Coupling Path Research Articles

Research on Intelligent Translation Strategy Based on Human Machine Coupling

With the development of artificial intelligence technology, machine translation plays an increasingly important role in language service industry, and traditional language service enterprises are transforming to artificial intelligence. In view of the existing problems of AI + translation, this paper analyzes the representative technology applications, summarizes the development status of AI technology, and discusses the coupling path and development prospect of AI Artificial translation and machine translation.

A BPF Integrated SP4T Switch Using Parallel Switched Fractal Common Feeding Line

This brief presents a method to design bandpass filter (BPF) integrated single-pole quadruple-throw (SP4T) switch by using parallel switched fractal common feeding line. The common feeding line with fractal design can provide four identical coupling paths for cascading switchable bandpass filters (SW-BPFs), which guarantees the consistency of channel electrical performance. The parallel switches are loaded on the fractal common feeding line, so as to decrease the impact of accumulated residual admittances from OFF-state channels. The SW-BPF is realized by the p-i-n diodes loaded tri-mode resonator (TMR), and the transmission zeros due to the intrinsic property of TMR and the source-load coupling are introduced on both sides of ON-state bandpass passband to improve the selectivity. The high suppression property of detuned TMR forms the OFF-state channel. As an example, a single-layer BPF integrated SP4T switch with the central frequency (CF) of 1.0 GHz and the ripple bandwidth (RBW) of 80 MHz is designed and fabricated to validate the proposed design concept.

Formation of Defect-Dicubane-Type NiII 2LnIII 2 (Ln = Tb, Er) Clusters: Crystal Structures and Modeling of the Magnetic Properties.

In the field of molecular nanoclusters, cubane and defect-dicubane, or butterfly structures, are typical examples of tetranuclear metal core architectures. In this work, a halogenated and anionic Schiff-base ligand (L2–) is utilized as it is predisposed to chelate within a cluster core to both 3d and 4f metal ions, in different binding configurations (H2L = 4-chloro-2-(2-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyliden amino)phenol). The phenolate oxygen atoms of the deprotonated ligand can act in μ-O and μ3-O bridging binding modes for the intramolecular assembly of metal ions. Based on that, two tetranuclear and isostructural compounds [Ni2Tb2(L)4(NO3)2(DMF)2]·2CH3CN (1) and [Ni2Er2(L)4(NO3)2(DMF)2]·0.5CH3CN (2) were synthesized and structurally characterized. Magnetic susceptibility and magnetization data indicate the occurrence of dominant intramolecular ferromagnetic interactions between the spin centers. Particular emphasis is given to the theoretical description of the magnetic behavior, taking into account the Ln–Ni and Ni–Ni coupling paths and the magnetic anisotropy of the LnIII and NiII ions. The study is distinguished for its discussion of two distinct models, whereby model A relies on the uniaxial B20 Stevens term describing the lanthanide anisotropy and model B is based on point-charge model calculations. Importantly, the physical meaning of the obtained parameters for both models was critically scrutinized.

A Generalized Synthesis Technique for High-Order and Wideband 3-D Frequency-Selective Structures With Chebyshev Functions

A generalized synthesis technique for a new class of high-order and wideband 3-D frequency-selective structures (FSSs) is presented in this article. First, a general circuit model with shunt short-ended stubs and an <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$i$ </tex-math></inline-formula> -section nonuniform transmission line is discussed, whose frequency response can be synthesized with Chebyshev functions over a wide frequency range. Following the synthesis procedure, all the circuit parameters can be derived from the specifications of the filtering response, such as filtering order <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$N$ </tex-math></inline-formula> (≥4), fractional bandwidth (FBW), and equal-ripple return loss (RL). Then, the general circuit model is applied to design high-order and wideband 3-D bandpass FSS, which is physically realized by using stacked printed circuit board pieces etched with slotlines and microstrip lines. As an example, a fourth-order 3-D FSS with FBW = 80% and equal-ripple RL = 10 dB is designed to show the establishment of good relationship between the circuit model and the physical model. To further improve the frequency selectivity, another two coupling paths independent of the main transmission path are created by simultaneously adjusting the FSS thickness and the separation of slotline sections, thus introducing two transmission zeros at both skirts of the passband. Both design examples are fabricated and measured. Good agreement between measured results and simulated ones indicates that the proposed synthesis method can provide an efficient and accurate solution to design such a class of wideband and high-order 3-D FSSs.

