COVID-19 Situation Research Articles

Continuation of Learning During COVID-19 Situation in Nepal

This study explored the obstacles and ways of continuation for learning faced by school teachers during and after the COVID-19 situation. The quantitative cross-sectional survey research design was adopted. All the school teachers of Nepal were the population for this study and the sample size was 226. The online survey method was adopted for the data collection tools. A set of closed and open-ended questionnaires were distributed to respondents and data was collected using Google Forms. The study seeks the relationship between the independent variables (age, experience of teaching, school location, teacher’s residence, access to the internet, access to digital devices, knowledge about ICTs interest in online teaching) and dependent variables (continuation of online teaching). It was found that the community teaching and homework/ assignment methods were applicable to the rural areas. Continuing online teaching would be inconvenient for the students who had no internet access. According to the teacher's response, it was found that about 90% of students had no access to the internet. Although online teaching was suitable for the COVID-19 situation, it was biased for the maximum number of students. The teacher's interest and the obstacles in the online class and continuation of learning are significantly co-related (0.003 and 0.000 respectively). There was no significant difference between male and female teachers in continuation for online learning but a greater percentage of males are involved in online classes than females. The experienced teachers equally continued their learning of digital skills. There was a problem with the internet/ wifi/ 3G/ 4G network in rural areas. Teacher adjusted their teaching and learning activities even if they had no access to a laptop. The study concludes that teachers are ready for online classes and they regularly update their digital skills with changing times but digital divides created a serious problem with conducting online classes. So, the Government of Nepal should pay attention to teacher training, integration of digital skills in the curriculum, and proper allocation of budget for infrastructure development.

A comprehensive survey on exploring and analyzing COVID-19 mobile apps: Meta and exploratory analysis

During the current COVID-19 pandemic, many digital solutions around the world have been proposed to cope with the deadly virus but the role of mobile-based applications is dominant one. In Pakistan, during the current COVID-19 pandemic, an array of mobile health applications (apps) and platforms have been launched to grapple with the impacts of the COVID-19 situation. In this survey, our major focus is to explore and analyze the starring role of mobile apps based on the features and functionalities to tackle the COVID-19 disease, particularly in Pakistan. In this study, over fifty (50) mobile apps have been scrapped from the well-known three different sources i.e. Google Play Store, iOS Play Store, and web source. We developed our own data set after searching through the different play stores. We have designed two criteria such that the first criteria are known as eligibility criteria, while the second one is known as assessment criteria. The features and functions of each mobile app are pinpointed and discussed against the parameters of the assessment criteria. The major parameters of assessment criteria are: (i) Home monitoring; (ii) COVID-19 awareness; (iii) contact tracing; (iv) telemedicine; (v) health education; (vi) COVID-19 surveillance; (vii) self-assessment; (viii) security; and (ix) accessibility. This study conducted exploratory analysis and quantitative meta-data analysis by adopting PRISMA guidelines. This survey article is not only discussing the function and features of each COVID-19-centered app in Pakistan, but it also sheds light on the limitations of every mobile app as well. The results of this survey might be helpful for the mobile developers to review the current app products and enhance the existing mobile platforms targeted towards the COVID-19 pandemic. This is the first attempt of its kind to present a state-of-the-art survey of the COVID-19-centered mobile health apps in Pakistan.

Interplay of Crises: Mapping the Scientific Landscape of Intersecting Themes in the Covid-19 Pandemic and the Russian-Ukraine War

Background: In February 2022, Russian Federation troops attacked Ukraine on several fronts, thereby starting a war that continues to this day. The invasion garnered worldwide opposition, leading to sanctions imposed on politicians and corporations in the Russian Federation. The war has also left its mark on art, culture, and science. Methods: In this study, we analyse the war in Ukraine and how scholars around the world have examined it. The analysis is divided into three parts: (1) a comprehensive review of the number of articles and conference proceedings related to the Russia-Ukraine war in the Web of Science (WoS) disciplines/categories; (2) the main topics and directions chosen by the authors; and (3) a summary of studies focused on COVID-19 during the war. The latter topic is particularly important, as the COVID-19 situation in Ukraine was already complex before the 2022 invasion, and the ongoing military actions have further exacerbated it. For the above analyses, we utilised a WoS database from 2014 (covering the first Russian attack on Crimea, Donetsk and Luhansk regions) through December 2022. Results and Conclusions: For academics, the war in Ukraine has become a significant subject of study. As it proliferated, culminating in a direct mass attack in February 2022, research efforts involved more and more scientific fields. These fields range from political science and sociology research to psychology and marketing to engineering science or supply chains.

