rate of 0.5 t ha-1, jeevamrit-1st spray at rate 5%, 2nd spray 7.5% and subsequent sprays 10% jeevamrit in the water with the rate of 200 L acre-1 at 21 days interval) and mulching significantly affected weed count, dry matter, weed control efficiency and number of nodules of chickpea. Based on data of both years significantly lower weed count and dry weight at 120 DAS (before that weed count and dry weight was not affected significantly) was recorded in treatment T7(ghanjeevamrit + jeevamrit + mulching) which was statistically at par with T3 (mulching), T5 (ghanjeevamrit + mulching), T6 (jeevamrit + mulching) and T8 (control). At 150 DAS, significantly lower weed count was recorded in T5 which was at par with T3 and T6 and a significantly highest count was recorded in T4 (ghanjeevamrit + jeevamrit). At harvest, the highest weed count and dry weight of weed were found in treatment T2 (jeevamrit), T4, T1 (ghanjeevamrit), and T8. Similarly, the weed control efficiency was recorded numerically highest under T7 treatment. Minimum weed count and weed dry weight were found in the T7 treatment. Significantly highest nodule count in chickpea was recorded in T7 followed by T4, whereas the lowest was recorded in T8. Therefore, this study highlights the combined use of cow-based preparations with mulching to decrease weed count, dry matter as well as the number of nodules of chickpea increases under natural farming.

Effect of inorganic component of biochar on lead adsorption performance and the enhancement by MgO modification.

Biomass-derived biochar has enormous potential for sustainable and low-cost treatment of lead-contained wastewater. In this study, corncob and cow dung-derived biochar were prepared. The increase in pyrolysis temperature could improve the porous structures, surface area, functional groups and alkalinity, and further provide a higher Pb2+ capacity in both biochars. Cow dung biochar performed better than corncob for its higher inorganic mineral content and more alkaline surface. Among them, CDB-600 performed the Langmuir maximum capacity of 357.1 mg/g, with a high surface area of 144.3 m2/g; ion exchange and precipitate were the main adsorption mechanisms. After further MgO modification, the M-CDB displayed a high surface area of 166 m2/g, and ion exchangeability and precipitate-promoting effects were improved. M-CDB performed a Langmuir maximum capacity of 833.3 mg/g. The pHpzc was found to be 10 and the adsorbents portray a very good Pb2+ adsorption selectivity among coexisting ions in the solution. The adsorption process was found to be endothermic, feasible, spontaneous and chemisorption. The fixed lead on CDB-600 was stable in water. The immobilized lead could be desorbed by acid wash. CDB-600 performed better in terms of sustainability in use, which could support its continuous application ability.