Course Of Integration Research Articles

Judicial protection of civil rights and legally protected interests in Ukraine

The article examines the concept of the right to judicial protection of civil rights and interests protected by law as one of the key categories in civil law. The normative-legal regulation of the right to judicial protection by national legislation is analyzed, in particular the consolidation of the concept of judicial protection in the provisions of the Constitution of Ukraine, the Civil Code of Ukraine and the Civil Procedure Code of Ukraine. Judicial protection is considered as one of the jurisdictional forms of civil protection. An important place in the system of judicial protection of civil rights and legally protected interests is occupied by the methods used in the judicial process and which ensure the effective resolution of civil cases. During the characterization of the list of protection methods established in the Civil Code, it was emphasized that the system of judicial protection methods is much broader, unlike other jurisdictional forms of protection. In the course of the characterization of judicial protection of the rights and interests of subjects of civil legal relations, the advantages of this form of protection were highlighted, including the presence of state guarantees that meet the standards of international law. However, at the current stage of the development of the civil justice system, the practical application of material and procedural norms related to the process of preparing and justifying the submission of an application to the court, the conduct of a judicial process, a number of shortcomings are observed, in particular, caused by the introduction of martial law in Ukraine, and which require the introduction of legislative changes for their solution. In the study, special attention was focused on trends in improving the quality of judicial protection of civil rights and interests. Within the framework of the implementation of the course of Ukraine's integration into the European Union, an important condition is the implementation of international standards and norms in the sphere of justice in the state. It is also noted that the improvement of the system of judicial protection of civil rights and interests is carried out depending on the successful implementation of the judicial reform, which is a large-scale complex of state measures aimed at building a modern, efficient and independent judicial branch of government in Ukraine.

European Defense and Security Integration: a Retrospective Review

Although the end of the Second World War brought long-awaited peace to Europe, a new totalitarian threat, the Soviet Union, emerged almost immediately. After the former anti-Hitler coalition allies found themselves on different sides of the “iron curtain”, the countries of the democratic camp faced a difficult task: how to mobilise the efforts of the war-ravaged countries of “free Europe” and enable them to fend off a possible Soviet expansion. Given the fears that the societies of European countries might compel their governments to satisfy any demands of the Soviet Union for the sake of avoiding another war, it was crucial for the West to project unity and demonstrate readiness to resist the Soviet onslaught. hence the inevitability of the United States’ involvement as a guarantor of Western Europe’s security. Thus, the very first projects of European military-political integration – the Treaties of Dunkirk and Brussels – were to become no more than the basis for the gradual involvement of the U.S. It is noteworthy that even after the formation of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, the idea of purely European integration was not off the table. The reasons for this, however, are quite pragmatic. While Jean Monnet and Robert Schuman, the originators of the idea of unifying Europe, considered the ultimate goal of the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) and the European Defense Community (ECC) to be the formation of a supranational European federation, the European countries and especially the United States considered the ambitious EDC project exclusively as a way of solving the more pressing problems, such as the rearmament of West Germany and its gradual integration into NATO. This, coupled with the general unpreparedness of European countries for such a close union, led to the failure of the EDC, which would largely determine the course of European integration for decades.

Практичні аспекти нормотворчості щодо актів органів місцевого самоврядування на прикладі Польщі та України

Abstract. Today, international experience shows that one of the main subjects of rule-making activity in developed democratic countries is the Ministry of Justice, which, due to its professional orientation, deals daily with regulatory and legal acts of all levels and, through legal examination, reveals the shortcomings of draft acts, warns adoption of illegal norms, and also carries out a significant amount of legislative works. The Ministry of Justice of Ukraine plays an important role in the processes of rule-making in Ukraine. Decree of the President of Ukraine dated November 26, 2003 № 1348 "On improving the organization of legislative activity" since January 2006, the Ministry of Justice has been entrusted with the functions of the main drafter of all bills submitted by the President of Ukraine and the Cabinet of Ministers for consideration by the Verkhovna Rada. However, in addition to the functions assigned to the Ministry of Justice, until 2023, the state authorities and local self-government bodies followed the methodological guidelines adopted by the Ministry of Justice of Ukraine entitled "Methodical recommendations for the development of draft laws and compliance with the requirements of regulatory and project engineering". Under the requirements set before Ukraine, as a state that has fixed the course of European integration and adaptation of national legislation in accordance with EU law (EU acquis), forced to adopt the law of Ukraine "On rule-making activity" [1]. According to that, the technique of normative design is a set of technical and legal means, ways, techniques and methods, with the help of which a draft of a normative legal act is created. "For the first time in 32 years, Ukraine received a 'law about laws,'" - said the Speaker of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine Ruslan Stefanchuk. Unlike Ukraine, in Poland in 2002 the Prime Minister of Poland adopted a sub-legal act, which until now regulates the requirements to regulations in this country.

