Sports Coverage Research Articles

Lessons Learned in the Care of the Professional Athlete

The role of an experienced Hand Surgery Consultant within the complete care matrix for a professional sports organization has evolved in my 3-decade career. Granted, hand injuries may have been demoted in this population where ACL tears, shoulder dislocations, and Lisfranc injuries seem to have much greater visibility, but our experience has told us that Hand injuries often contribute to the most surgeries per team/per season and can result in significant man-game loss of service. In my 30 years as a Consultant, Team Physician and/or Medical Director in all 4 major North American-based Leagues (as well as for "itinerant" independent contractor sports of golf, tennis, and motorsports), we have cared for well over 2000 athletes. This privilege has provided us with unparalleled exposure to the locker rooms, training rooms, and clubhouses for almost every team in professional-level competition and many elite-level collegiate programs. My goal in assembling this volume was to highlight the skilled and experienced colleagues who have contributed so much to the surgical science of caring for the hand and wrist in the professional athlete and furthering the logic of having a Hand Surgeon on "speed dial" for our fellow Team Physicians who want to provide optimal care for their athletes. Regrettably, until recently, the limited number of us who had significant involvement in this cohort probably fell short of engaging in scientific inquiry and publishing our observations or series. I will accept more than my share of that shortcoming, but as these practices have expanded in number and the exposure went from anecdotal to voluminous, our community started to communicate within Hand Surgery ranks, but now we want to share our knowledge with all professional involved in elite athlete care. This collection is not meant to be an exhaustive review of individual pathologies. Fortunately, valued colleagues have done a laudable job of chronicling the common-to-complex pathologies that we see in sports coverage This publication is styled less from the "what" and "how" standpoint, aimed instead at providing Team Physicians with the "when" and "why" of optimizing their player's outcomes through collaboration with their Hand Specialist.

Media and Women Elite Athletes in the Arab World: Current Status and Perspectives for Developments

Media coverage of elite sport dates back to the 1960s, and ever since, media coverage of sport has been highly prevalent. This significant relationship has an impact on many factors including the social status of elite athletes. Thus, this paper first highlights the growth of media popularity in elite sport, and then proposes a new method of measurement of the media popularity of recognized sports, based on the methodology of the World Ranking of Countries in Elite Sport. This innovative index will allow the identification of the most popular sports around the world within the Arab context. After providing this data, this paper seeks to evaluate whether the popular sports indeed provide social advantages to the elite athletes who practice them, and to estimate accurately the impact that media have on the development of elite sport. These concepts extend to show the disparities between media coverage of male and female athletes and its wider impact on the athlete, sport, and/or culture. Recommendations for development of media practices are noted, including the proposition to refer in media contexts to sportspersons as athletes, as opposed to the use of terms which reinforce stereotypical divisions (male vs. female) thus challenging the reinforcing of gender stereotypes within the media.

Insider Perspectives on Saudi Arabia’s Fakher Disability Sports Programme

In recent years, Saudi Arabia has made many efforts to support people with disabilities. One of these efforts is the Fakher Programme Initiative. The programme provides substantial financial support and training for around 350 para-athletes with physical disabilities or cerebral palsy. This research sought to provide a thick description of the programme’s aims, its successes, and the challenges faced, based on the reports of significant stakeholders. In-depth interviews with 26 participants from different stakeholder groups (para-athletes, coaches, administrators, para-athlete families, individuals interested in para-sports, and the CEO of the Fakher Programme) were conducted individually to provide rich insider perspectives. An interpretive phenomenological analysis approach was applied to analyse the interviews. Two main dimensions were identified: (i) the positive impacts of the Fakher Programme Initiative and (ii) further recommended improvements to the Fakher Programme Initiative. Although most of the participants expressed positive perspectives on the programme (e.g., developing collaboration, health benefits, infrastructural support, and raising awareness of people with disabilities), improvements can be made in the form of psychological support for elite para-athletes in training and more developed national and international media coverage of disability sports in Saudi Arabia.

The Impact of Media Globalization of English Football: The Kuwaiti Experience

The new technologies of broadcasting, sports coverage, sports casters, and sports analysis, especially in Europe, have attracted many local sports players and fans to enjoy and imitate famed European players. The globalization of football (soccer) has affected sports culture in Kuwait. In-depth interviews with 17 interviewees including sports academics, experts, practitioners, coaches, sports players, fans, and sports reporters revealed that the English Premier League not only entertained the fans in Kuwait but also affected their popular culture behavior and local football league performance and attendance. The English Premier League also affected fandom lifestyle and expenditure through expensive sports subscriptions or even traveling to Europe to attend football matches.

