COVID-19 In Bangladesh Research Articles

Vaccine efficacy of COVID-19 in Bangladesh: Does vaccination prevent the pandemic?

We adopted a commonly used epidemiologic model known as Susceptible-Infectious-Recovered (SIR) by adding a compartment vaccination to locate the COVID-19 hotspot in Bangladesh. Using data from the Directorate General of Health Services (DGHS), we utilized the Susceptible-Vaccinated-Infectious-Recovered (SVIR) model to assess vaccine efficacy. Vaccination against COVID-19 has begun in industrialized nations and will be completed by early December 2020. Before 2023, mass vaccination for impoverished or low-income nations would be extremely difficult. Bangladesh, a lower-middle-income country, started a statewide COVID- 19 immunization effort in early February 2021. This study aimed to recognize the effectiveness of vaccination on the infected population in Bangladesh. Additionally, the study aimed to create public awareness of the importance of vaccination during a pandemic.
 GANIT J. Bangladesh Math. Soc. 43.1 (2023) 045- 062

Infection and outcome of COVID-19 affected patients during 1st and 2nd waves in Bangladesh: a hospital based comparative study

Background: COVID-19 emerged as one of the worst pandemics in human history in December 2019. Despite a relatively low infection rate in Bangladesh for seven weeks from mid-January, there were still 287 deaths in February, marking the lowest monthly death toll since May 2020. This study aimed to analyze the infection and outcomes of COVID-19 patients during the first and second waves in Bangladesh. Methods: This cross-sectional observational comparative study conducted at the Popular medical college hospital, 190 COVID patients were enrolled during the first wave (Mid-June to Mid-August 2020), and 179 COVID patients were enrolled during the second wave (Mid-March to Mid-April 21). Result: Mean age was 52.85±15.36 years in the first wave and 55.42±14.20 years in the second wave (p=0.097). Male patients predominated in both waves (p=0.082). Common symptoms, such as fever, cough, and respiratory distress, were similar. The second wave had a higher percentage of patients with diabetes. CRP levels increased in the first wave, while D-dimer levels were higher in the second wave. HRCT reports indicated minimal COVID-19 involvement. Most patients were discharged, with a small percentage referred to higher centers, and the mortality rate was not significant (p=0.600). Conclusions: The study highlights the differences in various factors related to COVID-19 between the first and second waves of COVID-19 in Bangladesh. Although the demographic status was similar in both waves, it provides valuable insights for medical consultations.

Perception and Preference of the Students for Online Education during COVID-19 in Bangladesh: A Study Based on Binary Logistic Regression

The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on both public health, and the global educational system. In response to the concerns surrounding the spread of the disease, many educational institutions, including those in Bangladesh, have shifted to online learning. This study aimed to investigate the perceptions and preferences of university students in Bangladesh towards online classes during the COVID-19 pandemic. The research was based on Binary Logistic Regression (BLR) and was conducted on a sample of 1116 university students in Bangladesh. The results of the study showed that while students faced a range of challenges while participating in online classes, including technical issues and limited access to study materials, they still preferred to participate in online courses due to the ongoing pandemic and the support of their teachers. Furthermore, the study revealed that there were differences in students’ attitudes toward online learning based on gender, geographic location, and type of university. The findings of this study are of great significance to governments, policymakers, technology developers, and university administrators, as they provide valuable information for the development of effective policies for online education in the future. These findings should be taken into consideration as a crucial guide to making in-formed decisions in the area of online education.

Pandemic Paradox: Unveiling the Gendered Impact of COVID-19 in Bangladesh

Pandemic Paradox: Unveiling the Gendered Impact of COVID-19 in Bangladesh

Lessons learned from pandemic response to COVID-19 in Bangladesh: NGO-based emergency response framework for low- and middle-income countries

