COVID-19 Vaccination Programs Research Articles

A Scoping Review of Factors Affecting COVID-19 Vaccination Uptake and Deployment in Global Healthcare Systems

Introduction: COVID-19 vaccines were rapidly developed and deployed on a large scale during a global crisis. A range of deployment strategies were used globally to maximize vaccine uptake. In this scoping review, we identify and analyze the main healthcare system and policy factors that guided and influenced COVID-19 vaccination deployment and uptake globally. Materials and Methods: JBI guidelines, Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR), and the population, concept, and context (PCC) framework were applied. Studies on individual COVID-19 vaccination factors, such as vaccine hesitancy, were excluded. The search was last conducted in May 2024 yielding 26,686 articles from PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, Scopus, and COVID-19 websites. A total of 47 articles and 3 guidance documents were included. The results of the thematic analysis were mapped to the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR). Results: The results found the following healthcare system and policy factors as integral to COVID-19 vaccination: types of vaccine products, healthcare workforce capacity, procurement strategies, distribution and cold-chain capacity, partnership, coordination, and leadership, information, communication, and registration strategies, delivery models, organizations, the existing health systems and policies on prioritization of at-risk groups and deployment plans. Discussion: Globally, COVID-19 vaccination programs responded to the pandemic by leveraging and reforming the existing healthcare systems, relying on strong leadership and global cooperation (such as the COVID-19 Vaccines Global Access Initiative). Deployment was enabled by effective communication and adoption of innovative technologies using data-driven policies to create high vaccine demand while overcoming limited vaccine supply and rapidly adapting to uncertainties.

Abstract C176: Implementing HPV vaccination services in people living with HIV in Trinidad and Tobago: COVID-19 vaccination may have boosted HPV vaccination

Abstract Background: Globally, Caribbean countries are among the most heavily burdened by both HIV and cervical cancer (CCA). People living with HIV (PLWH) are more susceptible and vulnerable to cancer due to their immune-compromised status. There is a pressing need for clinic-based CCA prevention in PLWH. Objective: A preliminary quality improvement evaluation of the vaccination program targeting PLWH in Trinidad and Tobago from October 2018 to May 2024. Methodology: The electronic health information system from a large clinic was used to abstract HPV vaccination data. No personal identifiers were collected from the system to protect the privacy of individuals and abide by Trinidad and Tobago’s data protection law. Evaluation of quality improvement of interventions approach was applied. Descriptive analyses were conducted using SPSS. Results: A total of 5,615 PLWH were eligible to participate in the HPV Vaccination clinic from October 2018 to May 2024. The average age was 39.6 (age range: 18- 51); 51.4% were women and 48.6% were men. Most (81.7%) PLWH reported their sexual orientation was heterosexual. Among our participants, 62.4% were Afro-Caribbean, 18.6% were Mixed, and 7.4% were East Indian/Indian. The majority of PLWH completed at least secondary education (69.8%). Half were single (50.5%), and 42.1% were employed/self-employed. Among these HPV vaccine-eligible persons, 1,157 patients (20.6%) received HPV vaccines. For those who had received vaccines, 254 patients (22.0%) were vaccinated with at least 1dose of the HPV vaccine, 301 (26.0%) were vaccinated up to dose 2 HPV vaccine, and 602 (52.0%) were vaccinated up to dose 3 HPV vaccine. Importantly, of those who received the HPV vaccine, the rate of uptake varied for each year. The uptake of HPV vaccine from January to May 2024 was 10.5% and in 2023 it was 18.5%. The highest uptake was in 2021 which was 22.4% followed by that in 2022 which was 20.3%. Between 2018 and 2020, the uptakes were 13.7% for 2020, 12.1% for 2019, and 5.3% for 2018. Discussion: Overall, the HPV vaccination rate for PLWH was relatively low; only 1 in 5 was vaccinated. Still, we saw an interesting trend with the highest vaccination uptake during the peak years of COVID-19 vaccinations. Hence, our data suggest that the COVID-19 vaccination program may have boosted HPV vaccination. Given our lessons learned, our goal is to seek funding for an implementation and dissemination science approach for adopting, implementing, and sustaining clinic-based HPV-related cancer prevention by bundling services such as Pap-Testing, PSA testing and/or co-vaccination (e.g., flu, shingles) to improve reach and uptake towards reducing cancer-related morbidity and mortality among PLWH. Citation Format: Tessa Galindo, Jonathan Edwards, Gaole Song, Sharon Soyer, Selena Todd, Gregory Boyce, Kimlin Ashing, Jeffrey Edwards. Implementing HPV vaccination services in people living with HIV in Trinidad and Tobago: COVID-19 vaccination may have boosted HPV vaccination [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 17th AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2024 Sep 21-24; Los Angeles, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2024;33(9 Suppl):Abstract nr C176.

