COVID-19 Vaccination Programs Research Articles

Evaluation of COVID-19 vaccination programs in South America

National vaccination programs against SARS-CoV2 in South America played an important role in the timely response to the COVID-19 pandemic, however, was an ethical approach capable of guaranteeing greater benefit to the population through vaccination being applied? To answer this question, my aim was to analyze the national vaccination programs of Argentina, Brazil, Chile, and Peru to identify the extent to which they aligned with the utilitarianism and prioritarianism oriented ethical approaches when assigning the vaccine against COVID-19. I start from the hypothesis that all the selected countries propose vaccination policies with possible prioritarian and/or utilitarian ethical approaches, however, those that align with prioritarianism manage to better adhere to the moral duties of social justice. To demonstrate my hypothesis, I have integrated the socio-economic information, analyzed the coverage strategies of each country and tried to frame them with the proposed ethical approaches, to finally present arguments for and against these approaches. I conclude that, unlike utilitarianism, the application of prioritarianism to the vaccine allocation schemes of the four countries analyzed allowed prioritizing the vaccine in those who are worse off in terms of social justice, and that, unequivocally, includes the severely ill.

Balancing Routine and Pandemic: The Synergy of India's Universal Immunization Program and COVID-19 Vaccination Program.

The COVID-19 pandemic posed substantial challenges to healthcare systems globally and severely disrupted essential health services, including routine immunization programs. In India, these disruptions were exacerbated due to the sudden emergence of the pandemic and lockdown measures, leading to mass migrations and a shortage of healthcare workers. Caregivers' concerns about routine immunization sessions further compounded the problem, resulting in a sharp increase in zero-dose children. This review paper examines India's strategies for conducting one of the world's largest COVID-19 vaccination programs while effectively restoring and perpetuating its Universal Immunization Program (UIP). The UIP played a pivotal role in sustaining immunization services during the pandemic, ultimately improving immunization coverage compared to pre-pandemic levels. India's accomplishments in this regard are highlighted through key performance indicators, the reach of immunization services, a reduction in zero-dose children, and antigen-wise coverage. The paper also discusses the successful integration of COVID-19 vaccination within the UIP framework, underscoring the significance of existing infrastructure, technology, and capacity building. India's dedication to concurrently managing routine immunization and COVID-19 vaccination showcases the adaptability and resilience of its healthcare system. India's journey serves as a global example of efficient mass immunization during challenging times, emphasizing the importance of political will, healthcare infrastructure investment, skilled healthcare workforces, and comprehensive vaccination programs. In a world grappling with the dual challenge of COVID-19 and routine immunization, India's experience provides a roadmap for strengthening healthcare systems and promoting public health as the critical agenda in challenging times.

INVESTOR REACTION TO THE ANNOUNCEMENT OF FIRST COVID-19 VACCINATION IN INDONESIA

The COVID-19 pandemic has had a huge impact around the world and presents unprecedented challenges to the health sector. Vaccination programme is a solution to suppress the spread of COVID-19. The purpose was to explain the reaction of the capital market to the announcement of the first COVID-19 vaccination in Indonesia by focusing the differences in abnormal return and trading volume activity before and after the event of vaccination programme. The research method used is quantitative method by secondary data analysis with event study. The event date in this research was January 13rd, 2021 when Indonesia began its nationwide COVID-19 vaccination programme. This event study took a sample of 17 companies in healthcare sector listed on Indonesia Stock Exchange. The event period used was 14 days, 7 days before and 7 days after the announcement of the first COVID-19 vaccination in Indonesia. This research uses descriptive statistical techniques, normality test (one-sample kolmogorov-smirnov test), and paired sample t-test. The results of the paired sample t-test show that there is a significant difference between the abnormal return before and after the announcement of the first COVID-19 vaccination in Indonesia. However, there is no significant difference of trading volume before and after the announcement of the first COVID-19 vaccination in Indonesia.

Increased Vaccine Uptake Among Eligible Patients at a Veterans Affairs Hospital Through an Inpatient COVID-19 Vaccination Program, Atlanta, Georgia, 2021.