BackgroundResponse to COVID-19 pandemic in Bangladesh was led by the Government of Bangladesh aided by Non-Government Organisations (NGO) among others. The aim of the study was to explore the activities of such an NGO to understand the philosophy, aspiration and strategy to plan and implement an effective response to COVID-19 pandemic in Bangladesh.MethodsA case study of a Bangladeshi NGO called SAJIDA Foundation (SF) is presented. From September to November 2021, using document review, field observation and in-depth interviews, four aspects of their COVID-19 pandemic related activities was explored – a) why and how SF initiated their COVID response; b) what adaptations were made to their usual programmes; c) how SF’s response to COVID-19 were designed and what were the anticipated challenges including overcoming measures; and d) perception of the staff about SF’s activities related to COVID-19. Fifteen in-depth interviews were conducted with three groups of SF staff: frontliners, managers and leaders.ResultThe impact of COVID-19 has been beyond health emergencies and posed multidimensional challenges. SF took a two-pronged approach – aid the government to respond to the emergency and adopt an all-inclusive plan to address diverse challenges related to overall well-being of the population. The underlying strategy of their response has been to: define the challenge of COVID-19 and identify required expertise and resources, ensure people’s health and social wellbeing, adjust existing organisational processes, ensure functional partnership with other organisations for effective resource and task sharing, and safeguard health and wellbeing of the organisation’s own employees.ConclusionThe findings suggest a ‘4C framework’ including four components as the basis of a comprehensive response to emergencies by NGOs: 1. Capability assessment to identify who are in need and what is needed; 2. Collaboration with stakeholders to pool resources and expertise; 3. Compassionate leadership to ensure health and social safety of the employees which ensures their dedication in managing the emergency; and 4. Communication for quick and effective decision making, decentralisation, monitoring and coordination. It is expected that this ‘4C framework’ can help NGOs to embark on a comprehensive response to manage emergencies in resource constrained low- and middle-income countries.

Reflections on the multi-sectoral response to COVID-19 in Bangladesh’s Rohingya refugee camps

While the COVID-19 pandemic continues to impact people globally, refugees comprise a vulnerable population, particularly those living in densely populated areas. In Bangladesh, Cox’s Bazar is currently home to almost a million Rohingya refugees. Because of the lack of healthcare, sanitation and water, as well as overcrowding, refugees were at high risk of becoming ill during the early phases of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020. Moreover, superstitions and lack of trust in the healthcare system threaten to put the community at further risk. To prevent tragic consequences, national and international attention and action are required to strengthen the health system for Rohingya refugees. The community will require surveillance and testing, infection prevention and control measures, adequate food supplies, and access to improved healthcare services. This paper calls for a multi-sectoral approach to developing an action plan and implementation strategy to minimize the impact of COVID-19 on this vulnerable population.

Mathematical Prediction to Combat COVID-19 in Bangladesh by Minimizing the Movement Tendency

Mathematical Prediction to Combat COVID-19 in Bangladesh by Minimizing the Movement Tendency

Community Coping Strategies for COVID-19 in Bangladesh: A Nationwide Cross-Sectional Survey

It is important to know the community coping strategies during the rapid uprise of a pandemic, as this helps to predict the consequences, especially in the mental health spectrum. This study aims to explore coping strategies used by Bangladeshi citizens during the major wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. Design: Prospective, cross-sectional survey of adults living in Bangladesh. Methods: Participants were interviewed for socio-demographic data and completed the Bengali-translated Brief-COPE Inventory. COPING indicators were categorized in four ways, such as approach, avoidant, humor, and religion. Results: Participants (N = 2001), aged 18 to 86 years, were recruited from eight administrative divisions within Bangladesh (mean age 31.85 ± 14.2 years). The male-to-female participant ratio was 53.4% (n = 1074) to 46.6% (n = 927). Higher scores were reported for approach coping styles (29.83 ± 8.9), with lower scores reported for avoidant coping styles (20.83 ± 6.05). Humor coping scores were reported at 2.68 ± 1.3, and religion coping scores at 5.64 ± 1.8. Both men and women showed similar coping styles. Multivariate analysis found a significant relationship between male gender and both humor and avoidant coping (p < 0.01). Male gender was found to be inversely related to both religion and approach coping (p < 0.01). Marital status and education were significantly related to all coping style domains (p < 0.01). The occupation was related to approach coping (p < 0.01). Rural and urban locations differed in participants’ coping styles (p < 0.01). Exploratory factor analysis revealed two cluster groups (factors 1 and 2) of mixed styles of coping. Conclusions: Participants in this study coped with the COVID-19 pandemic by utilizing mixed coping strategies. This study finds female gender, the married, elderly, and rural populations were adaptive to positive approaches to coping, whereas the male and educated population had the avoidant approach to coping.

