Tallow Research Articles

ЖИРНОКИСЛОТНЫЙ СОСТАВ ЖИРА МОЛОКА ЧИСТОПОРОДНЫХ И ПОМЕСНЫХ КОРОВ-ПЕРВОТЕЛОК

The purpose of research is to study the fatty acid composition of milk fat from first-calf heifers of different genotypes in Western Kazakhstan. Objectives: determination of the content of saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated amino acids in the milk fat of cows of first-calf heifers of black-and-white breed (I group), Holsteins of German selection (II group), Holsteins of Dutch selection (III group), crossbreeds ½ Holstein of German selection × ½ Black-and-white (Group IV), ½ Holstein Holstein selection × ½ black-and-white (V group). The scientific and economic experiment was carried out in 2019–2020. in LLP Agrofirma Akas of the West Kazakhstan Region of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The experimental groups, formed according to the principle of analogous groups, taking into account origin, live weight, physiological state, included 15 animals each. Determination of the amino acid composition of the fatty phase of milk was carried out by gas chromatography. The leading position in animals of all experimental groups was occupied by the class of saturated fatty acids (SFA), followed by monounsaturated (MUFA) and polyunsaturated (PUFA) fatty acids. At the same time, depending on the genotype, the amount of unsaturated fatty acids in the milk fat of first-calf heifers of the experimental groups was in the range of 60.38–61.96 %; monounsaturated – 29.23–30.67; polyunsaturated – 4.48–4.66 %. Female peers of groups II–V were inferior to animals of the black-and-white breed in terms of the amount of saturated fatty acids by 1.28–1.58 % (P < 0.05). Milk fat of crossbred first-calf heifers of groups IV and V differed in the minimum specific gravity of saturated fatty acids, animals of the Holstein breed of German and Dutch selection of groups II and III occupied an intermediate position. Animals of the black-and-white breed of group I were inferior to peers of groups II–V in terms of the amount of monounsaturated fatty acids by 1.19–1.44 % (P < 0.05), the content of polyunsaturated fatty acids – by 0.04–0.18 % (P > 0.05…P < 0.05). The most common monounsaturated fatty acids in the milk fat of first-calf heifers of the experimental groups were palmitic (C16:0 – 27.04–27.13 %), myristic (C14:0 – 11.03–12.04 %) and stearic (C18:0 – 8.14–11.88 %).

Evaluation of physicochemical properties and fatty acid profile on Indonesian local beef tallow and lard using two different rendering methods

Tallow and lard are rendered products that are useful for nutritional, feed, and pharmaceutical use due to their high content of essential fatty acids. However, the quality of Indonesia's local beef tallow and lard does not exist in terms of the basic information and effectiveness of these products. This study therefore aimed to evaluate and present information on the rendered fats obtained from two different rendering methods of local beef tallow and lard on physicochemical properties and fatty acid profiles. The yield, physicochemical properties, and fatty acid profile of beef tallow and lard rendered via dry (DR) and wet (WR) rendering at 90-100°C for 30 mins were evaluated. The dry- and wetrendering methods exhibited the highest yields. WR methods of both samples have a brighter yellow color than DR methods. For physicochemical properties, the WR method had the highest acid value (P<0.05), whereas the saponification value and peroxide value were not significantly different for both rendering methods. There were significant differences in fatty acid compositions for tallow and lard prepared from the two rendering methods. Based on the yield and physicochemical properties of the tallow, both methods fulfil the minimal standard, while lard does not meet the criteria of edible animal oils.

