Covent Garden Market Research Articles

"Noise and Fury Signifying Nothing": Music, Sound, and Class in Covent Garden

Abstract: In the mid-eighteenth century, Covent Garden played host to a variety of different types and classes of people. It was the site of the Theatre Royal, Covent Garden, the Shakespeare's Head tavern, and numerous brothels. It also included the residences and shops of famed writers and artists. Yet despite its reputation as a meeting place for all ranks, the square had clear class divisions between those who lived in the fashionable houses on the northern side and the working people of the street market further south. This essay examines the different sonic territories within Covent Garden and how they were marked by gender and class. Starting with sites of musical performance, I propose that music can tell us much about the aural experiences of the time. An examination of maps and images of the market illustrates how sound helped to reproduce and reinforce elite attitudes toward lower-class people. Music also relegated women to certain roles within that environment and tells us much about attitudes toward female labor. Finally, the history of musical culture in Covent Garden Market demonstrates how permeable class boundaries could be even when there was an interest in resisting change and upholding a strict class hierarchy.

Urban Innovation and Philanthropy, New Perspectives on the Columbia Market, London

Completed in 1868 by architect Alfred Darbishire, Columbia Market is an astounding philanthropic project undertaken by Baroness Georgina Burdett-Coutts on behalf of the impoverished neighbourhoods of London's East End. Celebrated as much for its grandiose neo-Gothic architecture as for its spectacular economic failure, it has almost never been studied beyond the scope of an architectural approach, usually monographic or narrowed down to its decorations (Pevsner 1952; Schmiechen and Carls 1999; Lewis 2012; Jones 2016). Firstly, this article refines the architectural analysis of the Columbia Market through a better consideration not only of its decorum but also of its structure. By doing so, it reveals Darbishire’s interest in other contemporary markets in London such as Covent Garden Market, Hungerford Market, Billingsgate Market and Spitalfields Market. Notwithstanding an outright economic collapse, Darbishire and Burdett-Coutt’s project is greeted with several echoes throughout Europe, of which this article offers the first comprehensive study. Mentioned in most of the contemporary journal articles, publications, and municipal reports devoted to neighbourhood covered markets, especially so in Berlin and Rome, it became an architectural model and a milestone in the European development of this type of building. Second, this article reconsiders Columbia Market as an exemplary case of the inherently urban character of neighbourhood covered markets, focusing on its implementation and insertion within a larger project associating urban facilities, housing and transportation. More than an isolated philanthropic gesture in this deprived area of London, Columbia Market emerged as an extension to Columbia Square’s dwellings, built in 1862 for Burdett-Coutts on the advice of Charles Dickens. Other less known urban facilities were later built in order to rationalize the neighbourhood and to respond to the hygienist principles of the time. In addition, several railway projects integrating Columbia Market were put forward between 1870 and 1890, revealing both the interest in a new approach to urban planning and the transportation problems specific to this typology.Considering the history of Columbia Market over the long term and the reasons for its failure thus contributes to a better understanding of its history and typology, as well as that of the neighbourhood and the city to which it belongs. The urban experiment associated with Columbia Market thus appears as a precursor of the programmes that only emerged in Europe after the Second World War, most notably the Lansbury Estate in London’s East End.

The calibration of an aural spatial mapping tool using an architectural approach to the soundwalk method: A validation study

A series of on-site surveys are conducted as part of the validation process of a research seeking to create a tool that integrates the theoretical spatial and soundscape design concepts, to aid architects when considering sound as a design driver for urban design. The investigation is founded on establishing a relationship between aural architecture theories and the urban spatial experience and design. The surveys are pattern validation experiments that aim to observe possible qualitative aural pattern formations occurring within Covent Garden Market in London by using spatial measurements as fundamental parameters. The method assimilates the Soundwalk technique and the Relative Approach from the fields of soundscape and psychoacoustics, respectively, and are integrated within a customary architectural site-survey proposed to map the sonic morphology of urban spaces. The experiment is designed to compare the tool’s preliminary prediction patterns to in situ listening and the spectral patterns recorded. The patterns are assumed to deviate at this point because not all sound factors are considered, and the patterns are assumed qualitative. However, the discussed comparative process aims to establish value in the current state of this aural mapping tool and establishing the limitations provide an opportunity for further development.