Effects of physical inactivity behavior during COVID-19 pandemic on physical fitness, body composition, inflammatory cytokine, and immunocytes in older adults: A retrospective and prospective study

The prolonged period of COVID-19 has ingrained physical inactivity as a habit, leading to a reluctance to move. This has resulted in a decline in physical fitness and the loss of a healthy body composition. While this trend is particularly noticeable among the older adults, its impact on the immune cell defense system, which is crucial for minimizing viral infections, remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the physical fitness, body composition, cytokines and immunocytes of older adults who engaged in physical activity (PA) before the COVID-19 pandemic but had to stop it due to the lockdown. A total of 172 older adults aged 61 to 85 years participated in this study: 90 in non-PA group (NPAG, 34 men and 56 women), and 82 in PA group (PAG, 29 men and 53 women). Physical inactivity was 45.13 ± 5.67 weeks in the NPAG and 1.70 ± 0.43 weeks in the PAG. Although there was no significant difference in calorie intake, PA volume showed a significant decrease in NPGA (P < 0.001). VO₂max, strength, and sit-ups decreased in NPAG, whereas they maintained or increased in PAG (Ps < 0.001). NPAG experienced an increase in fat mass (∼33.0 %), along with a decrease in muscle mass (∼10.4 %), but PAG showed slight increases (∼1.1 % vs. ∼1.5 %, Ps < 0.001). Interleukin-6 (∼38.9 %), tumor necrosis factor-α (∼38.3 %), and C-reactive protein (∼33.6 %) increased, whereas immunocytes decreased in NPAG (Ps < 0.001). In contrast, those in PAG showed the opposite phenomenon. This study indicates that even during the COVID-19 situation, maintaining active PA in the older adults helps retain beneficial physical fitness and body composition, reduces inflammatory factors, and contributes to preserving or enhancing the function of immunocytes.

COVID-2019—A Personal Account of an Academic Institute’s Response to the Pandemic

The unprecedented introduction and spread of SARS-CoV-2, responsible for the COVID-19 epidemic, had many varied and unanticipated consequences for the United States and other countries. In addition to the direct effects of human infection, multiple industries, commodities, and jobs were impacted. This review describes the impact on an academic institution, with a chronological account of events related to constantly changing perceptions and understanding of the pandemic. Although a personal account, the objective is to document how leadership was able to adjust to circumstances in order to support research activities, student education, and the academic goals of our land grant university. It is hoped that these examples will inspire and better prepare us for a subsequent event and avoid what for the COVID-19 situation might be summarized as a progression from procrastination-pandemic-panic-pandemonium-endemic

Cross- and Context-Aware Attention Based Spatial-Temporal Graph Convolutional Networks for Human Mobility Prediction

The COVID-19 pandemic has dramatically transformed human mobility patterns. Therefore, human mobility prediction for the “new normal” is crucial to infrastructure redesign, emergency management, and urban planning post the pandemic. This paper aims to predict people’s number of visits to various locations in New York City using COVID and mobility data in the past two years. To quantitatively model the impact of COVID cases on human mobility patterns and predict mobility patterns across the pandemic period, this paper develops a model CCAAT-GCN ( C ross- and C ontext- A ttention based Spatial-Temporal G raph C onvolutional N etworks). The proposed model is validated using SafeGraph data in New York City from August 2020 to April 2022. A rich set of baselines are performed to demonstrate the performance of our proposed model. Results demonstrate the superior performance of our proposed method. Also, the attention matrix learned by our model exhibits a strong alignment with the COVID-19 situation and the points of interest within the geographic region. This alignment suggests that the model effectively captures the intricate relationships between COVID-19 case rates and human mobility patterns. The developed model and findings can offer insights into the mobility pattern prediction for future disruptive events and pandemics, so as to assist with emergency preparedness for planners, decision-makers and policymakers.

Comparison of the Burden and Temporal Pattern of Hospitalisations Associated With Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Before and After COVID-19 in New Zealand.