Microbial production of food lipids using the oleaginous yeast Apiotrichum brassicae

Oleaginous yeasts offer a promising sustainable alternative for producing edible lipids, potentially replacing animal and unsustainable plant fats and oils. In this study, we screened 11 oleaginous yeast species for their lipid profiles and identified Apiotrichum brassicae as the most promising candidate due to its versatility across different growth media. A. brassicae grown in a dairy side stream produced lipids with a composition most similar to cocoa butter, but the stearic acid and linoleic acid content varied greatly when grown on different substrates. We visualised the formation of lipid droplets by digital holotomography. Pilot-scale production was followed by enzymatic and ultrasonic treatment of biomass and heptane/ethanol extraction. The fatty acid (FA) and triacylglycerol (TAG) composition, thermal behaviour, and solid fat content of A. brassicae lipids was compared to benchmarks such as beef fat, cocoa butter, palm oil and milk fat. The FA profile of the A. brassicae lipids shares the same types of fatty acids with cocoa butter, beef fat and palm oil, however concentrations differ resulting in a lower content of saturated FAs. This increased the proportion of unsaturated TAGs, reducing the melting and crystallisation temperatures and the solid fat content. The microbial lipids contained the major TAGs of cocoa butter at similar ratios, resulting in a comparable melting peak and crystallisation peaks similar to the low-melting groups of beef fat and palm oil. Fractionation has the potential to produce beef fat, cocoa butter or palm oil equivalents with desired techno-functional properties. This study demonstrates the potential of A. brassicae to produce tailored lipid profiles for various food applications through strain and process engineering or downstream processing.

Fabricating an antioxidant and bacteriostatic soy protein isolate film double-crosslinked via dialdehyde cellulose nanofibers and Tara tannins for beef tallow and cooked pork preservation

Fabricating an antioxidant and bacteriostatic soy protein isolate film double-crosslinked via dialdehyde cellulose nanofibers and Tara tannins for beef tallow and cooked pork preservation

ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ ВОЗМОЖНОСТИ ОБОГАЩЕНИЯ МЯСНЫХ ПОЛУФАБРИКАТОВ БЕЛКОВЫМИ КОНЦЕНТРАТАМИ КРЕСТОЦВЕТНЫХ КУЛЬТУР

The purpose of the study is to develop a recipe for a semi-finished meat product with the addition of a protein concentrate of cruciferous crops – camelina and rapeseed grown in the agroecological conditions of the Krasnoyarsk Region. Research objectives: to study the amino acid composition of cruciferous protein concentrates, to assess the quality and food safety indicators; to determine the rational dosage of the protein concentrate of cruciferous crops – rapeseed and camelina in the semi-finished meat product; to conduct an organoleptic evaluation of the finished semi-finished meat product with the addition of cruciferous protein concentrates; to determine the quality and safety indicators of the developed ready-made semi-finished meat product. Objects of study: protein concentrates of cruciferous rapeseed and camelina obtained in the research laboratory of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education "Krasnoyarsk State Agrarian University"; developed meat semi-finished products with the addition of cruciferous protein concentrates. To obtain meat chopped semi-finished products, the following raw materials were used: beef cutlet meat – according to TU 9214-001-92075951; raw beef fat – according to TU 100098867.332-2013; wheat bread – according to GOST 27842; breadcrumbs – according to GOST 28402; fresh onion – according to GOST 1723; ground black pepper – according to GOST 29050; table salt – according to GOST R 51574. Methods according to GOST 32951 and TU 9214-039-52115729-2015 were used to determine the quality indicators of protein concentrate and product. The microbiological assessment of the test samples was carried out in accordance with TR CU 034/2013 "On the safety of meat and meat products" and TR CU 021/2011 "On food safety". As a result of the study, the amino acid composition of rapeseed and camelina protein concentrates, which include all essential amino acids, was studied. The organoleptic, physico-chemical parameters of protein concentrates and their safety have been determined. A rational dosage of cruciferous protein concentrate was established, which was 3 % instead of minced meat. The indicators of quality and safety of the developed meat chopped semi-finished product were determined and their compliance with regulatory documentation was confirmed.