“Stick to Sports”: Evidence from Sports Media on the Origins and Consequences of Newly Politicized Attitudes

ABSTRACT Politics now intrudes into many aspects of social life. How does this occur and what are its consequences? We study the sources of politicized attitudes toward ESPN, a sports media outlet involved in controversies where politics and sports intersect, and consider their implications for sports news use. We assess two potential contributors to politicized attitudes toward ESPN: exposure to political media criticizing the network and encounters with its sports coverage. In survey-linked web browsing data and a survey experiment, exposure to political media led the public to evaluate ESPN in political terms, showing messages from political elites can affect opinions of entertainment media. In contrast, exposure to ESPN’s typical sports coverage failed to alter views of the network. We also find these newly politicized attitudes do not reduce use of ESPN, demonstrating the intrusion of politics into a seemingly apolitical setting may not displace other considerations underlying behavior.

Off the Court: Examining Social Media Activity and Engagement in Women’s Professional Sport

Sports organizations’ use of social media (SM) has become a key strategy in the coverage and promotion of sport. Although research has been done on the success of digital marketing for men’s professional sport, little is known about the impact of such in women’s sport. This study aimed to examine the SM activity and engagement with fans of the Women’s National Basketball Association. All posts from Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter for the 2019 calendar year were collected from all 12 Women’s National Basketball Association teams and analyzed, in aggregate, for their SM metrics. Results indicated that there was a high level of interaction on SM during the in-season competition months, whereas engagement during the off-season period declined. Given these results, the Women’s National Basketball Association should create strategies to increase fan engagement when there is decreased interactivity to perpetually promote women’s sport. This research provides a starting point for future research on women’s sport involving SM metrics.

Boosters or Watchdogs? American Sports Journalists’ Perception of their Professional Roles

In the mid-nineteenth century, media generated sales based on their sports coverage, and sport grew in popularity, due to the media attention it received. This historically symbiotic relationship distinguishes sports journalism routines and practices from its news count erpart. Though David Weaver and his colleagues have conducted a national study of journalists’ perceptions of their roles and responsibilities since the 1980s, these studies did not isolate sports journalists. It is not clear how sports journalists perceive their roles, let alone if they align differently in Weaver and his colleagues’ measures of journalist role perception. The following study addresses this gap by using Weaver, Beam, Brownlee, Voakes, and Wilhoit’s 2007 measure of journalists’ role perception to survey 116 American sports journalists working for daily, weekly, and biweekly newspapers throughout the United States and to determine how their perception of their journalism roles differs from their “news” colleagues. This study also examines the relationship between newspaper circulation size and perceived journalism roles, as well as determines if characteristics, such as sex, race, circulation size, and years at current news organization, can predict sports journalists’ perception of their professional roles.

Gender byline bias in sports reporting: Examining the visibility and audience perception of male and female journalists in sports coverage

Gender-based marginalization and discrimination in sports journalism is an ongoing concern of research addressing gender equality in journalism. The visibility of female reporters as authors in terms of sports coverage has been found to be under 10% in content analysis that spans several countries. Research into audiences’ perceptions of authorship in sports journalism further found female authors to be prone to byline biases—even though findings are mixed. In this article, we set out to examine if the under representation of female sport authors has changed over the time span of 15 years. This is explored by conducting a content analysis of news coverage from 2006 to 2020 (Study 1). Further, we study whether biases against female authors in sports coverage (still) exist among recipients and in how far this is different for male and female sports. To address audience perceptions of gender in sport reporting, we performed an online experiment investigating the effect of female and male authorship as well as men’s and women’s football (soccer) as one of the most popular topic of sport reporting (Study 2). We found that female authorship in sports journalism is still marginalized without any significant improvement observed from 2006 to 2020 (Study 1). This contrasts with our findings on audiences’ perceptions of male and female authors, which did not confirm a gender byline bias (Study 2). Our results therefore suggest that gender discrimination in newsrooms cannot be justified by audience perceptions.