Changes in the epidemiology of illnesses caused by respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection following the COVID-19 pandemic are reported. The New Zealand (NZ) COVID-19 situation was unique; RSV community transmission was eliminated with the 2020 border closure, with a rapid and large increase in hospitalizations following the relaxation of social isolation measures and the opening of an exclusive border with Australia. This active population-based surveillance compared the age-specific incidence and seasonality of RSV-associated hospitalizations in Auckland, NZ, for 2 years before and after the 2020 border closures. Hospitalisation rates between years were compared by age, ethnicity (European/other, Māori, Pacific and Asian) and socioeconomic group (1 = least, 5 = most deprived). There was no RSV transmission in 2020. In all other years, hospitalisation rates were highest for people of Pacific versus other ethnic groups and for people living in the most deprived quintile of households. RSV hospitalisation rates were higher in 2021 and 2022 than in 2018-19. The epidemic peak was higher in 2021, but not 2022, and the duration was shorter than in 2018-19. In 2021, the increase in RSV hospitalisation rates was significant across all age, sex, ethnic and socioeconomic groups. In 2022, the increase in hospitalisation rates was only significant in one age (1- < 3 years), one ethnic (Asian) and one socioeconomic group (quintile 2). COVID pandemic responses altered RSV-related hospitalisation seasonal patterns. Atypical features of RSV hospitalisation epidemiology were the increase in rates in older children and young adults, which lessened in 2022. Despite these variations, RSV hospitalisations in NZ continue to disproportionately affect individuals of Pacific ethnicity and those living in more socioeconomically deprived households. Whilst future public health strategies focused on RSV disease mitigation need to consider the potential shifts in epidemiological patterns when the transmission is disrupted, these variances must be considered in the context of longer-standing patterns of unequal disease distribution.

코로나19 상황 보육교사의 어려움에 대한 개념도 연구

Objectives The purpose of this study is to explore the contents of the difficulties experienced by day care Teachers under the COVID-19 situation using the concept mapping and to verify how much they sympathize with the contents of the difficulties. Methods This study was conducted according to the concept mapping proposed by Kane and Trochim(2007). After interviewing 12 target day care teachers who met the study, 62 statements were finally decided, and a multidimensional scale method was conducted based on the group similarity matrix. Furthermore, dimensions and clusters were named through hierarchical cluster analysis. Results Among the final statements, everyone agreed that they experienced difficulties in carrying out government guidelines that differed from the field in the COVID-19 situation. Furthermore, Two dimensions were named as the dimension of ‘childcare activity-class operation management’ on the X (horizontal) axis and the dimension of ‘Nursery internal factor-Nursery external factor’ on the Y (vertical) axis. Next, 3 clusters were named as ‘cluster 1. teacher role performance’, ‘cluster 2. government guidelines performance’, and ‘cluster 3. stress from a lot of work’. Conclusions Through the results of this study, the contents of the difficulties experienced by day care teachers under the special situation of the COVID-19 pandemic were identified. Therefore, it can be used to establish basic data that can provide help for practical intervention in the situation of infectious diseases that may occur later.

COVID-19 상황의 초등 체육교과 표현 영역 관련 연구 탐색

This study aims to explore previous research on the expression area of elementary school physical education subjects in the COVID-19 situation. Accordingly, we consider the direction of research in the expression area of non-face-to-face classes that have replaced face-to-face classes. Moreover, this study anticipates the stabilization and sharing of various teaching methods by supplementing existing online classes at present and the smooth progression of expression area classes. This study is a literature review on the Korean Journal Citation Index (KCI), a system that analyzes citation relationships between papers by converting journal information, paper information, and references from academic organizations publishing academic journals registered (candidate) by the National Research Foundation of Korea into a database. Data were collected and analyzed from KCI. The findings are as follows. First, in expression research, various methods have been investigated to conduct classes appropriately by combining the advantages of existing face-to-face classes prior to the COVID-19 period and non-face-to-face classes using online devices during the COVID-19 era. Second, to ensure that classes in the area of expression run smoothly, research was conducted on restructuring and re-systemizing the curriculum so that online classes and physical activity-centered offline classes can run concurrently. Furthermore, research was conducted to develop teaching methods for online and offline expression areas, research content, and a platform to use teaching content. Such method will be disseminated for implementation.