Inpatient vaccination is an opportunity to increase vaccine uptake among patients at high risk for severe COVID-19 illness. We designed and implemented a hospital-based COVID-19 vaccination program with the aim of increasing documentation of vaccine eligibility and COVID-19 vaccination to eligible inpatients before discharge. We integrated a templated note into the electronic medical records and trained health care personnel to screen inpatients and document COVID-19 vaccine eligibility at the Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center. Vaccination staff deployed to inpatient wards administered the vaccine to eligible and consenting patients at the bedside. We calculated the number of inpatients whose vaccine eligibility was assessed and documented during a 4-week period after health care personnel were trained. We used the Wald χ2 test to compare the proportion of eligible patients who were vaccinated before discharge 4 weeks before (March 29-April 23, 2021) and 4 weeks after (May 3-28, 2021) the training period. During the 4 weeks before the training period, COVID-19 vaccine eligibility was not routinely assessed and documented. Of 793 inpatients discharged during the 4 weeks after the training period, 470 (59%) had COVID-19 vaccine eligibility documented. Of 86 patients who were eligible for vaccination, 61 (71%) received COVID-19 vaccination before discharge. COVID-19 vaccination rates during hospitalization increased significantly from 16 of 769 inpatients (2%) during the 4 weeks before training to 61 of 793 inpatients (8%) during the 4 weeks after training (P < .001). An inpatient vaccination program that integrated COVID-19 vaccination into discharge planning increased vaccine screening and uptake. Future studies are needed to identify barriers to vaccination and strategies to increase vaccine uptake among those who are hesitant.

Systematic review of seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies and appraisal of evidence, prior to the widespread introduction of vaccine programmes in the WHO European Region, January–December 2020

ObjectivesSystematic review of SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence studies undertaken in the WHO European Region to measure pre-existing and cumulative seropositivity prior to the roll out of vaccination programmes.DesignA systematic review of the...

Assessing the COVID-19 vaccination program during the Omicron variant (B.1.1.529) epidemic in early 2022, Tokyo

BackgroundMany countries, including high-income nations, struggled to control epidemic waves caused by the Omicron variant (B.1.1.529), which had an antigenically distinct evolution. Evaluating the direct and indirect effects of vaccination during the Omicron waves is essential to assess virus control policies. The present study assessed the population impacts of a vaccination program during the sixth wave caused by BA.1 and BA.2 from January to May 2022, in Tokyo.MethodsWe analyzed the primary series and booster vaccination coverages and the confirmed cases stratified by vaccination history. We estimated the number of COVID-19 cases that were directly and indirectly prevented by vaccination. To estimate the direct impact, we used a statistical model that compared risks between unvaccinated and vaccinated individuals. A transmission model employing the renewal process was devised to quantify the total effect, given as the sum of the direct and indirect effects.ResultsAssuming that the reporting coverage of cases was 25%, mass vaccination programs, including primary and booster immunizations, directly averted 640,000 COVID-19 cases (95% confidence interval: 624–655). Furthermore, these programs directly and indirectly prevented 8.5 million infections (95% confidence interval: 8.4–8.6). Hypothetical scenarios indicated that we could have expected a 19% or 7% relative reduction in the number of infections, respectively, compared with the observed number of infections, if the booster coverage had been equivalent to that of the second dose or if coverage among people aged 10–49 years had been 10% higher. If the third dose coverage was smaller and comparable to that of the fourth dose, the total number of infections would have increased by 52% compared with the observed number of infections.ConclusionsThe population benefit of vaccination via direct and indirect effects was substantial, with an estimated 65% reduction in the number of SARS-CoV-2 infections compared with counterfactual (without vaccination) in Tokyo during the sixth wave caused by BA.1 and BA.2.