Propaganda w Polskiej Kronice Filmowej

Polish Film Chronicle was a party medium which, over the last 50 years of activity, was supposed to perform propaganda, cognitive and ludistic functions. Controlled by censorship institutions, it was using various manipulative measures aimed at the appropriate transfer of information or coverage of political, social, sports and cultural events. The use of various types of linguistic persuasion mechanisms, the selection of an appropriate, emotionally marked vocabulary, suggestive portrayal of objects or events or the use of directives are just some of the means taken by the editorial team of the Chronicle. All this to cope with the task of combining contained in the circulars with the instructions of censorship guidelines, and at the same time making the reception of their film magazine for the average viewer something pleasant, useful and educating. The aim of the article is to show the process of intensifying or easing the propaganda mechanisms in the implementation of the Polish Film Chronicle, as well as to indicate what measures taken by the editorial team in creating the Chronicle were intended to influence the viewer’s perception

Sports Journalism and Women Athletes: Coverage of Coming Out Stories by William P. Cassidy

Reviewed by: Sports Journalism and Women Athletes: Coverage of Coming Out Stories by William P. Cassidy Michael Tsai (bio) Sports Journalism and Women Athletes: Coverage of Coming Out Stories William P. Cassidy Palgrave Macmillan, 2019, ix + 127 pp. ISBN 9783030305253, $59.99 hardcover. Building on his incisive study of how journalists reported the coming out of two American male professional athletes (Sports Journalism and Coming Out Stories: Jason Collins and Michael Sam), William P. Cassidy has turned his attention to how the media covered the coming-out stories of prominent female athletes Billy Jean King, Sheryl Swoopes, and Brittney Griner in his latest book Sports Journalism and Women Athletes: Coverage of Coming Out Stories. Cassidy's 2017 examination of how American print media reacted to the public announcements by NBA veteran Jason Collins and Michael Sam (a standout collegiate defensive end drafted by the NFL's Los Angeles Rams) offered fresh insight into the breadth and depth of reporting and analysis devoted to the events over their initial thirty-day coverage cycles. In content analysis of some 248 print stories, the author found that, contrary to the perception of sports sections as the "toy departments" of daily newspapers, sports journalists dug deeper than presenting facts, reached beyond official sourcing, and addressed social issues outside the traditional boundaries of sports coverage. In the new book, Cassidy acknowledges previous analysis of media coverage of LGBTQ athletes from a perspective of cultural hegemony—thereby accounting for the vast disparity between overall coverage devoted to men's and women's sports as well as perceptions about the comparative impact and newsworthiness of male and female athlete coming-out stories—and expands the conversation utilizing the same media sociology approach he applied to his analyses of the Collins and Sam examples. [End Page 113] Cassidy's book is meticulously researched and firmly grounded in established theory and practice. In the first of four chapters, the author lays out the justification for his examination, citing the traditional lack of coverage of women's sports, the unique challenges faced by women in professional sports, and evolving media coverage of lesbian athletes. In King, Swoopes, and Griner, Cassidy selected three very distinct subjects whose coming-out stories effectively span the history of out lesbians in professional athletics. The chapter devotes the most space to explaining the unprecedented circumstances surrounding King's public disclosure that she had engaged in a years-long affair with hairstylist Marilyn Barnett, a response to a lawsuit Barnett had filed against King that revealed their relationship. As Cassidy notes, "When King was outed in 1981, it marked perhaps the first time journalists were forced to directly discuss lesbian athletes in sports" (2). The extended history lesson on King, which documents the range of positive and negative reactions and representations in the press and the issues they raised, establishes a baseline for the examination of Swoopes's more contrived and significantly less controversial coming out (via a 2005 story cowritten with LZ Granderson for ESPN's website and magazine), which coincided with her newly signed endorsement deal with Olivia, a travel company marketed to lesbian clients. While Swoopes's announcement received generally positive coverage, Cassidy observes that much of the reporting and commentary either questioned the significance of the story (given the widely held assumption that many female athletes are gay) or reframed the story as a set-up for the question, "How much harder would it be for a male athlete to come out?" By the time Griner came out eight years later, the reaction from the media seemed to be a collective shrug of indifference. While it is true that King, a pioneering feminist icon whose fame and popularity transcended her involvement in sports, and Swoopes, who ranks among the most dominant WNBA players of the generation next to Cynthia Cooper and Lisa Leslie, had higher profiles when they came out, the physically imposing Griner was a Wilt Chamberlain-like presence in college basketball and one of the few female basketball players to regularly garner highlights on ESPN's SportsCenter before becoming the overall No. 1 pick in the 2013 WNBA draft. The muted reaction was largely attributed to Griner's own understated...