ENHANCING PRE-SERVICE BIOLOGY TEACHERS’ TECHNOLOGICAL PEDAGOGICAL CONTENT KNOWLEDGE THROUGH A TPACK-BASED TECHNOLOGY INTEGRATION COURSE

The effective use of technology in teaching can aid in enhancing the teaching and learning of a subject matter. This study aimed to enhance the technological pedagogical content knowledge (TPACK) of five pre-service biology teachers (PSBTs) by implementing a TPACK-Instructional Design (TPACK-ID) model-based technology integration course at a Zambian public university. An explanatory case study design was used. Data sources for the study included semi-structured interviews , video lesson recordings, lesson plan reports and PSBTs’ reflection notes. Data from interviews and reflection notes were analyzed using deductive thematic analysis while a TPACK rubric was used to simultaneously analyze lesson plan reports and video lesson recordings. The findings indicated that the TPACK-ID model-based technology integration course improved PSBTs’ overall TPACK and sub-knowledge domains: pedagogical knowledge, technology knowledge, technological content knowledge, and technological pedagogical knowledge. The study recommends implementing context-based technology integration courses in teacher preparation programs to enhance pre-service teachers’ TPACK. Keywords: pre-service biology teachers, technology integration, micro-teaching lesson study, TPACK

Expanding the scope of problem-based-learning at Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine; integrating domain-general skills with domain-specific content

The Master Adaptive Learner is a model used to develop students to become self-regulated and adaptable lifelong learners to practice medicine in a complex and ever-changing environment. The Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine (HMSOM) proposes a new course, Patient Presentation Problem-Based Learning Curriculum (PPPC), a dynamic and integrated course that goes beyond the scope of traditional Problem-Based-Learning (PBL). PPPC allows students to build domain-general skills in tandem with domain-specific content learned during a pre-clerkship curriculum. An integrated case provides weekly scaffolding, such that the course takes place throughout the week and is not isolated from the rest of the curriculum. Students receive iterative feedback and structured assignments which allows development of self-directed learning skills along with integration and consolidation of weekly curricular content. A layered analysis approach was used to outline the philosophies, principles and techniques that link to our course objectives. Techniques used could easily be translated to other pre-clerkship curriculum to promote development of self-directed learning and clinical reasoning skills, as well as promote more meaningful learning of basic, clinical, and health system science content.

Model of “soft” and “hard” euroscepticism: Estonian case

The article explores the features of party Euroscepticism on the example of the Estonian case. A classification of a number of modern Estonian political parties is given on the basis of their classification as “hard” or “soft” Eurosceptics. Based on this typology the author structured the Estonian party-political landscape on the issue of European integration. The importance of this factor in the Estonian party-political space, which influences the further course of European integration in this Baltic state, is highlighted. The scale of anti-European sentiments in modern Estonia has been determined. The study identifies the reasons for the significant increase in electoral support for parties advocating anti-EU positions. It is revealed that the Conservative People’s Party of Estonia (CPPE) demonstrates a consistent increase in the number of its members and is gaining more and more popularity among the Estonians and has an ever-increasing influence on Estonian politics. Represented in Parliament since 2015, the CPPE has achieved in 2019-2021 its entry into the government coalition. It is considered how the CPPE, which previously occupied a marginal position, is implementing its goal of gradually increasing its influence and entering the political forefront. Taking into account the analysis of the latest election program of the CPPE (for the parliamentary elections in March 2023), it was determined in which direction the radical Estonian populists are moving. At present the trend towards a steady increase in Euroscepticism in Estonia has changed to a course towards relative stabilization of the Eurosceptic mood of voters. Discursive and institutional methods were applied in the study.

Data literacy in genome research.