Introducing seasonal influenza vaccine in Bhutan: Country experience and achievements

Bhutan successfully introduced multiple vaccines since the establishment of the Vaccine Preventable Disease Program in 1979. Surveillance and subsequent introduction of influenza vaccination became a public health priority for the Ministry of Health following the influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 pandemic. Sentinel surveillance for influenza in Bhutan began in 2008, and a study of severe acute respiratory infection was conducted in 2017, which found the highest influenza burden in children aged <5 years and adults ≥50 years. Following review of surveillance and burden of disease data, the National Technical Advisory Group presented recommendations to Bhutan’s Ministry of Health which approved influenza vaccine introduction for all five high-risk groups in the country. Upon the official launch of the program in June 2018, the Vaccine Preventable Disease Program began planning, budgeting, and procurement processes with technical and financial support from the Partnership for Influenza Vaccine Introduction, the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the Bhutan Health Trust Fund, and the World Health Organization. Influenza vaccination for high-risk groups was integrated into Bhutan’s routine immunization services in all health care facilities beginning in November 2019 and vaccinated all populations in 2020 in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Coverage levels between 2019 and 2022 were highest in children aged 6–24 months (62.5%–96.9%) and lowest in pregnant women (47.7%–62.5%). Bhutan maintained high coverage levels despite the COVID-19 pandemic by continued provision of influenza vaccine services at health centers during lockdowns, conducting communication and sensitization efforts, and using catch-up campaigns. Bhutan’s experience with introducing and scaling up the influenza vaccine program contributed to the country’s capacity to rapidly deploy its COVID-19 vaccination program in 2021.

How COVID-19 has impacted the role of pharmacists around the world

All over the world pharmacists are standing up to the challenge of COVID-19 and showing their commitment to the communities they serve. As the COVID-19 pandemic has tested global health systems to their limits, pharmacy professionals have shown themselves to be an integral part of them. Community pharmacists have supported government initiatives to control the pandemic and have ensured patients continued to receive their medicines. Hospital pharmacists have been moving beyond their specialties to help provide critical care to patients while dealing with ICU drug shortages. Pharmaceutical scientists have been involved in finding effective vaccines and identifying effective treatments. In short, the pharmacy profession has been demonstrating expertise, strength, courage and dedication to care at the highest level.The International Pharmaceutical Federation (FIP), which represents the pharmacy profession globally, has a mission to advance pharmacy worldwide by sharing best pharmacy practice and innovation with the world. In this article, it describes how pharmacy has stepped up during the COVID-19 crisis by giving examples from several countries. It highlights, for example, how virtual practice became more prominent as face-to-face meetings became impossible, how pharmacists’ scope of practice has been extended, and how pharmacy educators have embraced digital technologies to teach and assess students remotely. In particular, the article highlights pharmacists’ involvement in the COVID-19 vaccination programmes in Australia, Canada, Germany, Ireland, Switzerland, the UK and the USA.As a result of all this, FIP sees an exciting future for the profession. Health ministers and heads of state have been praising pharmacists for their service, and FIP wants governments to translate this recognition into support for expanded roles and scientific research. It continues to gather data and intelligence to support an expansion of pharmacy practice, education and pharmaceutical workforce that builds on the profession's scientific base. All these advances are supported by scientific studies about our specialty.Finally, FIP expresses its worries about equity of access to medicines during the pandemic, as younger, healthier people in rich countries are vaccinated before people at greater risk in poor countries. It insists it will continue to advocate on this topic as a core component of its global vision.In this article, we share with readers a snapshot of how our profession around the world has adapted to the challenges posed by the COVID-19 pandemic, and our thoughts on the how it is affecting the evolution of pharmacy practice.

Evaluating the COVID-19 vaccination program in Japan, 2021 using the counterfactual reproduction number

Japan implemented its nationwide vaccination program against COVID-19 in 2021, immunizing more than one million people (approximately 1%) a day. However, the direct and indirect impacts of the program at the population level have yet to be fully evaluated. To assess the vaccine effectiveness during the Delta variant (B.1.617.2) epidemic in 2021, we used a renewal process model. A transmission model was fitted to the confirmed cases from 17 February to 30 November 2021. In the absence of vaccination, the cumulative numbers of infections and deaths during the study period were estimated to be 63.3 million (95% confidence interval [CI] 63.2–63.6) and 364,000 (95% CI 363–366), respectively; the actual numbers of infections and deaths were 4.7 million and 10,000, respectively. Were the vaccination implemented 14 days earlier, there could have been 54% and 48% fewer cases and deaths, respectively, than the actual numbers. We demonstrated the very high effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccination in Japan during 2021, which reduced mortality by more than 97% compared with the counterfactual scenario. The timing of expanding vaccination and vaccine recipients could be key to mitigating the disease burden of COVID-19. Rapid and proper decision making based on firm epidemiological input is vital.