Przestrzeń słowem malowana w relacjach meczów siatkarskich

The article presents methods of indicating space in sports coverage of Plus Liga and Tauron Liga volleyball matches broadcast on the dedicated sports channels of Polsat television in the years 2019–21. With the help of cognitive analysis, combining the concepts of JOS and MOS and conceptual schemas including the metaphor, and taking into account the results of linguistic analysis of statements in matches, it has been shown that space is conceptualized in various ways in individual modes of the text – in the image transmitted to the viewers and in the words addressed to them. The evoked conceptual category is an important multi-level three-dimensional area, at the same time being a component of the game strategy. In the statements, it is signaled both in subjective and objective terms in the form of messages with a ritualized form, as well as unconventionally formulated reports using metaphors, intertextual references and surprising conceptual imaging.

Does sport media raise her name? Examining intersectional representation in media narratives

PurposeThe purpose of this research was to examine the role of intersectionality (multiple marginalized identities) in narratives used within online media coverage of women's sports. The authors adopted an intersectionality lens and drew from sports media literature to explore the representation of Black athletes in women's sport.Design/methodology/approachThe authors conducted a quantitative content analysis of online articles from ESPN, CBS Sports and Sports Illustrated from the 2020 WNBA Season. The authors coded the number of times an athlete was mentioned in an article, the athlete's race, publicly disclosed sexual orientation and gender expression. The authors used hierarchical regression to examine the relationship between an athlete's social identities and frequency of media mentions.FindingsWithin mainstream online sport media, Black WNBA athletes receive less media attention than white WNBA athletes. Black athletes who do not present in traditionally feminine ways receive the least amount of media attention, while white athletes have the freedom to express their gender in a variety of ways and still capture media interest. Within league press releases, however, there is no difference in media mentions based on race, sexual orientation or gender expression.Practical implicationsThe findings in this research are important for sport media professionals who write stories and player-activists who are pursuing racial justice. Outlets should commit to antiracist storytelling practices. Players, player agents and players' associations—all of whom have shown their power to create change for a more equitable industry and society—should also advocate for and organize around practices that create more equitable media coverage.Originality/valueThis study is one of the few empirical investigations of women's professional sport that examines the influence of intersecting social identities.

Content analysis of biological sex-specific media coverage of sport: The case of National Collegiate Athletic Association athletic department home webpages

Studies have found that media coverage of women's sports is inadequate when compared with coverage of men's sports with regards to the amount of coverage as well as the type of coverage across men's and women’s sports. With few exceptions, past research has found inequitable coverage of female and male athletes in every media form studied, from print and television to the internet. Some exceptions to the findings include not-for-profit media, such as the National Collegiate Athletic Association News, and internet-based publications. The current study combined the two media types to determine if athletic departments that are affiliated with the National Collegiate Athletic Association offer more balanced coverage of female and male athletes on their official websites than has been found in past research. The results revealed that although the type of coverage the athletes received was similar, the amount was not. In articles and photographs on National Collegiate Athletic Association athletic department home webpages, females were underrepresented in comparison to their participation rates in collegiate athletics. These webpages from 30 not-for-profit, National Collegiate Athletic Association affiliated institutions, across six conferences, did not lead to the overall balance in coverage that was originally expected. implications for Title IX are discussed.

Sport, the Media and Ireland: Interdisciplinary Perspectives

Sport, the Media and Ireland: Interdisciplinary Perspectives

Framing sports' corporate social responsibility: US women's vs men's soccer leagues

PurposeThis investigation's purpose is to compare coverage of the corporate social responsibility (CSR) behaviors of the National Women's Soccer League (NWSL) and Major League Soccer (MLS). The goals are (1) to extend CSR analyses beyond organizational reports and (2) to compare coverage of professional sports teams' CSR behaviors across genders.Design/methodology/approachSpecifically, this quantitative content analysis compared local newspaper coverage of the socially responsible behaviors of the three NWSL and MLS teams owned and operated by the same organizations in Portland, Houston and Orlando.FindingsThe NWSL teams received significantly less and more negative coverage than the MLS teams. Moreover, the NWSL coverage was more individualistic, more focused on ethics and quoted individual team players more frequently, while the MLS coverage was more collective, focused on philanthropy and quoted team organization members more frequently.Research limitations/implicationsAlthough intentionally based on a sample of six teams, this study's results suggest the biases in coverage of women's sports teams extend beyond the playing field to their corporate social responsibility behaviors, reporting and news coverage.Originality/valueAs one of the first studies to analyze media coverage of professional sports team's CSR activities and to compare their socially responsible behaviors across genders, the results provide compelling implications for CSR scholars and practitioners, especially in the sports industry.