Prevalence of insomnia among the post-menopausal women who suffered from COVID-19 in Bangladesh: A nationwide cross-sectional study

ObjectivesThe impact of the pandemic on sleeping problems in all age groups has been widely reported, but insomnia in post-menopausal women has been understudied worldwide. The study sought to determine the prevalence and associated factors for insomnia in post-menopausal women who were infected with COVID-19 in Bangladesh. Material and methodsA cross-sectional telephonic survey was conducted from August to December 2021 among post-menopausal women with a history of COVID-19 infection in Bangladesh. Data on socio-demographic factors, lifestyle and behavioral factors, COVID-19-associated factors, and self-reported pre-existing co-morbidities were collected. A validated scale Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) was applied to assess the level of insomnia . Bivariate and multiple linear regression analyses were performed to assess the associated factors with insomnia. ResultsOf the total 900 participants, the prevalence of insomnia was reported at 70%, with 33.67% moderately severe, 25.11% subthreshold, and 11.22% severe insomnia. Participants with increased ISI scores were significantly more likely to be retired, had 2-4 children, felt disturbed by COVID-19 related news, hospitalized for COVID-19 management, receieved the first dose of vaccine, and experienced post COVID-19 symptoms such as fatigue, lack of concentration, and memory loss. On the other hand, living in a nuclear family and taking care of COVID-19-infected family members were significantly negatively associated with insomnia. ConclusionsOur findings indicate the need to safeguard the well-being considerations of post-menopausal women through a well-designed comprehensive social safety net program for the present pandemic and similar crises in the future.

COVID-19 in Bangladesh: A systematic review of the literature from march 2020 to march 2021

COVID-19 has undoubtedly absorbed the global public's angst. It has quickly disturbed global life and will have long-term and short-term consequences on several sectors. This comprehensive review study's goal is to discover what research has been done in a year since the beginning of coronavirus in Bangladesh. Consequently, the current study examined the pervasiveness and affiliation of social and economic issues, health and psychological issues and individual perceptions, key challenges, strategies and policy systems, public health, online education, agriculture and food security, criminal activities related to outbreaks, Rohingya refugee issues, and the quality of domestic violence behaviors. The review used electronic databases such as Web of Science, PubMed, PubMed Central, and Scopus to find published material. This study reviewed chosen papers, removing redundancies and including 43 pertinent articles. Among the 43 study items, fourteen were qualitative (32.56%), six mixed (13.95%), and the rest were quantitative (53.49 %). This study helps to identify the issues with current documentation by focusing on interconnected factors and studying COVID-19 events and scenarios. Thus, governments and other stakeholders should reassess these controversial issues to formulate a policy that takes into consideration the situation in Bangladesh and other COVID-19 affected countries.

Evidence of mental health-related morbidities and its association with socio-economic status among previously hospitalized patients with symptoms of COVID-19 in Bangladesh.

The long-term impact of COVID-19 on mental health, particularly in relation to socio-economic vulnerabilities, has received little attention. This study reports the prevalence of mental health-related symptoms among previously hospitalized patients after recovery from COVID-19, and its association with socio-economic status (SES). Data collection of this cross-sectional study was conducted during February-April 2021, among previously hospitalized patients with COVID-19 like symptoms, on average six months after their discharge from the hospital. Using DASS-21, a validated scale to document symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress, information on mental health-related symptoms were recorded from 481 respondents along with sociodemographic and economic information through telephone interviews. Chi-square tests were performed to identify significant group differences. Multinomial logistic regression analyzed the association between the changes in socioeconomic characteristics and mental health-related symptoms. Relative index of inequality (RII), slope index of inequality (SII), and concentration index (CIX) were applied to capture relevant inequalities in relation to mental health-related symptoms. Eleven percent of the respondents reported changes in employment status, nearly half changes in income and expenditure. Forty-five percent reported symptoms of depression, anxiety and/or stress, and 12% reported coexistence of all three symptoms. Women [Adjusted Odds Ratio, AOR: 2.95; 95% Confidence Interval, CI: 1.39-5.68], and those who reported changes in occupation [AOR: 3.04; 95% CI: 1.01-9.08] and expenditure [AOR: 2.46; 95% CI: 1.12-5.37] were more likely to report all three mental health-related symptoms compared to men and those without changes in occupation and expenditure. The older age group was less likely [AOR: 0.96; 95%CI: 0.93-0.99] to report coexistence of all three symptoms compared to their younger counterparts. Negative values of concentration index (CIX) indicate that any one mental health-related symptom was significantly concentrated among those with lower expenditure and poor SES. This study will help in addressing mental health-related challenges after recovery from COVID-19 among the identified vulnerable groups through relevant community-based and clinical response, including counseling services, in Bangladesh and similar LMIC contexts.