Public Health and Economic Impact of Periodic COVID-19 Vaccination with BNT162b2 for Old Adults and High-Risk Patients in an Illustrative Prefecture of Japan: A Budget Impact Analysis.

Japan will be transitioning from the free-of-charge COVID-19 vaccination program to annual periodic vaccination under a national immunization program for old adults and high-risk patients from 2024 fall/winter season. The policy transition including out-of-pocket payment requirement may discourage vaccination, leading to a lower vaccination rate. This study aimed to estimate the impact of varying vaccination rates with BNT162b2 COVID-19 mRNA vaccine on economics and public health in an illustrative prefecture which administers and promotes the periodic vaccination program, using budget impact analysis. A combined cohort Markov decision tree model estimated the public health outcomes of COVID-19-related symptomatic cases, hospitalizations and deaths; and the economic outcomes including vaccine-related cost, non-vaccine-related medical cost, and productivity loss from the societal perspective. The base case examined the impact on the outcomes when vaccination coverage changed from the reference value of 50% to upper and lower values, respectively. Scenario analyses were performed based on multiple scenarios. Increase in the vaccination rate demonstrated improvement in all public health outcomes. At 50% vaccination, the vaccine-related cost for 3years in a prefecture was estimated at JPY 7.58 billion (USD 57.67 million), the non-vaccine-related medical cost at JPY 79.22 billion (USD 602.48 million), the productivity loss at JPY 253.11 billion (USD 1.92 billion), and the total cost at JPY 339.92 billion (USD 2.59 billion). When the vaccination rate increased to 90%, the total cost decreased by JPY 4.88 billion (USD 37.11 million) (1.4%). When the vaccination rate decreased to 10%, the total cost increased by JPY 5.73 billion (USD 43.58 million) (1.7%). Results were consistent across almost all scenario analyses. Maintaining a high vaccination rate with BNT162b2 is important from both public health and economic perspectives in Japan. The findings highlight to local governments the importance of continued effort to promote vaccination.

Jurisdiction-level costs of the initial phase of the COVID-19 vaccination program in the United States, December 20, 2020–May 31, 2021

This study aimed to quantify U.S. jurisdiction-level costs related to the COVID-19 Vaccination Program by estimating the per-dose-administered cost during December 20, 2020–May 31, 2021, from a combined federal and local government perspective. Costs were limited to vaccine purchase, administration (including operations and wastage), and local redistribution by jurisdictions. Data were collected through publicly available sources, published literature, and a survey of 62 jurisdictions (38 responded). A total of 284.6 million doses of COVID-19 vaccine were distributed to jurisdictions during the study period, of which 284.2 million doses were administered, and 0.4 million doses were wasted. The estimated cost per-dose-administered among the 38 jurisdictions that responded to study survey was $57.45 and imputed cost across all jurisdictions was $63.11. The findings on jurisdiction-level cost per-dose-administered and vaccination cost during the initial period of U.S. COVID-19 Vaccination Program, when demand exceeded supply, may be considered in future pandemic preparedness planning.

COVID-19 Vaccination Program for Migrant and Refugee Women in Western Australia: Community-Led Approach and Decolonizing Practice Reflections

Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic disproportionately impacted culturally and racially marginalized (CARM) migrants in Australia, with communities having varying levels of accurate knowledge about COVID-19 vaccines. At the height of the pandemic, public health programs that prioritized colonial knowledge and practices resulted in negative social, economic, and health outcomes for CARM communities. To support access to COVID-19 vaccinations and equity in delivery, therefore, it is critical that awareness-raising programs are tailored to meet all communities’ intersecting needs. In this paper, we share our reflections on a community-led COVID-19 vaccination awareness program designed specifically for CARM migrant women in Perth, Western Australia. The program was led by CARM migrant women who delivered five public information sessions for women in the Pakistani, Iraqi, Chin, and Indonesian communities. This paper offers an overview of the program and critical reflections on the challenges involved in community-led programs that are underpinned by a commitment to decolonization.