Irish media: slow to get up to the pace of the game

This piece reflects on my professional and personal involvement in sport, as editor of a national newspaper and coach of a girls' youth team at my local GAA club. In so doing, it highlights some of the prejudices I saw first-hand while coaching teams which, in turn, opened my eyes to my own failures in my role as sports editor. The first camogie supplement in a Sunday newspaper sports section broke this glass ceiling. Arguably, the responsibility on native media outlets to include more coverage of women's sports is increasing as mainly UK broadcasters enter the Irish media scape.

The (un)level playing field: sport media during COVID-19

ABSTRACT Research question : The creation of sport media content is guided by the need to cover live, seasonal events, which typically results in the greater coverage of men’s sport than women’s. However, with the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, live sport was halted. This paper presents the findings of a study into the media coverage of women in sport during the pandemic. Specifically, the study sought to answer the research question, how has Australian mainstream media covered women in sport during a period of time with no live sport on the global stage? Research methods : The study used quantitative content analysis to track the coverage from 20 media outlets using consistent one-directional coding practices, involving a single individual coder at the same time each day to focus on counting articles covering women in sport. Results and findings : The findings show a slight reduction in the coverage of women in sport at the start of the COVID-19 crisis in Australia and that low levels of coverage persisted throughout. This indicates that in the absence of live sport, media institutions reflexively revert to traditional ritualized, routinized practices to create sport media content, and women in sport stories are excluded regardless of the presence of play. Implications : The major contribution of this study is its demonstration that the ongoing dominance of men’s sport media coverage does not emerge as a result of weekly, seasonal coverage of live sport, but is founded on deeply entrenched notions of commercial value and upheld by newsroom routines and social rituals.

Assessed refereeing decision (Sports Coverage)

The variable "Assessed refereeing decision" refers to the question which decisions of referees are rated in media reports on football matches. It is coded which decisions made by referees (f. ex. penalty kicks, sending-offs or offside decisions) are assessed and how they are rated.
 
 Field of application/theoretical foundation:
 Ratings of refereeing decisions are omnipresent in the media coverage of football matches. They can be expressed either in live commentaries on football matches or in post-match reports and match analyses. When reporting on football matches, journalists are faced with the question which events during a match are worth reporting. Therefore, they face the challenge of having to make numerous selection decisions. In addition to the performance of players and teams on the pitch, the referees and their decisions can also influence the course and outcome of the game (e.g. Weston, Drust, Atkinson & Gregson, 2011). Concerning journalistic selection decisions, on the other hand, various factors can be important, such as the attitudes of the journalists, routines in media organizations or general journalistic rules (e.g. Donsbach, 1987, Weischenberg, 1992). In order to understand why journalists make which selection decisions, it is first important to identify which decisions they make and thus which refereeing decisions are rated and how they are rated.
 
 References/combination with other methods of data collection:
 In order to find out which refereeing decisions journalists select and discuss, an input-output analysis can be used to compare the refereeing decisions selected by journalists and all refereeing decisions made in the course of the match. Such a comparison with extra-media data makes it possible to identify which decisions are reported particularly frequently. In addition, the combination of content analytical results and surveys of referees and sports journalists is useful to identify reciprocal effects of media coverage of referees on the referees themselves (see Schäfer & Eschmann, 2019) and to ask sports journalists about the factors influencing their selection decisions. 
 