Covent Goblin Market

I am feared in field and town: Goblin, lead them up and down. --A Midsummer Night's Dream (1) Virgins are like fair Flower in its Lustre, Which in Garden enamels Ground; Near it Bees in play flutter and cluster, And gaudy Butterflies frolick around; But, when once pluck'd, 'tis no longer alluring, To Covent-Garden 'tis sent (as yet sweet), There fades, and shrinks, and grows past all enduring, Rots, stinks, and dies, and is trod under feet. --The Beggar's Opera (2) Beautiful is fruit piled in centre walk of Covent Garden market; tempting fairest and richest daughters of Eve to touch, and then to make it their own. --Punch (1844) (3) When Christina Rossetti made original title for Goblin Market (1862) Peep at Goblins, she engaged in guidebook terminology. Nineteenth-century guidebook writers frequently use in their titles to suggest that text offers a brief look at a real location or population. (4) Ann and Jane Taylor's popular children's guidebook, City Scenes, Or, A Peep into London, for Good Children (1809), may have been inspired by an old song, which recommended, If ever you go to London town, / Just take a at Covent Garden. (5) By luring Laura, Jeanie, and her readers into market to peep at goblin men (l. 49), Rossetti implicitly that her poem offers a guide to a real location. (6) One of many must sees of nineteenth-century guidebooks was spectacular Covent Garden Market, where the poet may also ramble, Thomas Miller writes in 1852, call[ing] up visions. (7) As a practical and fashionable destination for shoppers and a popular subject for writers across several genres, Covent Garden Market's cornucopia of sights, smells, sounds--and most certainly its prospect of danger--would have been familiar to Rossetti, a life-long Londoner, and may have provided impetus for her poetic guidebook, Goblin Market. Of richly diverse critical debates over poem from its 1862 publication to present, none have fully considered real location that may have inspired Rossetti's titular market. Many have approached poem metaphorically--thereby fruit, goblins, and market in which they reside vanish into allegory, or as Elizabeth K. Helsinger argues, function as a figurative dress for a narrative of spiritual temptation, fall, and redemption. (8) Recently, however, scholars have pointed to materiality of poem, putting market, as Herbert Tucker writes, back in 'Goblin Market.' (9) While materiality of goblin fruit and its modes of exchange have been astutely explored, market's real geographical counterpart remains unresolved. Mary Wilson Carpenter posits that poem suggests its location in ... of imperialist culture and consumer capitalism. (10) There is probably no better example of this intersection than Covent Garden Market. I want to suggest that Rossetti transformed London's busy Covent Garden Market into sparsely populated, bucolic fairytale land of Goblin Market. In this respect, poem functions as a guidebook to teach children-and mothers like grown Lizzie and Laura, beset with fears (1. 546)--to be wary of a popular, and necessary, London destination. In December 1850, William Michael Rossetti moved family to 45 Upper Albany Street (later 166 Albany Street) where Christina Rossetti completed Goblin Market on April 27, 1859. (11) Although Cumberland Market was around corner from Rossetti household, it offered only hay and straw relocated from Haymarket in 1830. Just to its south Clarence Gardens opened to sell other wares, but Edward Walford relates in 1892 that markets were never ... very largely attended. (12) For any significant purchases of fruits, vegetables, and flowers, Rossettis, like any London family, would have gone to Covent Garden Market. …