COVID-19 induced cost upraises in the lifestyle of common people in Bangladesh: a cross-sectional study

Background COVID-19 continues to pose a significant risk to human health and is a prominent global vampire. COVID-19 diseases have a similar burden in all parts of the world, but they present a significant challenge to public health in low- and middle-income nations like Bangladesh. The primary purposes of the study are to describe the extent to which COVID-19 has increased the cost of living for the average Bangladeshi and to identify the chronic diseases that have been linked to the lifestyle impacts of COVID-19. Methods Snowball sampling was used to conduct a cross-sectional, confidential, online community survey from August 27, 2020, to October 10, 2020. Results Overall, 220 (69%) were male, most (32.2%) were between the ages of 31 and 40, most (71%) lived in urban, 279 (87%) were Muslim, and 120 (38%) had private jobs. Most of the people who answered were in classes 13–16 (55%), were married (80%), had a family (4-5) (76%), and earn more than 40,000 Taka (46%) and also between 20,000 and 40,000 Taka (35%) per month. 200 of the people who replied did not have a chronic disease, and 62 had at least one. During the beginning of COVID-19, 311 of the 312 people who answered the survey used masks. This began with the first case of COVID-19 in Bangladesh. 95% of the time, they used sanitizer, and 36% of the time, they used soap. Overall, 22% made less money during this time, and 7% lost their jobs. Because of the possible effects, there was less economic activity and less money coming into the community. Conclusions Impacts on Bangladesh's economy and way of life from COVID-19 are summarized in this report. It's not just a financial crisis; the ripple effects are being felt across society.

Model Development and Prediction of Covid-19 Pandemic in Bangladesh with Nonlinear Incident.

We introduce a SEIRD compartmental model to analyze the dynamics of the pandemic in Bangladesh. The multi-wave patterns of the new infective in Bangladesh from the day of the official confirmation to August 15, 2021, are simulated in the proposed SEIRD model. To solve the model equations numerically, we use the RK-45 method. Primarily, we establish some theorems including local and global stability for the proposed model. The analysis shows that the death curve simulated by the model provides a very good agreement with the officially confirmed death data for the Covid-19 pandemic in Bangladesh. Furthermore, the proposed model estimates the duration and peaks of Covid-19 in Bangladesh which are compared with the real data.

The Dengue Prevalence and Mortality Rate Surpass COVID-19 in Bangladesh: Possible Strategies to Fight Against a Double-Punch Attack.

Dengue is a vector-borne viral disease caused by multiple serotypes (DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3, and DENV-4) of the dengue virus. It has been a public health concern since 2000 in Bangladesh. However, Bangladesh experienced a higher prevalence and death rate in the year 2022 than the previous year surpassing the COVID-19 situation. While climatic factors had always been a prominent reason for dengue incidence, reports stated that DEN 4 serotype was identified for the first time in the country, which made the dengue cases worse. In this article, we presented the 5 years prevalence of hospitalization and death cases owing to dengue fever and also provided a comparison of death cases caused by dengue and COVID-19 in Bangladesh. We described the possible reasons for the sudden surges of dengue infection and mentioned the actions led by the government to deal with this dengue occurrence. Lastly, we recommend a few strategies to counter the future outbreak of dengue infection in the country.

Customer Satisfaction in Online Food Ordering during COVID-19: The Role of Hygiene Factors in Bangladesh

It has been self-evident that consumers are essential stakeholders in companies, and their satisfaction is management’s top concern. In recent years especially during the COVID-19 pandemic, the usage of online food delivery applications has drastically increased along with the embracement of new technologies in almost every corner of Bangladesh. Thus, with increased competition in the market, quality of service has become an essential aspect of customer satisfaction. Considering the hazard of COVID-19, the World Health Organization (WHO) strictly emphasizes on maintenance of hygiene along with other guidelines. The relationship between customer satisfaction with hygiene factors has been confirmed by some researchers, although few studies have been conducted solely on the topic. This descriptive research aims to identify and examine the relationship between customer satisfaction and hygiene factors while ordering food online during COVID-19 in Bangladesh. A combination of simple random sampling under the probability sampling techniques and snowball sampling under the nonprobability sampling techniques has been used to collect quantitative data from customers of Dhaka city. Reliability tests, Multiple regression analyses, and Pearson correlation have been conducted with the help of SPSS to analyze the data. Findings suggest that hygiene factors should be prioritized to ensure customer satisfaction. Quality of food and packaging of food has been found to be two of the most important variables under hygiene factors from this study. It has provided results that could be useful to managers and employees in the online food delivery industry for strategic planning and to achieve a sustainable business model.