Comprehensive analysis of formaldehyde and acetaldehyde emissions and performance of a diesel engine using various diesel-vegetable oil and diesel-biodiesel blends

This study investigates the emissions of formaldehyde and acetaldehyde, as well as the performance of a diesel engine fueled by various diesel-triglyceride and diesel-biodiesel blends. The biodiesels were synthesized from triglyceride sources, including canola, soybean, palm, coconut oil, and beef tallow. Emission analyses were conducted using Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (DOAS). The biodiesel was blended with diesel in specific proportions, allowing for a comparative analysis of formaldehyde and acetaldehyde emissions. Results indicate that the addition of triglycerides and biodiesel to diesel fuel leads to increased emissions of both formaldehyde and acetaldehyde in the engine exhaust, with higher emission levels observed in mixtures containing triglycerides. Notably, canola oil blended with diesel exhibited lower formaldehyde and acetaldehyde emission values than other diesel-vegetable oil blends. Similarly, palm biodiesel demonstrated reduced emission levels compared to other diesel-biodiesel blends. This study concludes that both triglycerides and esters can be effectively blended with diesel fuel for combustion in engines, benefiting from their oxygenating properties that enhance engine performance. However, the performance advantage is most pronounced with mixture proportions of up to 5% for triglycerides and 15% for biodiesel.

Effects of Different Dietary Fat Sources on Oxidative Stress Parameters in Broiler Chickens

Introduction: Certain types of dietary fats may elevate the generation of free radicals, resulting in oxidative stress and potential cellular damage. The present study aimed to investigate the impact of high-energy diets derived from various fat sources on broiler chicken welfare and production. Materials and methods: A total of 216-day-old unsexed Arbor Acre broiler chickens were assigned to four treatment groups. The groups, including control, beef tallow (high energy diet animal source, HEDAS), palm oil (high energy diet plant source, HEDPS), and low energy diet (LED), each consisting of three replicates with 18 birds, were investigated in a completely randomized design over 42 days. Results: According to the results, the HEDPS group had the highest live weight, while the HEDAS group indicated the highest dressing percentage. Significant differences were noted in alanine transaminase and alanine phosphatase in the treatment group compared to the control group. Cholesterol levels were significantly high in the HEDAS group and LDL levels were the lowest compared to the control group. The HEDAS group also exhibited the highest triglyceride level compared to other treatments. The HDL levels were higher in the LED and HEDPS groups compared to the HEDAS group. The VLDL concentration was significantly higher in the HEDAS group in comparison with other groups. Conclusion: The HEDPS diet positively affected serum biochemistry and carcass characteristics, highlighting its potential in broiler chicken welfare and production.

Effect of Activation Parameters on Palm Kernel Shell-Based Activated Carbon as Catalyst Support for Biodiesel from Discarded Beef Tallow

Effect of Activation Parameters on Palm Kernel Shell-Based Activated Carbon as Catalyst Support for Biodiesel from Discarded Beef Tallow

Sympathetic Ophthalmia Following an Evisceration Surgery-A Case Report.

Sympathetic ophthalmia (SO) is a rare, bilateral, granulomatous, panuveitis following perforating trauma or surgical intervention in one eye. Here, and to the best of knowledge, we report the first case of SO following an evisceration surgery in Pakistan. A 32-year-old, Pakistani, female presented with pain and decreased visual acuity in her right eye, at Civil Hospital, Karachi, 1 week after an evisceration surgery was performed on her left eye, following corneal perforation due to unresolved keratitis. Diagnosis of SO was made on the basis of clinical presentation and confirmed by slit lamp examination which revealed mutton fat keratic precipitates, posterior synechiae, and optic disc swelling. She was administered high-dose corticosteroids to which she did not respond. She was then prescribed methotrexate which resolved the inflammation and improved visual acuity. Initiating prompt treatment for the sympathizing eye led to effective management of the patient and prevented complete blindness.

The Influence of the Chemical Composition of Beeswax Foundation Sheets on Their Acceptability by the Bee's Colony.