Characteristics of Unpleasant Odor Emitted by Gypsophila Inflorescences

Characteristics of unpleasant odor emitted by inflorescences of four gypsophila cultivars (Gypsophila elegans Bied. ‘Covent Garden Market’ and G. paniculata L. ‘Bristol Fairy’, ‘Golan’ and ‘Yukinko’) were investigated by headspace adsorption/gas chromatographic (HA/GC) analysis. The major volatile compounds emitted from ‘Bristol Fairy’ inflorescences were ocimene, 3-methylbutyric acid, 2-methylbutyric acid, ethanol and n-hexanol. Of these volatile compounds, the two methylbutyric acids were identified as the compounds that characterize the unpleasant odor of gypsophila inflorescences. The composition of volatiles varied among cultivars; ocimene was the most abundant and common constituent detected in all gypsophila cultivars. Methylbutyric acids was the highest in ‘Bristol Fairy’ and ‘Golan’ followed by ‘Yukinko’; they were undetectable in non-scented ‘Covent Garden Market’. Methylbutyric acids were not detected in the volatiles emitted from ‘Bristol Fairy’ inflorescences at the bud stage; the emissions increased gradually with bud opening and reached the highest level at the full open stage on day 4.

The Pigott Family: Eighteenth Century Connections with Church, Science and Law

This branch of the Pigotts can be traced back to Adam Pigott (d.?1737), a London merchant, member of the Cutlers’ Company where his mark of a dolphin was registered in 1664, who was residing near Temple Gate in 1676. In 1678 Adam Pigott and James Allen negotiated a lease from the Duke of Bedford for the construction of Covent Garden Market, with the obligation to pave the area and construct houses and shops. Adam’s wife is not mentioned in his will and presumably predeceased him, but there were at least two sons, Nathaniel (1661–1737) who died shortly after his father, but through whom this story continues, and Adam (1673–1751) who entered the Society of Jesus at Watten, near St. Omer, was professed in 1694 and, after serving as chaplain at Calehill, Kent, the home of the Darell family, died at Crondon Park, Essex, the seat of the Petre and Mason families, on 30 April 1751. In common with virtually every priest of the period, Adam Pigott used analiasfor security reasons, thisaliasbeing in many cases the mother’s maiden name. Adam Pigott’saliaswas Griffin, which may therefore have been his mother’s original surname.

Produce and Protection: Covent Garden Market, the Socioeconomic Elite, and the Downtown Core in London, Ontario, 1843–1915

This article evaluates the historical significance of the farmers' market in London, Ontario, the centre-piece of the city's booster activity. The author uses a systematic analysis of mercantile credit reports, city directories, and assessment rolls, combined with anecdotal evidence from local newspapers, diaries, and council records. The paper argues that Covent Garden Market initiated and entrenched economic and social patterns of development that privileged a minority of the city's merchants. Capitalizing on their initial advantage of location, these merchants and councillors maintained their hold on the market's monopoly of place by rigorously enforcing and tightening market regulations, maintaining a constant police presence, and petitioning the town for a rigid enforcement of the market by-laws. The market enhanced the economic influence of this elite under the pretense of protecting the general populace from unscrupulous vendors. The market proved a social and economic arena, a centre of urban and rural relations, outside of which economic failure proved a real possibility.

カスミソウ（Ｇｙｐｓｏｐｈｉｌａ ｅｌｅｇａｎｓ Ｂｉｅｂ．）の抽だいと開花に及ぼす播種期，日長および栽培温度の影響

1月から5月の間に播種したカスミソウは, 100%の株が播種後3ヵ月以内に抽だいした. 播種時期が8月以降になると抽だい率は急速に低下し, 9月から10月に播種した株は冬季ロゼット状態の生育を続け, 2月下旬に抽だいした. 到花日数は1月から6月まで播種時期が遅くなるにしたがって減少し, 9月に播種した場合に最も長かった.8時間と10時間日長では播種時期に関係なくロゼット状態の生育を続け, 日長が長いほど抽だい率が高かった. 長日の抽だい, 開花促進効果は日長が24時間まで長いほど連続的に増大し, 24時間日長では播種後5~8週間の短期間に開花して生育を終了した.また夏以降ロゼット状態にある株は, 長日処理によって抽だいと開花が促進され, その効果は16時間日長に比べて24時間日長の方が著しく高かった.冬季, 温度と日長を変えて栽培すると, 抽だい, 開花は高温, 長日条件で著しく促進された. 自然日長では短日期には抽だいせず, 2月下旬から抽だいして4月下旬に開花した. 最低気温15°Cでは切り花長が短く, 加温の温度は10°C以下が適した. カスミソウは10時間と12時間の間に抽だい, 開花のための限界日長をもつ絶対的長日植物であり, ロゼット化および抽だい, 開花は主として日長に規定され, 温度の影響は小さかった.