With an ever increasing amount of research data available, it becomes constantly more important to possess data literacy skills to benefit from this valuable resource. An integrative course was developed to teach students the fundamentals of data literacy through an engaging genome sequencing project. Each cohort of students performed planning of the experiment, DNA extraction, nanopore sequencing, genome sequence assembly, prediction of genes in the assembled sequence, and assignment of functional annotation terms to predicted genes. Students learned how to communicate science through writing a protocol in the form of a scientific paper, providing comments during a peer-review process, and presenting their findings as part of an international symposium. Many students enjoyed the opportunity to own a project and to work towards a meaningful objective.

Gut microbiota in systemic lupus erythematosus pathogenesis: an in-depth view of mechanisms inside

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), an autoimmune disease that is known to be prototypic, brings systemic influence via abnormal production of autoantibodies targeting nuclear acid, possesses highly sophisticated pathogenesis related to genetic and environmental factors. In current studies, gut microbiota draws increasing attention from researchers as it is considered to trigger local and systemic immune responses. Researchers have detected a wide range of alterations happen in SLE cases and revealed a series of potential mechanisms of how microbiome and metabolites are involved in the development and progression of SLE: translocation of pathobionts out of their normal niches; molecular mimicry inducing cross-activity to initiate autoimmune response; and epitope spreading to widen the target of autoantibodies. Based on the understanding of the microenvironment, treatments aiming at adjusting gut microbiota are proposed, including but not limited to the usage of probiotics or prebiotics, narrow-spectrum antibiotics or phages, dietary management and faecal microbiota transplantation. In this article, research progress showing the connection of gut microbiome with SLE and potential mechanisms as well as suggesting more efficient therapeutic strategies for SLE are reviewed. Although more detailed pathogenesis mechanisms and theories of treatments remain unclear while integration of courses along with advanced techniques are required to reveal the complicated connection shown in clinical trials, research in this territory still shows a promising prospect.

DIGITAL DIPLOMACY IS A STRATEGIC DIRECTION OF PUBLIC DIPLOMACY

The article is devoted to the analysis of the introduction of digital diplomacy. This is a strategic direction of public diplomacy. It involves the use of digital technologies and platforms. To protect the country's national interests. It is noted that modern society is undergoing large-scale changes due to the development of information technologies. The ability to effectively respond to changes determines the future prosperity of the country. The author notes that the use of information technologies in the field of public diplomacy is becoming a modern trend. Foreign scientists state that the "era of digital foreign policy" has arrived. The concept of "digital diplomacy" or "electronic diplomacy" has been introduced into modern scientific circulation. It is defined as the use of the Internet for new information and communication technologies to achieve diplomatic goals. Attention is focused on the fact that the latest trends in the development of public diplomacy of Ukraine are defined in the Public Diplomacy Strategy of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine for 2021-2025. Due to the integration course of Ukraine's foreign policy, as well as Ukraine's acquisition of the status of an official candidate for accession to the European Union, close coordination and cooperation in the field of public diplomacy with the institutions of the European Union are important for our country. And the study of methodological approaches to building a system of digital diplomacy in the EU. We are talking about important documents adopted by the EU: "EU Digital Diplomacy", "Council Conclusions on Strengthening EU Digital Diplomacy in Complex Geopolitical Conditions". The article states that the Council aims to create a comprehensive and coordinated approach to EU digital diplomacy to protect human rights, democratic principles and the EU's strategic autonomy in the digital sphere. The conclusions highlight the need for stronger, more strategic, coherent and effective EU policies and actions in global digital affairs.

Exploring the Path of Curriculum Construction for Preschool Care in Secondary Vocational Schools under the Background of 1+X Certificate System

The 1+X certificate system is a new talent development and evaluation model that has emerged in the process of vocational education development in China in recent years. 1 refers to the educational certificate obtained by students studying in vocational schools after three years of on-campus learning, passing all theoretical examinations and skills tests, and completing corresponding internship tasks. X refers to obtaining a vocational skill certificate related to the major while obtaining the educational certificate. Taking the employment status and talent competence requirements of the intermediate professional early childhood education major as the starting point, and using the course 0-3 Years Infant and Toddler Care and Education as an example, this research aims to explore the curriculum construction path of the intermediate vocational early childhood education major through the integration of course and certificate, and cultivate students in this major with a solid foundation of professional knowledge, strong practical abilities, and competitiveness in the job market.