Lessons learnt from the implementation of the Covid-19 vaccination programme in the Southwest of England.

Vaccination remains one of the most successful public health interventions in preventing severe disease and death. The roll-out of Covid-19 vaccination programmes has helped protect billions of people around the world against Covid-19. Most of these programmes have been unprecedented in terms of scale and resources, and have been implemented at times of significant humanitarian crisis. This study aims to outline the lessons learnt from the implementation of a regional Covid-19 vaccination programme. These will help inform emergency preparedness and future crisis management. This qualitative study sought to explore the key drivers to the successful implementation of the Covid-19 vaccination programme in a region in the Southwest of England, applying the Normalisation Process Theory lens (NPT) to examine multi-stakeholder perspectives. Data collection involved semi-structured interviews with 75 participants. Document analysis was also used to corroborate the findings emerging from the interviews. Inductive thematic analysis of the data was used to identify the key drivers for the successful implementation of the programme. The NPT lens was then applied to map the themes identified to the domains and constructs of the framework. Ten key drivers to the successful implementation of the Covid-19 vaccination programme locally were identified, including: the clarity and consistency of the programme's goal; the diverse representation of stakeholders within the programme leadership team and the mechanisms created by this team to ensure psychological safety, autonomy, operational flexibility and staff empowerment; Communication and data specialists' input, and collaboration with local communities to maximise the reach of the programme; and allocating funding to tackle health inequalities. This study highlights the lessons learnt from the implementation of the Covid-19 vaccination programme at a local level, and the mechanisms that can be used in future crises to respond efficiently to the needs of individuals, communities and governments.

Factors influencing knowledge, attitude, and behavior on COVID-19 vaccination program in Indonesia

Factors influencing knowledge, attitude, and behavior on COVID-19 vaccination program in Indonesia

Estimated number of lives directly saved by COVID-19 vaccination programmes in the WHO European Region from December, 2020, to March, 2023: a retrospective surveillance study

By March, 2023, 54 countries, areas, and territories (hereafter CAT) in the WHO European Region had reported more than 2·2 million COVID-19-related deaths to the WHO Regional Office for Europe. Here, we estimated how many lives were directly saved by vaccinating adults in the WHO European Region from December, 2020, to March, 2023. In this retrospective surveillance study, we estimated the number of lives directly saved by age group, vaccine dose, and circulating variant-of-concern (VOC) period, regionally and nationally, using weekly data on COVID-19 mortality and infection, COVID-19 vaccination uptake, and SARS-CoV-2 virus characterisations by lineage downloaded from The European Surveillance System on June 11, 2023, as well as vaccine effectiveness data from the literature. We included data for six age groups (25-49 years, 50-59 years, ≥60 years, 60-69 years, 70-79 years, and ≥80 years). To be included in the analysis, CAT needed to have reported both COVID-19 vaccination and mortality data for at least one of the four older age groups. Only CAT that reported weekly data for both COVID-19 vaccination and mortality by age group for 90% of study weeks or more in the full study period were included. We calculated the percentage reduction in the number of expected and reported deaths. Between December, 2020, and March, 2023, in 34 of 54 CAT included in the analysis, COVID-19 vaccines reduced deaths by 59% overall (CAT range 17-82%), representing approximately 1·6 million lives saved (range 1·5-1·7 million) in those aged 25 years or older: 96% of lives saved were aged 60 years or older and 52% were aged 80 years or older; first boosters saved 51% of lives, and 60% were saved during the Omicron period. Over nearly 2·5 years, most lives saved by COVID-19 vaccination were in older adults by first booster dose and during the Omicron period, reinforcing the importance of up-to-date vaccination among the most at-risk individuals. Further modelling work should evaluate indirect effects of vaccination and public health and social measures. US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

The Effect of Public Tolerance towards Corruptive Behaviour on Healthcare Efficiency and Equity – The Case of the UK’s COVID-19 Vaccination Programme