Beeswax is one of the most important products for the well-being of bee colonies. The wax glands of young worker bees produce beeswax, which serves as a building material for honeycomb construction. Beekeepers using hives with mobile frames mainly utilize local beeswax to make foundations. Any paraffin addition represents adulteration, resulting in a high degree of contamination. During the preparation of re-used beeswax, losses during the process may instigate producers to add cheaper, wax-like substances like paraffin and tallow. This article presents a systematic investigation of the quality of beeswax foundation from six major producers in Vojvodina, Serbia, by applying the classic analytical procedure for the determination of selected physicochemical parameters and instrumental gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and Fourier transform infrared attenuated total reflection (FTIR-ATR) spectroscopy techniques. FTIR-ATR detected possible paraffin and beef tallow in 72 foundation sheet samples. This technique was complemented with GC-MS. This analysis revealed that paraffin content ranged between 19.75 and 85.68%, while no tallow was detected over the two-year period. Two sheets from each manufacturer were placed into wired Langstroth-Ruth frames and placed in beehives. The construction, based on built cells, was monitored every 24 h. Evaluating newly inserted sheets proved that without quality nectar, there is no intensive building, regardless of adulteration.

Regulation of Milk Fat Synthesis: Key Genes and Microbial Functions.

Milk is rich in a variety of essential nutrients, including fats, proteins, and trace elements that are important for human health. In particular, milk fat has an alleviating effect on diseases such as heart disease and diabetes. Fatty acids, the basic units of milk fat, play an important role in many biological reactions in the body, including the involvement of glycerophospholipids and sphingolipids in the formation of cell membranes. However, milk fat synthesis is a complex biological process involving multiple organs and tissues, and how to improve milk fat of dairy cows has been a hot research issue in the industry. There exists a close relationship between milk fat synthesis, genes, and microbial functions, as a result of the organic integration between the different tissues of the cow's organism and the external environment. This review paper aims (1) to highlight the synthesis and regulation of milk fat by the first and second genomes (gastrointestinal microbial genome) and (2) to discuss the effects of ruminal microorganisms and host metabolites on milk fat synthesis. Through exploring the interactions between the first and second genomes, and discovering the relationship between microbial and host metabolite in the milk fat synthesis pathway, it may become a new direction for future research on the mechanism of milk fat synthesis in dairy cows.

Lactation curves for milk, fat and protein in dairy cows under regenerative versus conventional farming practices

ABSTRACT Regenerative agriculture aims to utilise more diverse pasture species and enhance animal performance through sustainable soil management and pasture quality. This study evaluated the influence of regenerative and conventional farming on dairy cow performance and milk production under different pasture mixes and management strategies. Monthly herd test records were used to model individual lactation curves for daily milk, fat, and protein yield for the 2022–2023 season using random regression with third-order orthogonal polynomials. Total yields were calculated from predicted daily yield. Treatments were SPCM: Standard pasture under conventional management, DPCM: Diverse pasture mix under conventional management, and DPRM: Diverse pasture mix under regenerative management. Total milk yield was similar across treatments, averaging 3370 kg (SPCM), 3649 kg (DPCM), and 3626 kg (DPRM) for the 2022–2023 season. No significant differences were observed in fat, protein, milk solids yield, or milk composition. Cows on diverse pastures, regardless of management approach, showed heavier liveweights than those on standard pastures. DPCM and DPRM cows averaged 474 kg, significantly greater than SPCM cows at 464 kg (P < 0.0001), likely due to longer grazing rotation and higher post-graze mass. These findings suggest that pasture species diversity, regardless the management, enhances liveweight without affecting milk composition.