 Example study: 
 Vögele and Schäfer (2019) analyzed the coverage of referees in the German Bundesliga in tv match reports on the ARD Sportschau. For this purpose, they examined the ratings of referees in a total of 591 match reports in the seasons 2011/12 to 2017/18. For each rating of a referee, they recorded the main object of the refereeing evaluation (main referee, video assistant, assistant etc.), the tendency of the rating, the originator of the rating (commentator, actors of the participating associations etc.) as well as the requested or proposed alternative decision, in addition to the assessed refereeing decision. The reliability score of the coding for the assessed refereeing decision was an acceptable Krippendorff's Alpha of .91 (Holsti=.93; two coders*). The category "assessed refereeing decision" was described as follows (The complete codebook for analysis is available at: https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/FU8H7)
 
 
 
 
 
 Bewertete Schiedsrichterentscheidung
 
 
 
 
 In dieser Kategorie wird erfasst, welche Schiedsrichterentscheidung der Bewertung der Schiedsrichter*innen zu Grunde liegt. Die Schiedsrichterentscheidungen sind dabei eingeteilt in Vergehen, persönliche Strafen und Spielfortsetzungen. Im Normalfall sollte immer die jeweilige detaillierte Ausprägung bei der Codierung erfasst werden. Kritisiert der Kommentator also beispielsweise, dass der Schiedsrichter einen Strafstoß gegeben hat, wird hier Strafstoß als bewertete Schiedsrichterentscheidung codiert. Stellt der Kommentator fest, dass der Schiedsrichter eine gelbe Karte zu Unrecht vergeben hat, wird gelbe Karte codiert.
 Ist allgemein davon die Sprache, dass der Schiedsrichter viele Fehlentscheidungen getroffen hat, wird bei dieser Kategorie die Ausprägung 0 „Entscheidungen allgemein“ codiert.
 
 
 
 
 0 keine spezielle Entscheidung, sondern Entscheidungen allgemein
 10 Vergehen
 11 Foulspiel
 12 Handspiel
 13 Tätlichkeit
 14 Unsportlichkeit
 15 Abseits
 20 persönliche Strafe
 21 Verwarnung/gelbe Karte
 22 gelb-rote Karte
 23 rote Karte
 24 Ermahnung
 30 Spielfortsetzung
 31 Vergabe Strafstoß
 32 Ausführung Strafstoß
 33 Wiederholung Strafstoß
 34 Vergabe Freistoß
 35 Ausführung Freistoß
 36 Wiederholung Freistoß
 37 Vergabe Eckball
 38 Ausführung Eckball
 39 Vergabe Einwurf
 40 Ausführung Einwurf
 41 Schiedsrichterball
 42 Weiterspielen
 43 Anspiel/Tor
 44 Abpfiff/Spielende
 45 Abstoß
 46 Halbzeitpfiff
 99 Sonstige Entscheidung: _______________
 
 
 
 
 
 References
 Donsbach, W. (1987). Journalismusforschung in der Bundesrepublik. Offene Fragen trotz ‚Forschungsboom‘. In J. Wilke (Hrsg.), Zwischenbilanz der Journalistenausbildung (S. 105-142). München: Ölschläger.
 Weischenberg, S. (1992). Journalistik. Theorie und Praxis aktueller Medienkommunikation. Band 1. Opladen: Westdeutscher.
 Weston, M., Drust, B., Atkinson, G., & Gregson, W. (2011). Variability of soccer referees' match performances. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 32(3), 190-194.
 Vögele, C., & Schäfer, M. (2019). Fußball-Schiedsrichter im Spiegel der Medien: Die Berichterstattung über Bundesliga-Schiedsrichter in der ARD-Sportschau. Journal für Sportkommunikation und Mediensport, 4(1), 1-24. Verfügbar unter: https://openjournals.hs-hannover.de/jskms/article/view/111/96

(Olympic) Sports (Sports Coverage)

The variable '(Olympic) sports' identifies (Olympic) sports that are the subject of communication.
 
 Field of application/theoretical foundation:
 The variable can be used in all fields of sports communication, but is particularly interesting with regard to communication about the Olympic Games. It is based on the current list of Olympic sports (IOC, 2020a) and the list of sports recognized by the International Olympic Committee (IOC, 2020b).
 
 References/combination with other methods of data collection:
 The list on which the category is based can also be used in surveys. In this way, it is possible, for example, to investigate whether the perception of relevance of (certain) sports in the population correspond or differ from the relevance journalists attribute to (certain) sports by the extent of their reporting.
 
 Example study: 
 In a study by Vögele and Schäfer (2020) on the use of content analyses in sports communication, the category was used in a slightly adapted form. They coded sports that were the subject of the respective content analyses. In this way, it was possible to determine which sports are in the focus of sports communication research (and which are not; RH=1.0).
 