Pervasive Uncertainty: Citizens' Perspective on the Efficacy of Healthcare Services in Combating Vaccine Reluctance; A Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) Approach

Nations around the world have conducted huge COVID-19 vaccination programmes; however, certain groups of individuals are resistant to the vaccine. Despite its demonstrated effectiveness, the general public is beginning to view vaccination as harmful and pointless. During 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic, plunged the globe, killing tens of thousands of people and halting commerce all across the planet. Scientists from every continent in the world worked together to develop vaccinations to halt the spread of the deadly virus. Even as efforts are made to eradicate the pandemic through vaccination campaigns, the COVID-19 "infodemic" continues to weaken public faith in these efforts. Although vaccine skepticism is a major problem, it is not usually the result of a flawed information ecosystem or defective vaccinations. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the incidence of COVID-19 vaccine hesitation in India and identify pertinent healthcare service-oriented factors contributing to this hesitancy. In order to investigate the prevalence of COVID-19 vaccine reluctance in India, a meta-analysis was conducted. In total, 305 respondents from Bangalore, India, were contacted via mail survey to collect the information required to assess the aforementioned objective. The Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) method was used to assess the many causes of vaccine hesitancy in healthcare services. Keywords: Covid-19, vaccination, hesitancy, healthcare services, Information services

Exploring the pharmacist role and challenges during COVID-19 pandemic in the public healthcare setting: A qualitative study

Background: Pharmacists working in the Public Health Center (PHC) setting are at the frontline response and often have to adapt to the COVID-19 crisis. However, there is a deficit of studies examining their roles and challenges regarding providing pharmaceutical care and how they adapt to the COVID-19 situation in Indonesia. Objective: This study aims to explore the views and experiences of pharmacists in the PHC during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: Four Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) involving 40 PHC pharmacists working in Surabaya were conducted in May 2021. The FGDs were audio recorded, transcribed verbatim and subsequently analysed for any emerging theme. Results: Most participants viewed that the restriction of face-to-face interaction hampered the provision of pharmaceutical care in the PHC. Protective equipment and partition screens during patient visits have challenged pharmacists to communicate effectively. Services such as direct one-on-one drug information and patient counselling were still provided, often facilitated with written aids, but for a limited time, providing opportunities for pharmacists to deliver messages through WhatsApp and telephone. Conclusion: The COVID-19 pandemic significantly impacted pharmaceutical service delivery in PHC. However, it has preserved the important role of pharmacists to ensure safe and quality services, particularly with the presence of the COVID-19 vaccination programme.

Pediatric COVID-19 Vaccination in the Inpatient Setting.

The inpatient setting is often underutilized as a venue for providing pediatric vaccines. During the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, our hospital began a vaccination program to provide access to COVID-19 vaccines for eligible pediatric inpatients. Our objective was to describe the establishment and assess the impact of a COVID-19 vaccination program for pediatric inpatients. All admitted patients were screened for eligibility and interest in inpatient COVID-19 vaccination upon admission from April 27, 2021 until February 12, 2022. For those eligible for vaccination, their interest was recorded and shared with the clinical team. The clinical team completed education and/or vaccination depending on individual case. Interest in inpatient vaccination and ultimate receipt of a vaccine was recorded and analyzed. During the study period, 1615 patients were eligible for inpatient vaccination and 1601 had their interest recorded on hospital admission. Twenty-one percent of these patients were interested, 50% declined, and 28% were unsure. Twenty-nine percent of those initially interested were given vaccine by the clinical team before discharge. Six percent of patients who were unsure and 2% of those who declined vaccine on admission were vaccinated before discharge. The inpatient setting can be an important venue to allow for education and discussion regarding pediatric COVID-19 vaccine and to improve access to vaccination for a traditionally under-vaccinated population. Challenges remain with consistent vaccine administration even for interested pediatric inpatients.