Over the past four years, the COVID-19 pandemic has caused significant uncertainty, suffering, and economic disruption worldwide. Consequently, governments have faced pressure to ensure fair vaccine access while achieving vaccination targets quickly. Such challenging circumstances can create opportunities for nepotism and bribery, increasing attention to corruption risks associated with the pandemic response. This study investigates the relationship between public attitudes towards corruptive behaviour and the efficiency and equity of the UK's COVID-19 vaccination programme. It combines primary data on public tolerance towards corruptive behaviour with secondary data on the efficiency of the vaccination program at the local authority level in England and Scottland. We employ a survival analysis approach, estimating Cox Proportional Hazards Models, which examine the time taken to reach vaccination targets. Our findings suggest moderate tolerance towards nepotism/favouritism and bribery among the British public, with 28% of survey participants considering monetary bribery and 34% considering nepotism/favouritism as acceptable means to secure early vaccination access. Moreover, while public tolerance towards corruptive behaviour generally had a negative impact on the efficiency of the vaccination programme, it appears to have expedited the vaccination rollout in politically aligned local authorities governed by the Conservative and Unionist Party. However, this positive effect on efficiency appears to have come at the expense of reduced equity in vaccine distribution. These findings underscore the trade-off between efficiency and equity in vaccine distribution during public health crises, emphasising the need for health policies that balance efficiency with equity to ensure fair and effective distribution of vaccines in the future.

Cohort study of cardiovascular safety of different COVID-19 vaccination doses among 46 million adults in England

The first dose of COVID-19 vaccines led to an overall reduction in cardiovascular events, and in rare cases, cardiovascular complications. There is less information about the effect of second and booster doses on cardiovascular diseases. Using longitudinal health records from 45.7 million adults in England between December 2020 and January 2022, our study compared the incidence of thrombotic and cardiovascular complications up to 26 weeks after first, second and booster doses of brands and combinations of COVID-19 vaccines used during the UK vaccination program with the incidence before or without the corresponding vaccination. The incidence of common arterial thrombotic events (mainly acute myocardial infarction and ischaemic stroke) was generally lower after each vaccine dose, brand and combination. Similarly, the incidence of common venous thrombotic events, (mainly pulmonary embolism and lower limb deep venous thrombosis) was lower after vaccination. There was a higher incidence of previously reported rare harms after vaccination: vaccine-induced thrombotic thrombocytopenia after first ChAdOx1 vaccination, and myocarditis and pericarditis after first, second and transiently after booster mRNA vaccination (BNT-162b2 and mRNA-1273). These findings support the wide uptake of future COVID-19 vaccination programs.

Costs of the COVID-19 vaccination programme: estimates from the West Rand district of South Africa, 2021/2022

BackgroundThe COVID-19 vaccination programme in South Africa was rolled out in February 2021 via five delivery channels- hospitals, primary healthcare (PHC), fixed, temporary, and mobile outreach channels. In this study, we estimated the financial and economic costs of the COVID-19 vaccination programme in the first year of roll out from February 2021 to January 2022 and one month prior, in one district of South Africa, the West Rand district.MethodsFinancial and economic costs were estimated from a public payer’s perspective using top-down and ingredient-based costing approaches. Data were collected on costs incurred at the national level and from the West Rand district. Total cost and cost per COVID-19 vaccine dose were estimated for each of the five delivery channels implemented in the district. In addition, we estimated vaccine delivery costs which we defined as total cost exclusive of vaccine procurement costs.ResultsTotal financial and economic costs were estimated at US$8.5 million and US$12 million, respectively; with a corresponding cost per dose of US$15.31 (financial) and US$21.85 (economic). The two biggest total cost drivers were vaccine procurement which contributed 73% and 51% to total financial and economic costs respectively, and staff time which contributed 10% and 36% to total financial and economic costs, respectively. Total vaccine delivery costs were estimated at US$2.1 million (financial) and US$5.7 million (economic); and the corresponding cost per dose at US$3.84 (financial) and US$10.38 (economic). Vaccine delivery cost per dose (financial/economic) was estimated at US$2.93/12.84 and US$2.45/5.99 in hospitals and PHCs, respectively, and at US$7.34/20.29, US$3.96/11.89 and US$24.81/28.76 in fixed, temporary and mobile outreach sites, respectively. Staff time was the biggest economic cost driver for vaccine delivery in PHCs and hospitals while per diems and staff time were the biggest economic cost drivers for vaccine delivery in the three outreach delivery channels.ConclusionThis study offers insights for budgeting and planning of COVID-19 vaccine delivery in South Africa’s public healthcare system. It also provides input for cost-effectiveness analyses to guide future strategies for maximizing vaccination coverage in the country.