A Network-Based Method to Analyze EMI Events of On-Board Signaling System in Railway

The On-board Train Control System (OTCS) plays an important role in the real-time operation of the electric multiple units (EMU) in high-speed railway. The EMU is a complex system made up of various electrical and electronic equipment, so the interactions of the electromagnetic (EM) environment and OTCS are difficult to study, which leads to more challenges to analyze EM interference (EMI) events at the system level. To overcome this difficulty, this paper proposes the thought of a graph model to solve the problem. First, a framework is proposed to more clearly reflect the relationship between the EMC (Electromagnetic Compatibility) problem and network through a comparison with them. Second, a network theory-based model is presented to express the EMC elements for the OTCS in EMU. It decomposes the OTCS and EMU with EMC elements into edges and nodes of the network, which parameters are defined corresponding to EM sources, sensitive equipment, and coupling paths. Thus, each part could be modeled separately or together by calculation, simulation, or measurement, respectively, and the EMC problem could be represented by the paths from origin to destination in the network. Moreover, the modeling process was elucidated by the specific cases in OTCS and the validity of the proposed approach was verified by calculation and measurement results in the case study.

Diplexer-Integrated SPDT Switches With Multiple Operating Modes Using Common Fractal Stub-Loaded Resonator

This article presents a method to design new diplexer-integrated single-pole double-throw (SPDT) switches for composite time division duplexing (TDD) and frequency division duplexing (FDD) requirements. The common fractal stub-loaded resonator (F-SLR) is employed to provide four magnetic coupling paths to introduce the mixed electric and magnetic coupling (MEMC) for every channel. Together with the cross-couplings, the ON-state channel with high selectivity bandpass response can be achieved. As examples, a third-order diplexer-integrated SPDT switch and a fourth-order diplexer-integrated SPDT switch operating at 0.9/1.8 GHz are designed and fabricated. These two diplexer-integrated SPDT switches have three major operating modes, i.e., the 0.9-GHz bandpass filter (BPF)-integrated SPDT switch operating mode, the 1.8-GHz BPF-integrated SPDT switch operating mode, and the 0.9-/1.8-GHz diplexer-integrated SPDT switch operating mode. In the design, the loaded positions of p-i-n diodes on the uniform impedance resonators of 0.9-GHz channel are optimized to improve the OFF-state rejection bandwidth. Measured results also show that these two diplexer-integrated SPDT switches have low ON-state passband insertion loss, high port-to-port isolation, and compact circuit size.

The Hunt for Environmental Noise in Virgo during the Third Observing Run

The first twenty years of operation of gravitational-wave interferometers have shown that these detectors are affected by physical disturbances from the surrounding environment. These are seismic, acoustic, or electromagnetic disturbances that are mainly produced by the experiment infrastructure itself. Ambient noise can limit the interferometer sensitivity or potentially generate transients of non-astrophysical origin. Between 1 April 2019 and 27 March 2020, the network of second generation interferometers—LIGO, Virgo and GEO—performed the third joined observing run, named O3, searching for gravitational signals from the deep universe. A thorough investigation has been done on each detector before and during data taking in order to optimize its sensitivity and duty cycle. In this paper, we first revisit typical sources of environmental noise and their coupling paths, and we then describe investigation methods and tools. Finally, we illustrate applications of these methods in the hunt for environmental noise at the Virgo interferometer during the O3 run and its preparation phase. In particular, we highlight investigation techniques that might be useful for the next observing runs and the future generation of terrestrial interferometers.

Modular System-Level Modeling Method for the Susceptibility Prediction of Balise Information Transmission System

For high-speed train, balise transmission module (BTM) system is easily interfered with by other equipment of the train. This could cause the train to malfunction. Studying the electromagnetic susceptibility (EMS) of the BTM is very important for the performance and efficiency of the train. In this paper, a modular, system-level modeling method is proposed to predict the EMS of BTM systems. Based on object-oriented technology and a modular method, the BTM system is disassembled into several modules according to the electromagnetic characteristics of the whole system rather than the physical structure. All the modules are mutually independent, and the total EMS could be evaluated by the output of them. The modules of three key elements of electromagnetic compatibility (EMC), i.e., sources, coupling paths, and sensitive equipment, are established by the theoretical method, full-wave simulation method, and black-box test method, respectively, and put into different layers. According to the functions of the BTM system, the EMS of BTM is given by analyzing the interrelation of input and output of modules. Results of the proposed model were verified by measurement.