Empowering Communities to Improve Behavior Towards Acceptance of Covid-19 Vaccination

Covid-19 has spread throughout the country, and resulted in a pandemic. This virus infects the respiratory system. The affected Indonesian people have more than 4 million people. The incidence rate in Medan City has reached 47,000 cases. Prevention efforts to strengthen the immune system is the Covid-19 vaccination. Even though the vaccine is declared safe, there are still people who don't want to be vaccinated. Rejection also comes from a group of educated people. This hinders the success of the National Covid-19 Vaccination Program. Vaccination efforts can be successful if carried out simultaneously, so as to form herd immunity. Community empowerment carried out by providing education about Covid-19; the benefits of vaccination; and about herd immunity. They are also invited to vaccinate. People want to vaccinate because they have confidence and understand the information provided. This activity increases the number of vaccination implementations in partner work areas. Until now, the total number of vaccinations has reached 30,500. The plan for the next stage is monitoring community participation in the implementation of vaccinations, as well as conveying information on the benefits of Covid-19 vaccination through videos and online media.

Risk Factors for Not Completing a 2-Dose Primary Series of Messenger RNA COVID-19 Vaccination in a Large Health Care System in Southern California: Retrospective Cohort Study.

COVID-19 vaccination is crucial in combating the COVID-19 pandemic. Messenger RNA COVID-19 vaccines were initially authorized as a 2-dose primary series and have been widely used in the United States; completing the 2-dose primary series offers protection against infection, severe illness, and death. Understanding the risk factors for not completing the 2-dose primary series is critical to evaluate COVID-19 vaccination programs and promote completion of the 2-dose primary series. This study examined potential risk factors for not completing a 2-dose primary series of mRNA COVID-19 vaccination. We conducted a retrospective cohort study among members aged ≥18 years from a large integrated health care system, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, from December 14, 2020, to June 30, 2022. Noncompletion of the 2-dose primary series was defined as not completing the second dose within 6 months after receipt of the first dose. Crude noncompletion rates were estimated overall and by demographic characteristics, health care use patterns, comorbidity, and community-level socioeconomic factors. A Poisson regression model was fit to examine associations of individual-level and community-level risk factors with noncompletion of the 2-dose primary series. Among 2.5 million recipients of ≥1 dose of mRNA COVID-19 vaccines, 3.3% (n=81,202) did not complete the second dose within 6 months. Members aged 25-44 years, 65-74 years, and ≥75 years were less likely to not complete the 2-dose primary series than those aged 18-24 years, while members aged 45-64 years were more likely to not complete the 2-dose primary series (adjusted risk ratio [aRR] 1.13, 95% CI 1.10-1.15). Male sex was associated with a higher risk of noncompletion (aRR 1.17, 95% CI 1.15-1.19). Hispanic and non-Hispanic Black race/ethnicity were associated with a lower risk of noncompletion (range aRR 0.78-0.91). Having Medicaid and prior influenza vaccination were associated with a higher risk of noncompletion. Having SARS-CoV-2 infection, experiencing an adverse event, or having an inpatient and emergency department visit during the minimum recommended dose intervals were associated with a higher risk of not completing the 2-dose primary series (aRR 1.98, 95% CI 1.85-2.12; 1.99, 95% CI 1.43-2.76; and 1.85, 95% CI 1.77-1.93, respectively). Those who received the first dose after June 30, 2021, were more likely to not complete the 2-dose primary series within 6 months of receipt of the first dose. Despite limitations such as being a single-site study and the inability to consider social factors such as employment and vaccine attitudes, our study identified several risk factors for not completing a 2-dose primary series of mRNA vaccination, including being male; having Medicaid coverage; and experiencing SARS-CoV-2 infection, adverse events, or inpatient and emergency department visits during the minimum recommended dose intervals. These findings can inform future efforts in developing effective strategies to enhance vaccination coverage and improve the completion rate of necessary doses.