In Government and Academics we Trust: Trust in Information Sources for Covid-19 Communication Across Urban Bangladesh

In a pandemic such as Covid-19, effective communication plays a key role both in crisis management and in the efforts to ensure public health and safety. Consequently, understanding public trust in different information sources is one of the most important aspects in designing effective communication strategies. This article explores public trust in different information sources in the context of Covid-19 in Bangladesh, and asks: Firstly, which information sources do people mostly trust in a pandemic? Secondly, does trust in different information sources vary across peoples’ gender, age, education level, stream of education, employment status, socio-economic background, religion and political affiliation, and if so, how does trust in information sources vary across these socio-demographic characteristics? Using primary data from an urban sample, we employ binary probit models to obtain the determinants of individuals’ most trusted information source during the Covid-19 pandemic. Our paper finds that there are differences in the trust that individuals place in different information sources. These differences vary in magnitude and significance across different socio-demographic characteristics, and our evidence insists that we take into account these differences when steering policy. In particular, we find that most of the urban population of Bangladesh mostly trust the government and administration as a source of information during a pandemic such as Covid-19. On the other hand, media celebrities and politicians are among the least trusted information sources. In addition, our results reveal that the government and administration face, as an information source, a trust deficit among females, Muslim people and Bangla medium and English medium educated people as compared to people with no formal education. Our findings provide valuable information to policymakers on how to best disseminate critical information to reach different populations, e.g., females, non-Muslims, not formally educated individuals. Based on our findings, we recommend targeted community engagement, tailored according to the trust in information sources of different groups of individuals, and we advocate for the increased involvement of government authorities, administration and academicians in disseminating Covid-19 related information.

Understanding Xenophobia in Bangladesh:Social Media Representation of China with Regard to the COVID-19 Pandemic in Early 2020

With the advent of COVID-19, social media mediated news, misinformation, disinformation, rumors, and viral content related to China and COVID-19 spread to every nook and cranny of the world, including Bangladesh. What types of media content (such as text, video, audio, and meme) associated with China and COVID-19 were circulated on social media in Bangladesh? How effective were the Chinese media outlets and information in countering anti-China rhetoric and propaganda related to COVID19 in Bangladesh? Drawing on Norman Fairclough’s critical discourse analysis (CDA), we analyze Bangladeshi social media content related to China and COVID-19 that surfaced on Facebook and YouTube between January and June 2020 and advance some plausible answers to the above questions.

Identifying key determinants of e-banking during COVID-19 in Bangladesh – Case Study on Chattogram city

Identifying key determinants of e-banking during COVID-19 in Bangladesh – Case Study on Chattogram city

The Usage of Online Classrooms during the COVID-19 in Bangladesh: Some Issues and Influences

The purpose of this study is to find out how teachers and students felt about online classes in Bangladesh. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the education system in Bangladesh has made a change by delivering classes via online means. Therefore, this study examines teachers' and students' perspectives and concerns about taking online classes, which have become mandatory because of the COVID-19 pandemic. The data were collected by using an online survey method. The sample included 907 teachers and 1451 students from schools, colleges, and universities across Bangladesh's eight divisions. The data show that in the pandemic situation, a total of 80% of students were able to be connected with online education. Among them, 56% of students got no facilities regarding online classes from their educational institutions. To continue their study, 56% of the students wanted offline education. Likewise, it was tracked down that quality and convenient cooperation among students and instructors, specialized help accessibility, organized online class modules, and changes permitting the lead of reasonable exercises are largely fundamental elements in educators' and students’ fulfilment with online classes. The absence of typical classroom socializing, lack of face-to-face engagement with the teacher, and response time were among the major difficulties raised by the students. This study contributes significantly to the studies of the impact of COVID-19 on education particularly within developing countries. It also will have a significant impact on the government of Bangladesh's decision on how to continue online classes in the face of the epidemic and reopen Bangladesh's educational facilities.

Public Trust in Health System to Combat COVID-19 in Bangladesh

Bangladesh achieved remarkable growth in every aspect from economy to health, communication technology in short period of time. despite outstanding achievement, Recent covid 19 pandemic caused soreness over country health system as well in another sector. People are losing their trust and confidence over country policy. Trust and confidence between parties important to put health intervention in motion and overcome pandemic situation