Frequency Selective Surface With Quasi-Elliptic Bandpass Response Using Radiation Null of Patch Antenna

A novel design of bandpass frequency selective surface (FSS) with high selectivity is proposed based on the antenna-filter-antenna (AFA) concept. Traditional AFA-based FSSs improve filtering performance by adding the order of resonator or the coupling paths. On account of the reciprocity theorem, transmission zeros are here introduced by the antenna's radiation null. The proposed FSS consists of two patch antennas connected with one pin and a C-type slot on the ground. The aforementioned structure generates two controllable radiation nulls related to the lengths of slots without any extra circuits. Therefore, two transmission zeros at both edges of the passband can be controlled by adjusting the dimension of slots. A prototype is fabricated and measured. Numerical simulation and measured results are in good agreement, which demonstrates that the proposed AFA-based FSS exhibits a quasi-elliptic bandpass response and a low profile.

Design of a Compact SISL BPF With SEMCP for 5G Sub-6 GHz Bands

In this letter, a cross-coupled dual-bandpass filter (BPF) with separate electric and magnetic coupling paths (SEMCPs) for 5G sub-6 GHz applications is proposed. Source-to-load couplings are also introduced in this structure for the flexibility of heterogeneous feed lines. Five controllable transmission zeros (TZs) in total are produced in the dual-band filter. The filter achieves good overall performance by adopting two pairs of quarter-wavelength stepped-impedance resonators (SIRs). To minimize the size of the filter and enlarge the controllable range of the second passband, the SIRs forming the second passband are separated and folded onto two different layers. The measured dual band filter achieves fractional bandwidths of 7.82% and 4.08%, centered at frequencies of 3.45 and 4.9 GHz with insertion losses of 1.15 and 1.42 dB, respectively.

Design and Loss Reduction of Multiple-Zeros Dual-Band Bandpass Filter Using SISL

This brief proposed a dual-band bandpass filter (DBBPF) topology realized on substrate integrated suspended line (SISL) platform. In this topology, separated electric and magnetic coupling paths (SEMCP) is firstly applied between two different filter bands to generate additional zeros for better skirt selectivity. The proposed filters, featured with self-packaging advantage, use hybrid spiral structure to realize different electric and magnetic coupling scheme for dual-band, compact size and multiple transmission zeros. In addition, loss reduction approach to reduce both substrate and metal losses is used to achieve insertion loss reduction.

High Selectivity Slot-Coupled Bandpass Filter Using Discriminating Coupling and Source-Load Coupling

A multilayer bandpass filter with high selectivity is proposed in this letter. Discriminating coupling formed by slot-coupled quarter-wavelength and half-wavelength resonators introduces a zero at 3f0 (f0 is the center frequency) and the second harmonic is also suppressed due to the quarter-wavelength resonators. Owing to multilayer structure, source-load coupling is introduced to improve selectivity. Then an extra coupled line path is added with the same amplitude as the discriminating coupling path while they are out of phase. Thus signal cancellation produces three extra transmission zeros, with the selectivity and suppression performance further improved. To validate the design, a prototype bandpass filter centered at 2.49 GHz with 3 dB fractional bandwidth of 8.1% is fabricated. Both simulated and measured results are in good agreement and show good performance of the proposed bandpass filter.

Interference mechanism analysis and mitigation measures with railway signalling equipment from harmonics in the traction system

Abstract With the development of high-speed railway and heavy-haul rail transport in China, a large number of new types of electric locomotives and electric multiple units have been put into operation, improving the efficiency and equipment quality of railway transportation. However, harmonics emitted from the traction system and locomotives often interfere with the railway signalling equipment, which can lead to critical malfunction of the equipment. Based on field test data, this paper analyses the interference coupling mechanism and magnitude of traction harmonics to the signalling equipment using a three-element method of interference. It examines the three essential elements of electromagnetic interference, studies harmonic mitigation measures and proposes to solve the problem of inteference with signalling equipment by installing a passive high-pass filter in the coupling path. After comparing the effects of several types of filters using simulation tests, this paper verified the validity of the method and concluded that a second-order passive filter is the optimal solution for harmonic interference mitigation.

Analysis of the Coupling Path of Qi Culture and Regional Economy

&lt;p&gt;At present, local culture is becoming more and more important in the developing process of national economy and society, increasing the significance of the development and reconstruction of local culture in various places as well. Local culture can promote the brand building, tourism and economic development. In the long history from the Spring and Autumn Period to the Qin and Han Dynasties and till now, Qi culture has been eclectic, becoming a symbol of Chinese culture, and forming a unique spiritual characteristic of self-improvement, kindness, virtue and wisdom. This paper analyzes the coupling path of Qi culture and regional economy.&lt;/p&gt;

Measurement-Based Validation of Integrated Circuit Transient Electromagnetic Event Sensors