A Study on the Factors on SEEEM of Secondary Education Students during Thailand’s COVID-19 Situation: Using Machine Learning in Analytics

A Study on the Factors on SEEEM of Secondary Education Students during Thailand’s COVID-19 Situation: Using Machine Learning in Analytics

Analyzing the Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Economies of Major European Sports Clubs in 2020

We aim to investigate the impact of the COVID-19 crisis on the economies of major European sports clubs, including those in England, Spain, Germany, Italy, and France.This study identifies the repercussions of the suspension of numerous professional sports leagues worldwide, putting hundreds of thousands of jobs at risk and affecting the revenues of the sports industry due to the COVID-19 pandemic.This study utilized data obtained from European football leagues for the year 2020 to examine the impact of the COVID-19 situation on major European clubs. Through analysis, we described the effects of the pandemic on these clubs.Key findings include the suspension of numerous professional sports leagues worldwide due to the COVID-19 pandemic, posing a risk to hundreds of thousands of jobs. Additionally, the pandemic had a significant impact on sports industry revenues globally in 2020. Specifically, it was observed that English Premier League clubs' sports companies were particularly affected, experiencing losses ranging between 1.15 and 1.25 billion euros.The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly impacted the economy of major world clubs' sports companies, leading to a decline exacerbated by increased indebtedness. With competitions suspended and revenue sources such as match tickets, advertising, and television rights diminished, clubs faced economic strain, lacking the subsidies necessary to cover their financial burdens.

Development of a Smartwatch with Gas and Environmental Sensors for Air Quality Monitoring.

In recent years, there has been a growing interest in developing portable and personal devices for measuring air quality and surrounding pollutants, partly due to the need for ventilation in the aftermath of COVID-19 situation. Moreover, the monitoring of hazardous chemical agents is a focus for ensuring compliance with safety standards and is an indispensable component in safeguarding human welfare. Air quality measurement is conducted by public institutions with high precision but costly equipment, which requires constant calibration and maintenance by highly qualified personnel for its proper operation. Such devices, used as reference stations, have a low spatial resolution since, due to their high cost, they are usually located in a few fixed places in the city or region to be studied. However, they also have a low temporal resolution, providing few samples per hour. To overcome these drawbacks and to provide people with personalized and up-to-date air quality information, a personal device (smartwatch) based on MEMS gas sensors has been developed. The methodology followed to validate the performance of the prototype was as follows: firstly, the detection capability was tested by measuring carbon dioxide and methane at different concentrations, resulting in low detection limits; secondly, several experiments were performed to test the discrimination capability against gases such as toluene, xylene, and ethylbenzene. principal component analysis of the data showed good separation and discrimination between the gases measured.

Factors Influencing Parenting Burden of Married Working Women after the COVID-19 Pandemic

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between married working women’s burden of raising children in the COVID-19 situation. Methods: A total of 709 married working women were selected from the 8th Female Family Panel Longitudinal Survey (KLoWF) database. Parenting burden, COVID-19 characteristics, and working environment characteristics were calculated based on responses from KLoWF. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to evaluate crude and coordinated associations using PASW 18.0. Results: There was an independently positive association between excessive working hours (b = 0.18, p &lt; 0.001), irregular working hours (b = 0.13, p = 0.022), temporal oppression on workload (b = 0.19, p &lt; 0.001), changes in domestic labor after COVID-19 (b = 0.10, p = 0.022) and association between parenting burden in women workers after the COVID-19 pandemic adjusting for socio-demographics. And negative association between changes in marital relationship after COVID-19 (b = -0.21, p = 0.044) and between parenting burden in women workers after adjusting for socio-demographics. Conclusions: This study suggests that it is an important factor in the parenting burden of married female workers after COVID-19. The findings will help policymakers design measures to reduce the parenting burden of married female workers in the event of an infectious disease.

블렌디드 러닝을 적용한 대학의 실기·실습수업 운영사례와 개선방안 탐색

The COVID-19 situation has unexpectedly forced universities to apply blended learning, a combination of traditional offline and online learning, to both the theoretical and practical classes. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the cases of practical classes in universities that applied blended learning in a non-in-person situation and to find out problems and future improvements. For this purpose, three practical and laboratory courses in three departments (Sports Science, Nursing, and Dental Hygiene) of S University were selected, and the operating procedures, class satisfaction, operating limitations, and improvement plans were presented, focusing on class cases. As a result of studying the problems focusing on the cases of blended learning practical classes, the lack of online contents, difficulties in communication and interaction, gap between the quality of education and reality, and problems with student motivation were found and measures for improvements were found. The need for establishing practical education models and strategies at the university level, specific standards and management guidelines, sharing and standardization of educational contents, and training on learning methods was presented.