 
 
 
 (Olympische) Sportarten
 
 
 
 
 In dieser Kategorie werden die Sportarten verschlüsselt, über die der Beitrag berichtet. Sind die Olympischen Spiele allgemein Gegenstand der Berichterstattung, sind die übergeordneten Ausprägungen „100“ (Sommerspiele) bzw. „200“ (Winterspiele) zu codieren. Werden im Beitrag keine Sportarten oder olympischen Sportereignisse thematisiert, wird „0“ codiert. Sonstige Sportarten werden mit „9999“ verschlüsselt.
 
 
 
 
 000 keine (olympische) Sportart oder olympischen Sportereignisse thematisiert 
 1000 Olympische Sommerspiele
 1010 American Football
 1020 Automobilsport
 1030 Badminton
 1040 Bandy
 1050 Baseball/Softball
 1060 Basketball
 1070 Beach Volleyball
 1080 Bergsteigen
 1090 Billard
 1100 Bogenschießen
 1110 Boules
 1120 Bowling
 1130 Boxen
 1140 Bridge
 1150 Cheerleading
 1160 Cricket
 1170 Fechten
 1180 Floorball
 1190 Flugsport
 1200 Fußball
 1210 Frisbee
 1220 Gewichtheben
 1230 Golf
 1240 Handball
 1250 Hockey
 1260 Judo
 1270 Kanusport
 1271 Kanu Slalom
 1272 Kanu Sprint
 1280 Karate
 1290 Kickboxen
 1300 Korfball
 1310 Lacrosse
 1320 Leichtathletik
 1330 Moderner Fünfkampf
 1340 Motorbootsport
 1350 Motorradsport
 1360 Muaythai
 1370 Netball
 1380 Orientierungslauf
 1390 Pelota
 1400 Polo
 1410 Radsport
 1411 Bahnradsport
 1412 BMX
 1413 Mountain Bike
 1414 Straßenradsport
 1420 Racquetball
 1430 Reitsport
 1431 Dressurreiten
 1432 Springreiten
 1433 Vielseitigkeitsreiten
 1440 Ringen
 1441 Freistilringen
 1442 Griechisch-römisches Ringen
 1450 Rudern
 1460 Rugby
 1470 Rollsport
 1471 Rollhockey
 1472 Rollkunstlauf
 1473 Inlineskaten
 1474 Inlinehockey
 1480 Sambo
 1490 Schach
 1500 Schießen
 1510 Schwimmsport
 1511 Freiwasserschwimmen
 1512 Schwimmen (Bahn)
 1513 Synchronschwimmen
 1514 Rettungsschwimmen
 1520 Segeln
 1530 Skateboarding
 1540 Sportklettern
 1550 Surfen
 1560 Taekwondo
 1570 Tanzen
 1580 Tauziehen
 1590 Tennis
 1600 Tischtennis
 1610 Trampolinsport
 1620 Turmspringen
 1630 Turnsport
 1631 Geräteturnen 
 1632 Rhythmische Sportgymnastik
 1640 Triathlon
 1650 Squash
 1660 Sumoringen
 1670 Unterwassersport
 1680 Volleyball
 1690 Wasserball
 1700 Wasserski
 1710 Wushu
 
 2000 Olympische Winterspiele
 2010 Biathlon
 2020 Bobsport
 2030 Curling
 2040 Eishockey
 2050 Eiskunstlauf
 2060 Eisschnellauf
 2070 Eisstock
 2080 Nordische Kombination
 2090 Rodeln
 2100 Short Track
 2110 Skeleton
 2120 Ski Alpin
 2130 Skibergsteigen
 2140 Ski Freestyle
 2150 Skilanglauf
 2160 Skispringen
 2170 Snowboard
 
 9999 Sonstige Sportart
 
 
 
 
 
 References
 The International Olympic Committee (IOC) (2020a). Recognised federations. Abgerufen von https://www.olympic.org/recognised-federations
 The International Olympic Committee (IOC) (2020b). Sports. Abgerufen von https://www.olympic.org/sports
 Vögele, C. & Schäfer, M. (2020). Inhaltsanalysen in der Sportkommunikation. In F. Oehmer, S. H. Kessler, K. Sommer, E. Humprecht & L. Castro Herrero (Hrsg.), Handbook of Standardized Content Analysis: Applied Designs to Research Fields of Communication Science.

Internal and external attributions for sporting success and failure (Sports Coverage)

Internal and external attributions for sporting success and failure (Sports Coverage)