Description of COVID-19 Vaccination Behavior in Rural and Urban Communities in Serang District

Public health status in Indonesia can be influenced by the implementation of healthy behavior in the community. There are differences in behavior between people in rural and urban areas and factors that can cause vaccine delays that have the potential to affect COVID-19 vaccination coverage in Indonesia. This study aims to determine the behavior of COVID-19 vaccination in rural and urban communities in Serang Regency. This study used a descriptive research design with a quantitative approach which was conducted in October−November 2021 with a sample of 334 people aged 18−59 years. The results showed that the vaccination status of the respondents was complete dose (rural 65.3% and urban 70.3%), waiting for dose 2 (rural 22.4% and urban 18.6%), and dose 1 had been received but the dosing schedule 2 had passed (rural 12.3% and urban 11.1%). Three perceptions that are still low in percentage are perceptions of vulnerability, perceptions of obstacles, and cues to act. Some of the reasons for stopping the termination of COVID-19 in the community are not yet feeling that they will have severe symptoms if exposed to COVID-19, feeling confused about information related to COVID-19, not being able to carry out COVID-19 vaccinations because the schedule for COVID-19 vaccination program coincides with other activities, did not receive an invitation from the local government to vaccinate against COVID-19, vaccinate because people in their environment had vaccinated against COVID-19, did not receive support from cadres or religious leaders for the COVID-19 vaccination. Improved policy behavior can be improved by changing perceptions of vulnerability to COVID-19, reducing barriers, and also providing cues according to education through social media with the key message of spending the full dose of vaccine.

Physicians’ perspectives on COVID-19 vaccinations for children: a qualitative exploration in Ontario, Canada

ObjectivesParents’ decisions to vaccinate their children against COVID-19 are complex and often informed by discussions with primary care physicians. However, little is known about physicians’ perspectives on COVID-19 vaccinations for...

The cost of adding rapid screening for diabetes, hypertension, and COVID-19 to COVID-19 vaccination queues in Johannesburg, South Africa

BackgroundNon-communicable diseases (NCDs) are responsible for 51% of total mortality in South Africa, with a rising burden of hypertension (HTN) and diabetes mellitus (DM). Incorporating NCDs and COVID-19 screening into mass activities such as COVID-19 vaccination programs could offer significant long-term benefits for early detection interventions. However, there is limited knowledge of the associated costs and resources required. We evaluated the cost of integrating NCD screening and COVID-19 antigen rapid diagnostic testing (Ag-RDT) into a COVID-19 vaccination program.MethodsWe conducted a prospective cost analysis at three public sector primary healthcare clinics and one academic hospital in Johannesburg, South Africa, conducting vaccinations. Participants were assessed for eligibility and recruited during May-Dec 2022. Costs were estimated from the provider perspective using a bottom-up micro-costing approach and reported in 2022 USD.ResultsOf the 1,376 enrolled participants, 240 opted in to undergo a COVID-19 Ag-RDT, and none tested positive for COVID-19. 138 (10.1%) had elevated blood pressure, with 96 (70%) having no prior HTN diagnosis. 22 (1.6%) were screen-positive for DM, with 12 (55%) having no prior diagnosis. The median cost per person screened for NCDs was $1.70 (IQR: $1.38-$2.49), respectively. The average provider cost per person found to have elevated blood glucose levels and blood pressure was $157.99 and $25.19, respectively. Finding a potentially new case of DM and HTN was $289.65 and $36.21, respectively. For DM and DM + HTN screen-positive participants, diagnostic tests were the main cost driver, while staff costs were the main cost driver for DM- and HTN screen-negative and HTN screen-positive participants. The median cost per Ag-RDT was $5.95 (IQR: $5.55-$6.25), with costs driven mainly by test kit costs.ConclusionsWe show the cost of finding potentially new cases of DM and HTN in a vaccine queue, which is an essential first step in understanding the feasibility and resource requirements for such initiatives. However, there is a need for comparative economic analyses that include linkage to care and retention data to fully understand this cost and determine whether opportunistic screening should be added to general mass health activities.

The impact of the COVID-19 vaccination programme on symptomatic and severe SARS-CoV-2 infection during a period of Omicron variant dominance in Ireland, December 2021 to March 2023.