EXPLORING THE ASSIMILATION OF SELF-LEARNING &amp; INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY (ICT) IN HIGHER EDUCATION: COVID-19 PANDEMIC PERSPECTIVE IN INDIA

This article delves into the evolving landscape of ‘Self-learning’ within the area of higher education in India. With the proliferation of technology and digital resources, ‘Self-learning’ has emerged as a prominent alternative or complement to traditional classroom-based education. The article reviewed and examines the drives behind the rise of self-learning, including the accessibility of online platforms, the demand for flexible learning opportunities, and the need for continuous skilling in a rapidly changing world. Furthermore, it explores the challenges and opportunities associated with self-learning in the Indian context, such as issues of digital divide, quality assurance, and recognition of self-taught skills. Now-a-days Distance mode of education (non formal education) in Higher Education is very much popular and effective in India and the Self-learning concept is very much essential for achieving the goal. This paper reviews the existing literature on the connection of self-learning and Information and Communication Technology (ICT). With the proliferation of digital tools and platforms, ICT has significantly influenced self-learning practices, enabling learners to access resources, collaborate with peers, and personalize their learning experiences. Reviewing previous empirical studies, theoretical frameworks, literatures this study is aimed on the impact of ICT on various aspects of self-learning, including accessibility, engagement, effectiveness and inclusivity. Additionally, it explores the barriers hindering effective implementation, including issues of accessibility, digital literacy, and privacy concerns. The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted education systems worldwide, prompting a rapid shift towards remote and self-directed learning modalities. In India, where the pandemic has exacerbated existing educational inequities, self-learning has emerged as a critical strategy to ensure continuity of education. This paper also discussed the impact of the COVID-19 situation on self-learning in India, exploring the challenges faced by learners and educators, as well as the opportunities for innovation and suggestions for enhancement. KEYWORDS: Self-learning, Higher Education, ICT, COVID-19, Online-Learning, Digital Resource, Digital divide, Distance Education

대학생의 애착불안, 부정정서 회피를 위한 SNS 사용, COVID-19로 인한 지각된 스트레스가 우울에 미치는 영향

Objectives The purpose of this study is to test the mediating effect of perceived stress due to COVID-19, using social media to avoid negative emotions in the process of influencing depression of college students' attachment anxiety. Methods To this end, data from 279 male and female college students in Korea were collected through an online survey from October 15 to October 25, 2020, SPSS 20.0 was used for technical statistics and correlation analysis, and Mplus 7.0 program was used for structural model and mediating effect verification. Results The main results of this study are as follows. First, the attachment anxiety of college students showed a significant positive correlation with the use of social media to avoid negative emotions, perceived stress and de-pression caused by COVID-19. Second, the mediating effect of using social media to avoid negative emotions was confirmed in the relationship between attachment anxiety and depression. Third, the mediating effect of per-ceived stress due to COVID-19 was confirmed in the relationship between attachment anxiety and depression. Finally, it was found that the double mediating effect of social media use to avoid perceived stress and negative emotions caused by COVID-19 was significant in the effect of attachment anxiety of college students on depression. Conclusions Taken together, it was found that college students with attachment anxiety perceived stress caused by COVID-19 higher. In addition, they used social media as a way to avoid negative emotions, which affected depression. This study is meaningful in that it revealed the link between social media use and depression among young people and the psychological mechanism that affects depression among college students in the COVID-19 situation in a situation where face-to-face activities have been reduced and non-face-to-face interpersonal rela-tionships have been recommended.

Understanding Romanian Generational Preferences and Travel Decision-Making When Choosing a Rural Destination

The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly altered consumer behavior and reshaped the tourism industry, particularly impacting travel destination choices. Pre-pandemic, travelers prioritized experiences and adventure, often overlooking health and safety concerns. However, during and after the pandemic, health, hygiene, and the COVID-19 situation emerged as crucial factors in choosing a rural destination, alongside economic considerations. The current study analyzed the tourists’ preferences in the North-West development region of Romania when choosing a rural destination. An online survey was conducted, and 563 questionnaires were validated in the end. The principal component analysis used to analyze the collected data led to a two-factor solution: “sanitary and administrative” and “economic and social”. Comparative analysis based on age showed significant differences in education, income, and family composition between Generation Y and Generation Z. Preferences for domestic destinations and participation in festivals were higher among Generation Z, while interest in international travel was comparable between the generations. These findings provide insights into the evolving travel behaviors and preferences of different age groups in the wake of the pandemic.