William J. Fishman, The Streets of East London. London: Duckworth, 1979. 125 illustrations. Bibliography. 139 pp. £4.95. - Robert Thorne, Covent Garden Market. Its History and Restoration. London: The Architectural Press for the Greater London Council, 1980. 76 illus. Notes. Bibliography, viii + 120 pp. £4.95 (paper), £10.95 (cloth). - Janet Roebuck, Urban Development in Nineteenth-Century London. Lambeth, Battersea and

William J. Fishman, The Streets of East London. London: Duckworth, 1979. 125 illustrations. Bibliography. 139 pp. £4.95. - Robert Thorne, Covent Garden Market. Its History and Restoration. London: The Architectural Press for the Greater London Council, 1980. 76 illus. Notes. Bibliography, viii + 120 pp. £4.95 (paper), £10.95 (cloth). - Janet Roebuck, Urban Development in Nineteenth-Century London. Lambeth, Battersea and Wandsworth 1838–1888. London and Chichester: Phillimore, 1979. 16 plates. 4 maps. Notes. Bibliography, xi + 211 pp. £5.95. - Volume 8

Covent Garden Newly Marketed

COVENT Garden's shops are, since June 1980, once more causing eyes to hang, and in the spaces between the rows ears bend to string quartets, nostrils quiver to a Reuben's salt beef sandwich or wine bar bottle. For the Central Market building, which since the removal of the florists, fruiterers and greengrocers to the 'New Covent Garden Market' at Nine Elms, Battersea has been hidden behind builders' hoardings, was newly revealed to the public as 'London's historic new shopping experience' in June 1980. The story of its restoration is ably told and handsomely illustrated in Robert Thorne's Covent Gar_denMarket: Its History and Restoration. * Inigo Jones's Piazza of 1630-1 is often described as the birthplace of modern town planning in London. Certainly the Bedfords, of whom the fifth earl received in 1670a royal charter for a daily market here for fruit, flowers, roots and herbs, perfected the elegant London town square while the West End as we now know it was still at the very end of the town (see LONDON JOURNAL 2, i (1976), 97-100). By 1677-8 there were 22 shops against the garden wall of Bedford House. By 1707the house was demolished, the market proper kept within railings around the Piazza, and 48 shops built inside. Thorne likens them to 'a row of garden tool-sheds'; they are to be seen in many contemporary engravings and paintings. By 1748 rebuilding added 106more substantial shops in two rows, cellars of which survived as vaults beneath the present Central Market Building. From 1980 there are now some 50 shops trading from the address 'The Market, London W.C.2.' They outnumber the 40 craft and other stalls known as the 'Apple Market' that operate in the building's north hall from cast-iron trading stands salvaged from the old Flower Market. All of these activities occupy the restored Central Market Building erected in stages during 1829-30 to the designs of Charles Fowler , who came to London from Exeter in 1814. Robert Thorne describes how Fowler's imaginative designs for Hungerford Market (where Charing Cross station now stands) favourably attracted the attention of the Duke of Bedford's solicitor, J. H. Fisher. Fowler adopted a Greek Revival style, using Aberdeen granite for the columns of the colonnades, entablatures and balustrades of Yorkshire stone, and brick for most of the walls. The Central Market Building formed an elongated E-shape within the Piazza, with the north and south halls between the bars of the E unroofed for the first forty or so years. A contribution to the Gardener's Magazine, un-named but attributed to J. C. Loudon, praised 'a structure at once perfectly fitted for its various uses; of great architectural beauty and elegance; and so expressive of the purpose for which it is erected, that it cannot by any possibility be mistaken for any thing else than what it is'. Cunningham, in his Hand-book of London (1850) declared the fruiterers' and florists' shops inside the building 'one of the prettiest sights in London' . Yet the working conditions were soon cramped, and what exposure to the elements meant we can only guess at with a hint in the illuminated testimonial presented to the 9th Duke of Bedford in