DEVELOPMENT OF INDICATORS FOR EVALUATING THE LEVEL OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF LOGISTICS ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURES

The need to ensure the sustainable development of logistics organizational structures has been determined, because despite the significant development potential of the logistics sector in Ukraine and its importance for the state economy, the implementation of logistics operations is accompanied by a number of negative effects, which later manifests itself in problems of a social, ecological and economic nature. Modern trends regarding globalization and the determined course of Ukraine's integration into the EU actualize the need to reform transport and logistics systems in accordance with world standards, balancing urgent needs and protecting the interests of future generations, i.e. ensuring sustainable development.
 The analysis of scientific works showed that a large number of Ukrainian and foreign scientists pay attention to the study of sustainable development problems, as well as the theoretical and methodological foundations of implementing the principles of the concept in transport and logistics systems. However, a scientific gap is identified in terms of the need for improvement and further development of indicator systems for assessing the level of sustainable development of logistics organizational structures.
 A structural model of the hierarchical structure of the integral indicator was developed and, on its basis, using an additive formula, an indicator was formed to assess the level of balance of the sustainable development of logistics organizational structures. This balance is proposed to be evaluated according to the following aspects: territory, process and activity. The latter, in turn, should be consistent with the aspects that correspond to the following concepts of sustainable development: economic, ecological and social.
 We propose the indicators of sustainable development to be considered in the development of the concept of a balanced system of indicators, as a separate, fifth, component in the last, alongside such components as: satisfaction of needs (expectations of clients) and/or consumers; development of internal business processes; ensuring financial efficiency; staff training and development.
 Further research should lie in the plane of analysis and systematization of indicators that can be used as partial according to the proposed integral criterion.

Breaching the EU governance by decompression

ABSTRACT This paper introduces the concept of decompression as a specific process of differentiation. Decompression can be anchored as one of the phenomena of non-compliance, representing a distinctive phenomenon, however. Governments or leaders acting in a decompression way are not Eurosceptics and they do not want to reverse the course of integration. We define decompression as a sudden violation of an EU rule by a member state, which leads to immediate disruption of shared trust in a basic EU policy or principle. In the case of a crisis, we can see a ‘compression’, an unexpected crisis-driven demand placed on domestic institutions. Decompression is a relaxation of this pressure triggering the non-application of an EU policy or principle in reaction to changes external to the political equilibrium. It sheds new light on the persistent power of individual politicians to compromise European integration in an unintended way, so far under-reported by the literature.

Turkish Newcomers’ Experience of the Belgian Labour Market: A Qualitative Study

This study explored the integration process of Turkish-speaking migrants in Belgium from a phenomenological perspective. In collaboration with Antwerp’s ATLAS integration hub, we conducted six focus groups comprising 59 Turkish-speaking newcomers with diverse religious, national, and regional backgrounds to examine Turkish integration in Belgium. Participants told their stories and deconstructed their knowledge of the local people, particularly the cultural distinctive subjective beliefs and prejudices. Focus group members discussed their expectations, problem, ambitions, and cultural differences in Belgium’s multicultural society. Group composition was designed to be informal and diverse and promote peer support. Each group included some participants who were socially integrated, employed, and fluent in an official language. Although qualitative analysis revealed factors limit Turkish-speaking migrants’ opportunities in the labour market, group exchanges yielded solutions for building social capital and bridging differences, highlighting the importance of open-minded migrant integration course organisers and a kind and empathetic approach to the process.

Social-integration courses serve as a bridging function for migrants by increasing peer support and life learning opportunities

Although migration and people’s encounters with other cultures are significant life events, factors that influence migrants’ relationships with host countries remain understudied. This study examined the socio-cultural integration of Turkish-speaking migrants in Belgium from their perspective, using a holistic approach for participants to share their stories. Fifty-nine Turkish-speaking migrants with different religious, national, and regional backgrounds who attended common classes in a (mixed) social integration course in Antwerp participated in the study. They were subdivided into six focus groups for interviews, which allowed participants to deconstruct their knowledge of local people, their subjective beliefs, and prejudices that separated them from other cultures. We found the focus-group interviews to be valuable interventions in the integration process. The study recommends that those who organise integration courses for migrants should approach this process with kindness, empathy, and an open mind.