Investigation on the joint travel behavior in bike sharing systems during the COVID-19 pandemic: Insights from New York City

As the COVID-19 pandemic worsened, many people saw bikes as one of the safest means of transportation in the hard-hit cities. All the bike sharing utilization patterns during the pandemic are worthy of careful attention. However, there is still a lack of comprehensive understanding of niche but notable cycling behaviors, such as multi-person round trip (MPRT), defined as two or more cyclists intentionally riding together then returning bikes to the original docking station. This study extends the relevant literature by firstly proposing a MPRT identification framework based on individual bike sharing trip records, with consideration of interpersonal relationships between co-travelers, as well as the specificity of round trips against one-way trips. Taking New York City as a case study, this study examines the changes over space and time of MPRT frequencies from 2019 (i.e. pre-pandemic period) to 2020 (i.e. pandemic period), and the reasons for it. Notably, special consideration of the aforementioned analysis is paid to the influence of the real-time situation of COVID-19 in terms of cases, deaths, hospitalizations, and tests. Results reveal that (1) the MPRT frequencies obey a long tail distribution, both prior to and during the COVID-19 outbreak; (2) the group size, temporal patterns and co-traveler community are profoundly affected by the COVID-19 outbreak; (3) four indicators related to COVID-19 show different influences on co-travelers over time; (4) bike sharing availability and personal economic situation are closely related with MPRT frequencies. These findings can help develop more targeted strategies for improving the operation of a bike sharing system to meet the possible diversified demands of cyclists during the future pandemics.

The Strategies of Persuasion in Political Discourse: A Comparative Analysis of the Political Speeches of Arab and Non-Arab Leaders During Covid-19 Pandemic

This paper investigated the persuasive methods in Arabic and non-Arabic political speeches during the beginning of Covid-19 pandemic, as well as the similarities and differences between Arab and non-Arab leaders in using persuasive strategies. Data of the study consisted of the political speeches which were concerned with the Covid-19 situation in six different countries of the world, released between March and August 2020. The data analysis examines persuasive methods in political speeches and analyze them using Aristotle's triangle (Rhetorical Triangle). The analysis revealed that persuasive strategies based on Aristotle’s theory (400 B.C) were applied in the six leaders’ political speeches during the beginning of Covid-19 pandemic. Moreover, the results indicated that the most frequently persuasive strategies used by the Arab leaders are pathos and ethos strategies. Of the three strategies, it could be observed that logos and ethos strategies were the most employed by non-Arab in their speeches.

Anesthesia Management of COVID-19 associated Rhino-Orbito-Cerebral Mucormycosis: A Prospective Observational Study

Abstract Background: Fungal infections (mucormycosis) have been reported as co-infection as well as opportunistic infection during and after COVID-19 (Coronavirus disease), involving the paranasal air sinuses with a high risk of morbidity and mortality. Considering the ongoing situation of COVID-19 associated with mucormycosis, we presented our experience of 110 patients being, or having previously been COVID -19 positive. Methods: This study included 110 patients in which surgical resection was done for Rhino-orbito-cerebral mucormycosis (ROCM) under general anesthesia and observed for 30 days postoperatively. Results: This study included 79 male patients with the majority of 51-60 years of age group (31.81%). Most common comorbidities observed in study were diabetes mellitus (77.27 %) followed by hypertension (39.09 %) &amp; ischemic Heart Disease (9.09 %). Majority patients had received steroids (80 %) as a part of covid-19 treatment. All patients were receiving Amphotericin B at the time of surgery. On operative table extubation was possible in 80 % of the cases while others required average ICU stay (9.83 ± 7.33 days). Inotropic support was required in 20 % of patients. Majority patients were discharged successfully (85.45 %), while 10.91 % had mortality. On 30 days follow-up frontal Sinus Abscess (6.36 %) &amp; maggots in maxilla and sphenoid (0.91 %) were noted. Conclusion: Corticosteroids and DM are the most important predisposing factors in the development of COVID-19-associated ROCM. Perioperative anesthesia care plays an important role towards management and outcome of ROC mucormycosis. Difficult intubation is anticipated due to fungal debris and supraglottic edema in the oropharynx of the patient.