The effect of the carcass fat thickness on the qualitative technological and sensory attributes of beef

The established correlations between subcutaneous fat thickness and the quality attributes of carcasses and beef are relevant for producers and the processing industry. The purpose of the study is to establish the characteristics of slaughter, chemical composition, sensory physical, and technological properties of beef made of young bulls belonging to the Ukrainian black-and-white dairy breed aged 18 to 24 months, depending on the thickness of the fat on the carcass. The colour of muscle and adipose tissue, the conformation of carcasses, the development of subcutaneous fat, marbling, chemical composition, and sensory attributes of beef and broth made of it were determined in the context of different fat thicknesses on the carcass. With an increase in the thickness of subcutaneous fat, the fleshiness (conformation) of carcasses increases by 55.2% (P&gt;0.95), the cover of carcasses with fat increases by 43.5 (P&gt;0.99), and muscle penetration improves by 45.8% (P&gt;0.95). With the thickening of subcutaneous fat from 0.5 to 1.1 cm or more, there is a tendency of tendons and ligaments in carcasses to increase by 53.6%, with adipose tissue increasing by 25.6%, points for the juiciness of boiled beef increasing by 20.8%, its tenderness increasing by 12.5%, and the reduction in the m. longissimus dorsi 'loin eye' area increased by 7.3%, marbling increased by 19.0%, reduction of moisture content in meat increased by 27.8%, and its boiling properties increased by 7.9%. With an increase in the thickness of subcutaneous fat in beef, there was a tendency for the reduction of its acidity (pH), the amount of dry matter, the total content of fat and minerals, deterioration of taste, aroma, residue after chewing boiled meat, flavour, and aroma, concentration, and transparency of broth made of it. The practical significance of these studies is to obtain knowledge that allows the assessment of the quality characteristics of carcasses and beef by the thickness of subcutaneous fat for their further use by producers and processing industries.

Fast non-destructive measurement of intramuscular fat in Australian beef and lamb using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) technologies

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is an excellent technique for non-destructive analysis of meat because it has high accuracy, a linear response, and insignificant drift over time, which removes the need for recalibration. Furthermore, single-side NMR devices have open geometries that enable measurements of subsections of larger samples without taking sub-samples. Here we demonstrated long-term reproducibility in a benchtop device and the utility of a single-sided NMR device. We validated long-term reproducibility of NMR measurements of lamb intramuscular fat (IMF%) in a commercial processor boning room years after the original model was created. It was hypothesised that the NMR IMF% model would retain precision and accuracy on independent validation. The root mean squared (RMS) error of prediction of lamb IMF was 0.79 %. The R2 between reference measurements, predicted IMF% was 0.74, the slope of the chemical IMF% vs NMR predictions was 0.989, and the bias was 0.53 % IMF%. In the second example, we showed that IMF% measurements of high value beef striploins could be measured off a commercial processing belt and returned without damaging the product. It was hypothesised that a commercial prototype single-sided NMR system would predict IMF% in beef M. longissimus thoracis et lumborum. Here the RMS error of the correlation was 1.58 % IMF% and R2 was 0.97. The long-term stability, high accuracy, and nondestructive nature make unilateral NMR devices ideal for applications in the red meat industry where IMF% contributes to product value.

Trans-10 shifted ruminal biohydrogenation and its implications for ruminant milk and meat fat content and quality

Feeding high-grain diets is a common practice in intensive ruminant production systems to meet animal energy requirements and maximize feed efficiency. One of the consequences of these diets is trans ( t)10 shifted ruminal biohydrogenation, which includes increased formation of t10-18:1 and t10, cis ( c)12-conjugated linoleic acid ( t10, c12-CLA) at the expense of t11-18:1 and c9, t11-CLA. In dairy cows, the t10 shift has been associated with milk fat depression. In beef cattle, the t10 shift has not been associated with negative effects on animal performance or marbling fat deposition; however, it may negatively impact meat fat eating quality by decreasing its cis monounsaturated fatty acid to saturated fatty acid ratio. Finally, the t10 shift increases t10-18:1 accumulation in ruminant-derived foods (dairy, beef, and lamb), which at high enough levels may compromise the nutritional quality of these foods. The present review will cover our current understanding of the rumen microbes involved in the t10 shift and its implications for milk fat synthesis and beef fat quality.