Determining the components or coupling paths responsible for soft failures during transient testing is challenging because the components are hidden within the product and because measuring internal voltages or currents during a transient test may not be practical. Adding cables to make voltage or current measurements may be difficult and may alter the test results. To overcome this problem, in this article, two compact sensors are designed to measure the peak over or undervoltage on a trace or pin during a transient electromagnetic event. One sensor uses an analog-to-digital converter to store the peak voltage digitally and the other sensor uses an external capacitor to store an analog measure of the peak voltage for a period of time. The sensors are designed to wirelessly transmit the peak level to a remote receiver using the frequency-modulated electric and magnetic fields so that no cables or other changes to the system are needed. The proof-of-concept of the sensors was implemented in an integrated circuit using 180 nm technology. The sensor performance is characterized by direct injection and by using them to detect the peak voltage on a universal serial bus (USB) cable during a cable-guided transient event. Both sensors successfully detected and transmitted the peak level of the event.

High selective dual-band filtering power divider using self-packaged SISL

In this Letter, a new dual-band filtering power divider (FPD) with high isolation and high frequency selectivity by using self-packaged substrate integrated suspended line (SISL) technology has been developed. Both passbands of the proposed FPD can be designed and controlled individually. A pair of transmission zeros at either passband which are due to the multiple coupling paths with electric/magnetic couplings have been realised. The dual-band FPD has been fabricated layer by layer and then assembled, and the design has been demonstrated by experiment. The self-packaged SISL dual-band FPD has a circuit size of 0.41λg × 0.25λg.

Impact of wideband interference coupling path dispersion on performance of radio‐frequency interference adaptive cancellation system

As the interference bandwidth increases, the impact of interference coupling path dispersion on the cancellation performance can no longer be ignored in open space. Especially for the radio frequency interference adaptive cancellation system (RFIACS), the impact will be more serious. In response to this problem, this study establishes the time-domain model of a wideband RFIACS considering interference coupling path dispersion characteristics, and analyses the stability, convergence speed, interference cancellation ratio (ICR), and cancellation bandwidth of RFIACS considering dispersion characteristics. And the authors define the speed factor to characterise the convergence speed. The analysis shows that the dispersion of the interference coupling path will not affect the stability of the system, but will reduce the convergence speed and ICR. The larger the interference coupling path dispersion, the lower the convergence speed, and the larger the cancellation bandwidth, the lower the ICR. The experimental results verify the theoretical analysis.

ELECTROCHEMICAL AND COMBINED TREATMENT IN RHEOLOGICAL FLUID

Questions of search and assignment of working environments are considered, providing stabilization of processes of erosion-chemical and electrochemical dimensional processing at production of deep apertures in metal materials and ceramics. It is shown that the use of rheological fluids with nanoparticles of conductive granules can accelerate the mass transfer of processing products. It is established that when using rheological fluids it is possible to provide the required quality of the surface layer of deep through and blind channels of small cross-section. Experimental works on multielectrode flashing of round and polyhedral channels were carried out, which allowed to develop technological processes of manufacture of the sections of the coupling path for supplying combustible media to a combustion zone.

How large a 3 JHCCH coupling can be? Prediction of giant vicinal couplings in quinonoid systems.

Second-order polarization propagator approximation (SOPPA) and density functional theory (DFT) B3LYP computations revealed the presence of giant 3 JHCCH couplings, up to more than 60 Hz, in conjugated quinonoid systems, very far above the typical limit of ~15 Hz. Strong hyperconjugative interactions of the C-H σ orbitals with the quinonoid 8-e- π system, which allows effective propagation of the spin polarization, seem to be responsible for those extraordinarily large couplings. Computation on several model systems showed the additive nature of the contributions from the available coupling paths to the total coupling.

Oscillating synchronization in delayed oscillators with time-varying time delay coupling: Experimental observation.

The time-varying time-delayed (TVTD) systems attract the attention of research communities due to their rich complex dynamics and wide application potentiality. Particularly, coupled TVTD systems show several intriguing behaviors that cannot be observed in systems with a constant delay or no delay. In this context, a new synchronization scenario, namely, oscillating synchronization, was reported by Senthilkumar and Lakshmanan [Chaos 17, 013112 (2007)], which is exclusive to the time-varying time delay systems only. However, like most of the dynamical behavior of TVTD systems, its existence has not been established in an experiment. In this paper, we report the first experimental observation of oscillating synchronization in coupled nonlinear time-delayed oscillators induced by a time-varying time delay in the coupling path. We implement a simple yet effective electronic circuit to realize the time-varying time delay in an experiment. We show that depending upon the instantaneous variation of the time delay, the system shows a synchronization scenario oscillating among lag, complete, and anticipatory synchronization. This study may open up the feasibility of applying oscillating synchronization in engineering systems.