Editorial: Transformative Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Higher Education

Welcome to this second issue of Transnational Education Review (TER) in 2023. In this editorial, we also would like to reflect on an emerging phenomenon: Artificial Intelligence (AI) and its impact on higher education. We would like to invite colleagues to submit their research, commentaries, debates and viewpoints in coming issues to share views and shape the agenda regarding AI and the future of learning and teaching in higher education. In this second issue of Transnational Education Review (TER) in 2023, we have a set of interesting articles from around the world. In the opening article, Görsev Sönmez and Serkan Gürkan examine the perceptions of pre-service teachers regarding the refugee students in the education faculty of a private university in Istanbul, Turkey. Second paper by Emel Kiliç explores the socio-cultural integration of Turkish-speaking migrants in Belgium. As Emel explains migration can be a challenging but rewarding experience, in Belgium, integration courses are available to provide essential support for migrants so that they adapt to their new environment. In Betül Dilara Şeker and Ibrahim Sirkeci’s insightful article, they argue that language proficiency was the most critical variable in education and adaptation to the host culture, and their findings indicate the importance of schools in the acculturation and adaptation of the Syrian refugee students. We hope you will find these contributions useful. Finally, once again, we extend an open invitation to all researchers, practitioners and scholars to join us in this debate with their research, views, comments and reviews.

INTERMUNICIPAL COOPERATION AS A KEY TOOL IN THE FORMATION OF A MODEL OF MULTIPLE MANAGEMENT OF REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT

In Ukraine, there have been significant changes in regional development due to the conditions of the war and the need to form new tasks, implement urgent measures, projects to restore the territories of communities and regions, continuing the European integration course of Ukraine, decentralization reform and the implementation of standards, principles and current tools of good governance of the Council of Europe. The purpose of writing the article is to reveal the need for further development of inter-municipal cooperation to create territories of community cooperation, as points of economic growth and regional development, to overcome socio-economic challenges caused by the war, as models of multi-level management, public administration and targeted actions for the restoration of territories of communities and regions of Ukraine during the war and in the post-war period in accordance with European standards and best practices of democratic governance and territorial development. The following methods were used to determine the principles of inter-municipal cooperation in the management of regional development: the method of cognition (for the formation of theoretical principles for determining the essence of inter-municipal cooperation, development strategies); comparative analysis (in order to compare the effectiveness of the development strategy); abstract-logical (for the formation of theoretical generalizations and the formulation of research conclusions); graphic visualization (for the purpose of visualization of results and analysis). The Center for Good Governance Expertise of the Council of Europe, in its Recommendations regarding the formulation of policies on the Local Self-Government Restoration Plan dated June 30, 2022, emphasized the need to implement stronger forms of inter-municipal cooperation based on the principles of "smart" and "green" municipal (spatial) planning to overcome challenges caused by the conditions of the war, the key of which are changes in the population and the economic structure of communities. In the process of forming spaces of inter-municipal cooperation between communities of Ukrainian and European regions, as an important functional space and level of management of regional development, it is important to use the existing national and international experience in the development of community cooperation at the local, inter-territorial and international levels, the experience of developing these spaces in the territorial and cross-border cooperation, creating models and tools of municipal management and public administration for the post-war period of development of the territories of communities and regions on the basis of the application of standards, principles and current tools of "Good democratic governance" and the development of civil diplomacy.

A Study on the Effectiveness of “Production-Oriented Approach” in College English Integrated Courses -- Taking Art Students in Ordinary Universities as the Object of Study

Based on the theory of “Production-Oriented Approach”, our team carried out a teaching experiment of college English integrated course among art students in our university. The results of this “Production-Oriented Approach” teaching experiment show that “Production-Oriented Approach” teaching can effectively improve students' overall English level, especially students' speaking and writing ability, and promote the improvement of students' language output level; “Production-Oriented Approach” is deeply loved by students, which enhances their English learning motivation, their confidence in English learning, and their learning autonomy.