Cost Benefit Study of the New Covent Garden Market

The Hon. Editor has received the following letter commenting on Professor Kirk's and Mr. Sloyan's article on the New Covent Garden Market (Vol. 56 Spring 1978). The author is lecturer in applied economics in the Department of Social and Economic Research, University of Glasgow. Mr. Heald's letter is followed by a reply by Professor Kirk on behalf of Mr. Sloyan and himself.

Cost‐Benefit Study of the New Covent Garden Market*

The Hon. Editor has received the following letter commenting on Professor Kirk's and Mr. Sloyan's article on the New Covent Garden Market (Vol. 56 Spring 1978). The author is lecturer in applied economics in the Department of Social and Economic Research, University of Glasgow. Mr. Heald's letter is followed by a reply by Professor Kirk on behalf of Mr. Sloyan and himself.

Conflict and Conservation in Covent Garden

Closure of Covent Garden market in the centre of London posed serious questions regarding desirable redevelopment. As with Les Halles in Paris, .successive proposals gave rise to public protests. Extensive consultation between planners and the public took place after 1973 and, as a result, the 1976 draft plan is much more conservationist than earlier documents. Public participation has been slow and expensive but it has shown that residents want additional local services in order to support their, community and prevent the area emptying at night if the residential function were to be replaced by commercial developments. Unless residents and planners can agree to work together to conserve and enhance the district, there is a very real threat that Covent Garden may become just like any other central city area.

Price Formation and Decision-Making in Covent Garden Market, London

When the Covent Garden Market moves to its new faculty at Nine Elms, it will retain its ancient but indispensable pricing system and decision-making process. Because of its relevance in many free-market situations today, businessmen generally can gain much of value from this analysis of private-treaty Pricing.

A London Bookman Looks Back

The office of the literary paper that gave me my first job in London was hidden away in a Victorian building near Covent Garden market. You mounted a flight of Dickensian stairs and off a dark little landing were three or four small rooms. I occupied a corner of one of them, close to a black fireplace from which smoke eddied on stormy days. The single window faced east, and the sun never came through its dusty panes, even at the height of summer. In my recollections of that room the season is always winter, and the time most often late afternoon, with a fire glowing in the ugly barred grate. Such offices still exist no doubt, but there cannot be many of them left. Literary journalists to‐day are likely to work in centrally heated rooms with walls that are all window. They do not climb stairs; they use “elevators.” Progress, progress; yet I sometimes wonder if they write any better than we did in the thirties, which now seem to belong to a vanished epoch. Certainly they fill far fewer columns.

FUNGI IN RELATION TO MAN

FUNGI AS FOODMOST people in Great Britain would classify the numerous fungi of our woods and fields into two groups, the first including one species, the mushroom (Psalliota campestris) which is edible, the other including the rest which are called toadstools and are labelled poisonous. Those who have eaten abroad with a true spirit of gastronomic adventure know that certain toadstools make an attractive dish and even in London continue to sample cépes (various species of Boletus), morel, chanterelle and truffle. This list, however, can be much extended, and forty or fifty spacies are far more delicate in flavour than the field mushroom of which, moreover, certain of the wild forms are much superior to those usually cultivated. Formerly, several species were sold in Covent Garden market, and blewits, blue–leg or blue stalks (Tricholoma personatum) is still sold in the north–east, midlands and west, though round about Berwick–on–Tweed it is now bought by dyers for the extracting of a blue dye, the price offered being two shillings a stone; it would be wiser to eat them than to sell them at this price.