TOPIC MODELING IN COVID-19 VACCINATION REFUSAL CASES USING LATENT DIRICHLET ALLOCATION AND LATENT SEMANTIC ANALYSIS

COVID -19 vaccination is a program provided by the Indonesian government to minimize the spread of the virus. The COVID-19 vaccination program in Indonesia goes hand in hand with issues that are circulating, causing controversy and rejection of vaccination on social media, especially Twitter. There are many factors that influence vaccine rejection on Twitter, to summarize frequently discussed topics and find out hidden topics, this study uses the Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) and Latent Semantic Analysis (LSA) methods from 1797 Twitter scrapping data. Both models require a set of words that have been converted into a matrix, so before conducting LDA topic modeling, the dataset will undergo a bag of word (BOW) calculation. Meanwhile, in LSA topic modeling, the existing dataset will undergo word weighting of frequently occurring words using Term Frequency - Inverse Document Frequency (TF-IDF). This study was conducted to find and summarize hidden information in the form of frequently discussed topics, thus understanding public opinions related to the COVID -19 vaccination refusal case. LDA and LSA methods will display topics based on the probability and mathematical calculations of word occurrences in each topic in the document. The topics that appear will be further analyzed through coherence score by applying a limit of 20 topics to display the best value. Further modeling experiments are carried out to display topics through LDA and LSA models, this study takes 6 topics with the highest coherence values including the right of individuals to choose whether to be vaccinated or not (0.484607), the Ribka Tjiptaning controversy (0.473368), rejection of the COVID-19 vaccine by groups represented by public figures (0.463631), punishment for non-compliance in the form of fines (0.324924), and halal certification (0.312521).

How information capacity shapes policy implementation: A comparison of administrative burdens in COVID-19 vaccination programs in the United States, Mexico, and the Netherlands

There is a growing literature on how policy capacities shape policy implementation. In this article we focus on a specific type: information capacity and its effects on implementation and policy outcomes. Through a comparative case study of the COVID-19 vaccination programs in the United States, Mexico, and the Netherlands, we study how a government's information capacity – the capacity to collect and process information regarding citizens, businesses, and territory – structures administrative burdens for citizens. We develop a typology of models of information capacity (infrastructural, system-by-system, and ad hoc) and explain how they influence policy implementation. We show how the infrastructural model is best equipped to absorb administrative burdens for a majority of citizens, while the system-by-system model and especially the ad hoc model tend to push costs towards frontline workers and citizens. Yet, even if information capacities may shape the affordances of policy implementation beyond the direct control of politicians and policymakers, governments still can make the deliberate choice to mitigate their negative effects by organizing operational flexibility and discretion.

A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY: KNOWLEDGE AND ATTITUDE TOWARD PARTICIPATION IN THE COVID-19 VACCINATION PROGRAM AMONG MEDICAL STUDENTS

Background: COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia has increased. Therefore, some efforts are needed including the COVID-19 Vaccination Program to overcome this issue. Until June 29th, 2021, 28.304.774 Indonesians have received the first dose of the vaccine, and 13.329.738 for the second dose of vaccine, out of the national target of 181.554.465. It indicates that the coverage is still far from the target. The knowledge and attitude of the individual are one of the key factors for a person to participate in the program. Purpose: To analyze the correlation between the level of knowledge and attitudes toward their participation in the COVID-19 Vaccination Program among medical students. Methods: This is descriptive analytic with cross-sectional approach. The samples were 339 Medical Students Universitas Lambung Mangkurat. Sampling technique was collected using stratified random sampling technique. Data was retrieved online using Google Forms. Data were then analyzed using statistical software the IBM SPSS version 23. The fisher exact test was used to test the significance of the relationship. Results: We included 339 medical students, in which 264 students (77.9%) participated in the vaccination program but 75 students (22.1%) didn’t. The statistical test showed that p-value of the relationship between knowledge and attitudes with participation of medical student in the COVID-19 vaccination program with p-value= 0.055 and p-value= 0.025. Conclusion: There is no correlation between knowledge and participation of medical students in the COVID-19 Vaccination Program, but there is a correlation between attitudes toward the participation of medical students in the COVID-19 Vaccination Program.