EUROPEAN INTEGRATION STRATEGY FOR TOURISM DEVELOPMENT OF UKRAINE

The purpose of this article is to investigate the essence and features of the implementation mechanism of the European integration strategy for the development of tourism in Ukraine.
 Methods of research. The article uses general scientific methods of researching economic phenomena: epistemological analysis, theoretical generalization, methods of analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, structural-logical analysis, extrapolation, grouping and classification.
 Presentation of the main research material. The tourism industry of Ukraine is one of the first to suffer large-scale losses with the start of a full-scale war in Ukraine. The state budget did not receive almost 35% from the tourism industry, which was caused by the suspension or complete exit of tourist companies from the Ukrainian market of the tourism industry. The European integration process of tourism development in Ukraine consists in the implementation of European norms and standards, the spread of its own cultural, historical, geographical achievements in the EU countries. This will lead to the adaptation of European cultural identity in Ukraine and general integration into the European environment. Therefore, one of the key tasks of the Ukrainian tourism industry is the need to actively continue the implementation of the adopted strategic course for European integration through the mechanism of implementing the European integration strategy for the development of tourism in Ukraine. That is why the mechanism for the implementation of the European integration strategy for the development of tourism in Ukraine is becoming relevant, since only with the help of integration into the European space and the adoption of European laws, standards, norms and rules will Ukraine be able to revive and ensure the appropriate level of safe and high-quality tourist flow of Ukrainian tourists to EU countries and others.
 Conclusions from the conducted research. It was revealed that as a result of comprehensive actions regarding the implementation of the European integration strategy for the development of tourism in Ukraine, the following advantages will occur: the competitiveness of national and regional tourism products will increase with the prospect of expanding to European markets; the quality of life of the population will increase by ensuring socio-economic growth, environmental safety, consolidation of society, providing access to services in the field of tourism according to European standards; the emergence of new jobs and the expansion of the population's opportunities for employment and self-employment; creation of a modern tourist information industry, as well as ensuring information freedom about the tourist resources of Ukraine in the global information European space.
 Keywords: European integration strategy; integration processes; tourism development of Ukraine; tourism industry; mechanism of implementation of European integration strategy; tourism industry; competitiveness; European space; tourist flow.

A missed opportunity of supranationalism? The drafting of European political authority in the Consultative Assembly of the Council of Europe, 1949–51

ABSTRACT This article examines postwar supranational parliamentarism by focusing on the political role of the Consultative Assembly of the Council of Europe. While the historical significance of the Assembly has been re-investigated, less attention has been given to the political role of the parliamentary body of the Council in the framework of political theorizing of postwar parliamentarism. Neither has the parliamentary role of the Assembly been much discussed in studies about European integration. It is often argued that as the Consultative Assembly was given merely a deliberative role, without legislative or executive powers, it bears less political significance. Contrary to this view, our article shows, how after the founding of the Council of Europe in 1948, the limited powers of the Assembly were renegotiated, and the representatives tried to challenge the ‘consultative’ role of the body particularly in the framework of the drafting of the so-called ‘European political authority’ in 1949–51. By analyzing the minutes of plenary sessions and committee reports, we turn our attention to the views and arguments presented by contemporaries and argue that there was a missed opportunity for the Assembly to become supranational that could have potentially influenced the course of the European integration.

Comparative analysis of cultural elements in textbooks “Schritte” and “Yeni Hitit”

Textbooks play an undeniable role in education and training. The selection of textbooks, which are crucial materials for both teachers and learners in the teaching-learning process, requires careful consideration of specific criteria. Textbooks wield an effect on intrinsic motivation factors like interest, desire, and curiosity. They also impact academic achievement directly. Considering that a contemporary foreign language textbook should include important elements of other cultures and provide valuable cultural information, it's vital to consider cultural elements while selecting these textbooks. Hence, this study selected two textbooks that follow the communicative parametric method, devised primarily for foreign language education for adults, particularly in integration courses. This study analyzed and compared the textbook “Schritte” for foreigners who want to learn German and the textbook “Yeni Hitit” for foreigners who want to learn Turkish in terms of cultural elements. The study focuses on investigating and elaborating on cultural elements in these textbooks. To achieve these objectives, qualitative research was used in compliance with the criteria of validity and reliability of the research. The research showed that both textbooks adequately included cultural elements and provided the target language-target culture context. Both textbooks were found to present features specific to the countries in which they were written. Furthermore, these textbooks highlight the distinctions that exist in terms of characteristics among different groups of people and cultures. It has been concluded that these books are shaped to provide tolerance and empathy towards other cultures, emphasizing the differences in the characteristics of other cultures, and providing the opportunity to learn the culture of the learned language as well as learning a foreign language.