BackgroundAs Ireland prepared for an autumn 2023 COVID-19 vaccination booster campaign, there was concern that vaccine fatigue would affect uptake, which has been abating.AimThis study aimed to quantify the direct impact of the COVID-19 vaccination programme in Ireland on averted COVID-19-related outcomes including symptomatic presentations to primary care/community testing centres, emergency department (ED) presentations, hospitalisations, intensive care unit (ICU) admissions and deaths, in individuals aged ≥ 50 years, during Omicron dominance.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective observational COVID-19 vaccine impact study in December 2021-March 2023 in Ireland. We used national data on notified outcomes and vaccine coverage, as well as vaccine effectiveness (VE) estimates, sourced from the World Health Organization's live systematic review of VE, to estimate the count and prevented fraction of outcomes in ≥ 50-year-olds averted by the COVID-19 vaccination programme in this age group.ResultsThe COVID-19 vaccination programme averted 48,551 symptomatic COVID-19 presentations to primary care/community testing centres (36% of cases expected in the absence of vaccination), 9,517 ED presentations (53% of expected), 102,160 hospitalisations (81% of expected), 3,303 ICU admissions (89% of expected) and 15,985 deaths (87% of expected).ConclusionsWhen Omicron predominated, the COVID-19 vaccination programme averted symptomatic and severe COVID-19 cases, including deaths due to COVID-19. In line with other international vaccine impact studies, these findings emphasise the benefits of COVID-19 vaccination for population health and the healthcare system and are relevant for informing COVID-19 booster vaccination programmes, pandemic preparedness and communicating the reason for and importance of COVID-19 vaccination in Ireland and internationally.

Patient-Reported Outcomes in COVID-19 Treatment with Monoclonal Antibodies Reveal Benefits in Return to Usual Activities.

This study aimed to assess the effects of a monoclonal antibody (mAb) combination on symptoms, daily function, and overall health-related quality of life. We analyzed patient-reported outcomes data from symptomatic outpatients in a phase1/2/3 trial. Patients with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection and ≥ 1 risk factor for severe COVID-19 received mAb treatment (casirivimab plus imdevimab 1200mg) or placebo. Prespecified exploratory assessments included time to sustained symptoms resolution, usual health, and return to usual activities (assessed daily for 29days). The trial was conducted from September 2020 to February 2021, prior to widespread COVID-19 vaccination programs and Omicron-lineage variants against which casirivimab + imdevimab is not active. In this analysis 736 outpatients received mAb and 1341 received placebo. Median time to sustained symptoms resolution was consistently shorter with mAb versus placebo (≥ 2consecutive days: 14 vs 17days, [nominal p = 0.0017]; ≥ 3 consecutive days: 17vs 21days, [nominal p = 0.0046]). Median time to sustained return to usual health and usual activities were both consistently shorter with mAb versus placebo (≥ 2 consecutive days: 12vs 15days [nominal p = 0.0001] and 9 vs 11days [nominal p = 0.0001], respectively; ≥ 3 consecutive days: 14 vs 18days [nominal p = 0.0003] and 10 vs 13days [nominal p = 0.0041], respectively). mAb treatment against susceptible SARS-CoV-2 strains improved how patients feel and function, as evidenced by shortened time to sustained symptoms resolution and return to usual health and activities. Future studies are warranted to assess the patient experience with next generation mAbs. GOV: Registration number, NCT04425629; Submission date June 11, 2020.

Public Perception of the COVID-19 Vaccine: Literature Review

Introduction: Community perceptions of COVID-19 vaccines are responses or acceptance based on the information obtained regarding beliefs about the halal status of vaccines, willingness to be vaccinated, and the capacity of healthcare workers providing the COVID-19 vaccine. This is due to numerous issues affecting information about the COVID-19 vaccine. These facts have encouraged the government to enhance the COVID-19 vaccination program within the community. Objective: This study aims to explore and analyze the public perception of the COVID-19 vaccine. It seeks to identify key factors influencing attitudes towards the vaccine, including trust in health authorities, misinformation, demographic variables, and socio-political influences. The objective is to provide a comprehensive understanding of the drivers of vaccine acceptance and hesitancy to inform public health interventions. Method: This writing uses a literature review method. It involves searching for and filtering articles that meet predetermined criteria through inclusion criteria. In this writing, scientific articles were found using Google Scholar with search keywords "community perceptions," "knowledge," and "COVID-19 vaccine." Result: The study revealed a complex landscape of public perception regarding the COVID-19 vaccine. Trust in health authorities and exposure to misinformation emerged as significant factors impacting perceptions. There is a relationship between knowledge and community behavior, education level and vaccination history with knowledge, religion with community attitudes, and COVID-19 vaccination history. Conclusion: Knowledge influences community perceptions of the COVID-19 vaccine. Therefore, it is necessary to provide comprehensive and equitable information to all communities about the usefulness, safety of the COVID-19 vaccine, and all updated information regarding the COVID-19 vaccine.