History of Covent Garden Market

Journal Article History of Covent Garden Market Get access C. E. Wallis C. E. Wallis Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The Economic Journal, Volume 42, Issue Supplement_1, 1 January 1932, Pages 375–379, https://doi.org/10.1093/ej/42.Supplement_1.375 Published: 01 January 1932

THE PETROGRAPHY OF SOME JURASSIC SANDSTONES IN ESKDALE

Introduction. During the last two or three years I have collected in a rather casual manner a number of specimens of sandstones from various localities in the lower part of Eskdale, from Whitby as far west as Glaisdale. When examined petrographically in the usual way it appeared that the heavy mineral associations from most of these showed interesting and unusual features, which seemed worthy of record, as there does not appear to be any published systematic description of the petrography of these strata. The following notes are in no sense stratigraphical : there is no attempt to draw up a correlation of the different sandstones, which, as a matter of fact, would be extremely difficult owing to their general similarity, their lenticular character, with rapid lateral variations, and, in my opinion, the frequency of local discontinuities and wash-outs. The treatment is purely descriptive. Most of the specimens were obtained from quarries, now largely abandoned, in the thick sandstones between the Dogger and Ellerbeck bed, which have afforded some good building stone. The best known of these is the Aislaby stone, which was used for part of the University Library (Cockerell’s Building) at Cambridge, and for a portion of Covent Garden Market and other well-known buildings, as well as for the Abbey and piers at Whitby.1 Specimens are also included from the massive sandstones forming the cliff on the west side of Whitby harbour, which are much higher in the sequence, although almost similar petrographically. The following is a list of ...

Research Items

Wastage in Imported Fruit.—Two special Reports of the Food Investigation Board, No. 38, by Dr. J. Barker, and No. 39, also by Dr. J. Barker and dealing with New Zealand apples (London: H.M. Stationery Office, Is. 6d. and 6d. respectively), together with Bulletin No. 23 from the New Zealand Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, in which Mr. L. W. Tillar deals with the relation of storage temperature to the overseas carriage of apples, show that investigation is now actively proceeding into the many important scientific problems associated with the marketing of overseas fruit. Since 1926, with the cooperation of the Food Investigation Board, a small laboratory has been maintained near Covent Garden Market, and most of the data utilised by Dr. Barker in his more general report have been obtained through the opportunities thus provided for studying wastage, through the cordial co-operation of the Covent Garden salesmen. The problems are now seen to be many and various, but in many cases there seems to be clear indication as to the lines to follow for practical success. Thus, the condition of the fruit when gathered is seen to be of prime importance; ‘bitterpit’ in apples, for example—on which subject a valuable paper by W. H. Carne, H. A. Pittman, and H. G. Elliot was presented at the Imperial Horticultural Conference can be practically avoided if the apple is picked at the rightly mature stage. New Zealand shipping experience shows the importance of prompt reduction of the temperature in the ship’s hold; whilst South African experience has shown how wastage can be reduced by care and inspection during picking, the use of refrigerated trucks for long-distance rail transport, and improvement of the refrigeration systems on board ship. We are still ignorant often of the best temperature at which to maintain the fruit during transit and before sale. Also, in many cases, simple precautions such as tight packing, to avoid bruising in transit, are essential preliminaries to refinements as to temperature, ventilation, and humidity controls. The reports referred to, however, are ample evidence of the progress that has been made and of the necessity for further experimental investigation in a co-operation which extends from the orchard overseas to the retail counter at home.

Old views of Covent garden market

Journal Article Old views of Covent garden market Get access Austin Dobson Austin Dobson Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Notes and Queries, Volume s6-I, Issue 12, 20 March 1880, Page 246, https://doi.org/10.1093/nq/s6-I.12.246d Published: 20 March 1880