Relationship between Parents Acceptance with Effectiveness, Risk and Procedures of Provisioning Covid-19 Vaccine in Children Aged 6-11 Years in East Kolaka Regency

Introduction: Parents acceptance of this Covid-19 vaccination is a challenge in the success of the Covid-19 vaccination program. This study was to identify the relationship between parental acceptance (Effectiveness, Risk, and Procedure for Giving the Covid-19 Vaccine).&#x0D; Methods: This research is a quantitative study with a Cross-Sectional Study approach. The population in this study were all children aged 6-11 years domiciled in East Kolaka Regency. The sampling technique was simple random sampling, with a sample of 369 respondents.&#x0D; Results: The study showed that of the 369 respondents who received the Covid-19 vaccination well, 203 (55.0%) respondents and 166 (45.0%) respondents who received poor reception. Based on statistical tests, it shows that there is a significant weak category relationship between parental acceptance and the effectiveness of giving Covid-19 vaccination (p value = 0.000) and parental acceptance with the risk of giving Covid-19 vaccination (p value = 0.000) while the variable procedure for giving Covid vaccination is (p value = 0.117) which means there is no significant relationship with parental acceptance of Covid-19 vaccination.&#x0D; Conclusion: Public awareness is needed to be active and participate in vaccination activities as an effort to protect themselves, their families and others. Also as a form of support for the government's efforts to suppress Covid-19 cases.

Tingkat Partisipasi Masyarakat Akan Kebijakan Pelaksanaan Vaksinasi Covid-19 Di Kota Batam

The objective of this study is to assess the extent of community engagement in the execution of the Covid-19 vaccination strategy within Batam City. The administration of Covid-19 vaccines plays a pivotal role in surmounting a worldwide pandemic, with active engagement from the community serving as a significant determinant of the efficacy of a vaccination initiative. The present study employs a qualitative methodology for data collection. A survey utilizing a structured questionnaire will be administered to assess the degree of community engagement in the Covid-19 vaccination process. Furthermore, a comprehensive analysis will be undertaken through conducting in-depth interviews with a carefully selected group of respondents. This approach aims to acquire a more profound comprehension of the various factors that exert influence on their level of participation. The anticipated outcomes of this research endeavor aim to offer a comprehensive assessment of the extent of community engagement in the execution of the Covid-19 vaccination program within Batam City. The aforementioned findings will offer significant insights to authorities and healthcare providers, enabling them to formulate enhanced communication and outreach strategies aimed at augmenting public engagement in vaccination programs.

Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 anti-spike IgG antibody among COVID-19 vaccinated individuals residing in Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia.

To limit the SARS-CoV-2 transmission, the Indonesian government launched a COVID-19 vaccination program in January 2021. Studies on the clinical treatment and implementation of COVID-19 vaccination have shown promising results; however, it is necessary to estimate the effectiveness of the vaccines. With the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, studies have highlighted the impact of COVID-19 vaccines, especially CoronaVac, on Indonesian healthcare workers. To get a better picture of how the vaccines work in Indonesia, it is necessary to estimate the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 anti-S IgG antibody induced by the COVID-19 vaccine in individuals who have already received two-to-three doses of vaccines. Four-hundred and ninety-six whole-blood samples were collected from participants residing in Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia, who received a minimum of a two-dose COVID-19 vaccine. Serums were then isolated from the blood and subjected to detect SARS-CoV-2 anti-S IgG antibodies using a lateral flow immunochromatographic assay. The prevalence of positive anti-S-IgG antibodies was 91.7% (455/496) in all participants receiving a minimum of a two-dose COVID-19 vaccine. As many as 209 (85.3%) and 141 (96.6%) participants were seropositive for receiving CoronaVac and AstraZeneca, respectively. Meanwhile, all participants receiving two-dose CoronaVac with one booster dose of Moderna (105/100%) were seropositive (p < 0.05). Age, comorbidity, and time after the last vaccine were significantly correlated with seropositivity (p < 0.05). Different vaccines might produce different antibody responses. Adopting a stronger policy regarding the administration of booster doses might be beneficial to elicit positive anti-S-IgG antibodies, especially among older individuals, those with comorbid diseases, and those with a longer time after the second vaccination dose.