Cost-effectiveness analysis of NVX-CoV2373 COVID-19 vaccination for elderly people in Japan

BackgroundNVX-CoV2373 is one of the vaccines marketed for COVID-19 prevention in Japan. Information on its cost-effectiveness is important for making well-informed decisions on the future of Japan’s COVID-19 vaccination programme from the public healthcare payer’s perspective. The aim of this study was to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of NVX-CoV2373 vaccination in the elderly Japanese population. MethodsTwo analysis populations that included elderly Japanese individuals (aged ≥ 65 years) were defined in this study: those who had not received a COVID-19 vaccine or had not completed a primary vaccination series (i.e., first two vaccinations) with an approved COVID-19 vaccine (analysis population 1), and those who had received two primary vaccinations with an approved COVID-19 vaccine (analysis population 2). A literature-informed Markov model for each analysis population was developed to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of vaccination with NVX-CoV2373 against no vaccination with NVX-CoV2373 from the public healthcare payer’s perspective as a base-case analysis and from the societal perspective as a scenario analysis. Vaccine efficacy was estimated from a phase 3 study of NVX-CoV2373 (EudraCT number: 2020–004123-16). Cost-effectiveness was assessed using a willingness-to-pay threshold of Japanese yen (JPY) 5 million per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY). Deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were also performed. ResultsFor analysis population 1, NVX-CoV2373 primary and booster vaccinations would reduce costs by JPY 37,647 and prolong QALYs by 0.01601. Therefore, NVX-CoV2373 primary and booster vaccinations were considered to be dominant over no vaccination. For analysis population 2, an NVX-CoV2373 booster vaccination would increase costs by JPY 5010 and prolong QALYs by 0.00550, with the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of JPY 910,566 per QALY gained. ConclusionsOur analyses suggest that a vaccination strategy with NVX-CoV2373 is cost-effective in the elderly population (aged ≥ 65 years) of Japan.

Implementing a COVID-19 vaccination outreach service for people experiencing homelessness.

In 2021, the Australian government implemented a population wide COVID-19 vaccination program. People experiencing homelessness faced challenges accessing vaccines and many were not being reached. By reorienting vaccination services to include assertive outreach strategies, a Brisbane-based non-profit health care team successfully administered 2065 COVID-19 vaccinations to homeless and precariously housed people. This study examines insights from stakeholders delivering the service and perspectives of clients who received a vaccine. Semi-structured interviews with five stakeholders and a survey of 63 clients involved in the Micah Projects COVID-19 vaccination program are reported. Client survey questions covered demographic characteristics, and motivations and hesitancies around vaccination. Stakeholder interviews were inductively analysed and quantitative survey data were exported into SPSS (IBM V27) and analysed using descriptive statistics. The Micah Projects team initiated 220 pop-up vaccination clinics and worked closely with Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities. Downsizing and mobilising the service engaged greater numbers of people sleeping rough and Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people. Clients' decisions to vaccinate were often spontaneous, driven by immediate availability and motivated by a desire to stay healthy and protect the community. Tailoring vaccination programs to include assertive outreach strategies effectively reduces barriers for people experiencing homelessness. Community embeddedness, trust, flexibility and cultural safety are critical elements for success. SO WHAT?: People experiencing homelessness are motivated to vaccinate. Reorientating health services to remove structural barriers and build the supportive environments needed to work through vaccine hesitancies are critical elements to ensure equitable access and promote health.

Hubungan Pemberian Program Vaksinasi Dengan Tingkat Kecemasan Pada Masyarakat Saat Pandemic Covid-19 Di Daerah RT 02 Desa Bojong Baru Kabupaten Bogor Tahun 2021

The COVID-19 vaccination program is a new program initiated by the government to create herd immunity for COVID-19 with a target target of 70% of the population. Vaccination turns out to provide its own anxiety for the community. Anxiety occurs during the Covid-19 pandemic and is also felt when there is a vaccination program in the community. To find out the relationship between the vaccination program and the level of anxiety in the community during the Covid-19 pandemic in the Rt. 02 Bojong Baru Village, Bogor Regency in 2021. The type of research used is descriptive correlation research using a cross sectional study approach. Based on the results of the Spearman rank test, there is a correlation or relationship between the administration of the vaccination program and the level in the Rt.