Iron Age Fur Skin Tanning – a Sustainable Practice?

Tanning is among the most polluting industries in the world. Industrial-produced hides and skins are fully or pre-tanned with highly polluting chromium salts. The purpose of the study was to gain new knowledge about Iron Age tanning methods to clarify whether sustainable tanning methods can be developed based on this. Fur skin capes, uncovered in Jutland bogs, from Baunsø Mose (20-220 AD), Borremose I (365-116 BC), Huldremose I (1-174 AD) and Vindum Mose (386-203 BC) were analysed by Attenuated Total Reflection-Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) and morphological assessment of the skin fibres to identify tanning substances and material condition. Analyses were supplemented with source studies of previous visual assessment of the capes and measured shrinkage temperature of leather and skins excavated from bogs. Our results show that only the samples from Baunsø Mose, Borremose I and Huldremose I contain vegetable tannins. Furthermore, Baunsø Mose contains cow fat and Borremose I, Huldremose I and Vindum sheep fat. All contain indications of the presence of aluminum and iron compounds. The samples are decomposed to varying extents. Remnants from conservation were detected on Huldremose I, Baunsø Mose and Vindum Mose.

Beef tallow/high oleic sunflower oil shortenings produced by chemical interesterification optimized by response surface methodology (RSM): Effect of processing conditions on physical properties

AbstractResponse surface methodology (RSM) was used to obtain two shortenings (IEA and IEB) by chemical interesterification (CI) of beef tallow (BT) and high oleic sunflower oil (HOSFO) with melting points of 35.5°C and 38.5°C, higher OOO and SOO contents, and lower PPP, SOS, POS, and POP percentages than BT. The maximum percentage of HOSFO in the formulations and the optimum time, temperature, and catalyst concentrations to achieve the desired physicochemical properties for the shortenings were determined from the model. The shortenings were characterized, and the effects of processing and storage conditions were explored. HPLC/MS analysis showed that the mono and di‐unsaturated triacylglycerols (TAGs) had unsaturated fatty acids at the sn‐2 position. The changes in chemical composition due to the interesterification process were mostly differences in percentages more than in the type of TAGs present. IEA and IEB showed profiles of solid fat content versus temperature and G' values similar to those reported for soft and firm margarine, respectively. Under static cooling conditions, for BT, BA, BB, and IEB, the α‐form was the main polymorph, whereas the β′‐tendency increased with increasing temperature and slow cooling rate. IEA crystallized in the β′‐form between 20 and 32°C. Under dynamic cooling conditions, nucleation was impeded at fast cooling rate and promoted at slow rate as evidenced by induction times of crystallization. Interesterification decreased the MP, increased the β′ tendency that lasted at least 8 months at 25°C, and improved the nutritional value of shortening making them suitable as trans‐fat alternatives.

Bioinspired Synthesis of Novel Different Nanoparticles and its Utility in Biodiesel and Animals Applications

Because of its ability to speed up the reaction, the catalyst is critical to its success. Most catalysts are either homogeneous or heterogeneous. It has been shown that utilizing a heterogeneous catalyst, which is easier to remove from the product after the reaction has been finished. Because of the large surface area of the Nano-catalyst results in high catalytic efficiency. To enhance the performance of catalysts a range of various types of support materials have been used. SO42--ZnO and So42-/TiO active acid catalyst was prepared and characterized. ZnO nanoparticles catalyst synthesized by precipitation of zinc nitrate for comparison with supported catalyst. Sulphated zinc oxide (SO42--ZnO) and sulphated titania (SO42-/TiO) catalysts were synthesized using impregnation methods, to test their efficacy in biodiesel production. Various waste oils from different wastes such as mutton or beef tallow, chicken fat, and methanol are preferred to use during the esterification of waste animal fat oils using solid acid catalysts to produce biodiesel. Biodiesel synthesis generates a substantial amount of glycerol as a byproduct. Effect of optimum parameters such as temperature 60 degree centigrade (°C) shown 90% yield, time 1 hour resulted in 85% yield, catalyst dose 2wt% resulted in 80% yield, stirring speed 250rpm resulted in 80% yield, methanol to oil ratio12:1 resulted as 85.5% yield for transesterification of waste fat oil. It is valuable that the supported acid catalysts showed more yield than simply synthesized ZnO nanocatalyst similarly sulphated zinc oxide showed more FAME yield than sulphated titania.

Comparative analysis of high-fat diets: Effects of mutton, beef, and vegetable fats on body weight, biochemical profiles, and liver histology in mice

BackgroundHigh-fat diets are associated with metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular diseases, and liver disorders. Beef and mutton, both widely consumed meats, are significant sources of animal fat, while soybean oil, a commonly used cooking oil, is a prominent source of plant-derived fat. This study aimed to compare the effects of regular consumption of beef fat, mutton fat, and soybean oil in mice to assess potential health risks. MethodsSixty Swiss albino male mice were divided into four groups: a control group (Group A) fed a standard mice pellet, and three treatment groups (Groups B, C, D) receiving 10 % dietary fat from mutton, beef, and soybean oil, respectively. Parameters such as body weight, caloric intake, serum markers, and liver histopathology were studied. ResultsConsumption of mutton fat, beef fat, or soybean oil supplemented diet in groups B, C, and D led to higher caloric intake and body weight compared to control group A, which received a standard diet. These diets also caused elevated serum glucose, impaired glucose tolerance, and increased triglycerides, cholesterol, LDL-C, and reduced HDL-C. Elevated AST and ALT levels in the high-fat diet groups, indicated liver damage and fat accumulation. Histological analysis confirmed steatosis, hepatocyte ballooning, and inflammation in all three high-fat diet groups, while the control group had normal liver histology. ConclusionHigh-fat diets, whether plant- or animal-based, led to weight gain in mice and resulted, poor glucose tolerance, dyslipidemia, liver damage and steatohepatitis. Further research is needed to explore the mechanisms behind these effects and improve understanding and management of high-fat diet consequences.

Effects of mixing tallow methyl ester with diesel fuel on the thermal characteristics of diesel engine

The purpose of the current study is to evaluate the impact of using beef Tallow methyl ester blends on the thermal parameters of diesel engine numerically utilizing Diesel-RK simulation software. The multizone combustion model is used and the governing equations are solved for each independent zone. The engine characteristics were examined under three different volumetric blends of Tallow methyl ester (10 %, 20 % and 30 %) in addition to plain diesel case for comparison. The obtained results showed slight reduction in pressure, heat release for all blends of Tallow methyl ester with respect to diesel fuel alone. The Sauter mean diameter of the droplets was increased by 1.68 %, 3.34 % and 5 % for 10 %, 20 % and 30 % Tallow methyl ester respectively. The higher tallow methyl ester ‘s cetane number is responsible for shorter ignition delay which in turn makes the combustion starts earlier. The brake specific fuel consumption increased 1.68 %, 3.34 % and 5 % for 10 %, 20 % and 30 % Tallow methyl ester respectively due to the difference of density, viscosity and energy contents. Noticeable reduction in the Bosch Smoke Number as the use of 20 % TME and 30 % Tallow methyl ester reported reduction of 13.25 % and 17.8 % while the Particulate Matter is dropped significantly by 11.1 %, 12.9 %, 18.4 % correspond to 10 %, 20 %, and 30 % percentages of Tallow methyl ester biodiesel. The plenty of oxygen quantity in Tallow methyl ester biodiesel leads to emit more Nitrogen oxides relative to diesel. Base on the results obtained, 20 % TME is best compromised blend that can recommended to be used in diesel engine without any modification of the engine. The current findings matched well with the different scientists’ results.