County Land Research Articles

IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGIES FOR AGRICULTURAL AND SILVICULTURAL NONPOINT SOURCE POLLUTION CONTROL IN CALIFORNIA AND WISCONSIN1

ABSTRACT: In the absence of detailed outlines such as those characteristic of the National Pollution Discharge Elimination System permit program, Nonpoint source pollution control is being initiated in a variety of ways in different states. In California, Regional Water Quality Control Boards play a strong enforcement role in point source control, but agricultural Nonpoint source needs are still being evaluated. Tentative approval of State Board of Forestry Forest Practice Rules by the State Water Resources Control Board has the potential of bringing Nonpoint control to all State and private forestry operations in the state. Wisconsin had developed an agricultural Nonpoint control program which emphasizes a state‐wide policy of selecting priority watersheds under the administration of the state Department of Natural Resources, and developing implementation programs under the guidance of local county Land Conservation Committees. The Priority Watershed program institutes BMP's with cost‐share funds authorized by the legislature. Wisconsin had not seen a problem in silvicultural activities, and has developed no statewide control program in that area. Common to effective land use control in both states is a state‐level policy implemented by agencies within the state. This pattern may be the model for successful programs as development of areawide management strategies continue.

Efficient digitizing through the combination of appropriate hardware and software for error detection and editing

Abstract Digitizing still remains a major bottle-neck in the creation of geographical data bases. This paper examines procedures and equipment used in the Dane County Land Records Project as a tutorial for others interested in digitizing maps. Topological structure, determined from ‘spaghetti and meatballs’, detects the important errors and provides a basis for efficiency (in time and cost). For manual digitizing, a simple system of capture running on cheap hardware may be as effective as an expensive workstation. Scanning technology, which used to be expensive, has now become practical, as is shown by an experimental scanner used in this project.

Denial of Certificate of Compliance Deemed an Error

In this case, neither the Oregon Department of Environmental Quality nor the federal Energy Regulatory Commission found that a proposal to divert water from a river for hydroelectric power generation violated the federal Water Pollution Control Act or state regulations adopted under the act. However, they denied the certificate on the basis of a failure to show compliance with state and county land use regulations. An appellate court said that violation of any sections of the act or state regulations was the only basis on which the state has authority under the act to deny the certificate and that state agencies may not consider factors other than compliance with the provisions listed in the act or state regulations in deciding whether to issue a certificate.

FRICTION IN HURRICANE-INDUCED SURGES

With the increasing development of coastal areas, it is necessary to have a sound method for predicting hurricane-induced flooding in these areas, especially for studies such as the coastal construction set-back line, flood insurance rate-making and county land use planning. The objective of this study is to develop the capability of describing the friction factor in coastal areas for improved representation in numerical models of storm surges. Five types of areas are considered: A, ocean bottom with bed forms and some vegetation; B, mangrove fringes and areas; C, forested areas and cypress swamps; D, grassy areas and saltwater marshes; and E, developed residential and commercial areas. The friction factors, which incorporate both the bottom friction coefficient and drag coefficient due to the submerged parts of obstructions were verified by conducting laboratory experiments for mangrove and developed areas, using the typical distribution found in each of these coastal areas. The formulas of the friction factor for the ocean bottom, forested areas and grassy areas are determined by adopting results from previous investigations and discussed with the results of the current study.

A proposed land information science program at the Georgia institute of technology

In response to the growing demand from business, industry and governments at all levels for the development of geographical data bases and geographic information systems, the Georgia Institute of Technology has proposed the development of an interdisciplinary research and education program in land information science. The program is designed to support a wide range of interdisciplinary applications in resource management and planning, economic development, county land records, modernization, computer mapping and remote sensing. Other applications will include infrastructure planning and engineering, environmental assessment and geophysical surveys.

Computerizing land title, tax and valuation records in Orange County, NC

The Orange County Central Land Records System is a comprehensive integrated computerized system designed to bring all land records of a local government together for both information processing and information retrieval. It was designed and developed, as a part of the HUD R.E.S.P.A. Program to demonstrate modern land record systems, by Orange County Land Records and Data Processing staff. It is the first computerized parcel indexing system to be operating in a deeds registry in North Carolina.

Changes in flood-plain vegetation and land use along the Missouri River from 1826 to 1972

Changes in vegetation and land use since 1826 were evaluated along the 800 kilometer portion of the Missouri River flood-plain that extends across the State of Missouri using County Land Office Survey records for 1826 and aerial photos for 1937, 1958, and 1972. The combined results show a decline in flood-plain forest coverage from 76% in 1826 to 13% in 1972; cultivated land increased from 18% to 83% during the same time. Uncultivated-unforested areas increased from 6% in 1826 to 27% in 1937, then declined to 1% in 1972; these changes occurred coincident with extensive bank-stabilization and channelization activities initiated in 1912 by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Riverbank stabilization activity since that time may account for the increased rate of decline in flood-plain forests from 0.25% per year between 1826 and 1937 to 1.6% per year between 1937 and 1972.

The Site-Value Tax: Its Potential Effect on Urban and County Land Uses in North Carolina

The Site-Value Tax: Its Potential Effect on Urban and County Land Uses in North Carolina

Phosphorus Model of Muskegon Wastewater System

A mathematical model is used to project the phosphorus concentration in soil solution for several durations of wastewater application at the Muskegon County land application wastewater treatment system. Results, under three different hydraulic conditions, are presented for the two principal soil types found on the project. The studies indicated that no problems in phosphorus removal should be encountered with application rate of 5 cm/week. However, management techniques may be required to achieve the design criteria for application rates of 10 cm/week.

Land Sale Prices in South Dakota and Their Relationship to Some Soil, Climatic, and Productivity Factors

AbstractAbout 2,700 land sale figures were used along with individual county soil‐association maps to determine average peracre values of South Dakota counties. Annual average precipitation and temperature data were connected to landsale figures using multiple‐regression equations. County crop productivity also was related to precipitation and county land sale data. The best prediction formula for explaining average county land values was a fifth‐order polynomial‐regression with precipitation as the variable. This explained 95% of the variance. Most of the variance (84%) of county cropland productivity was explained with a second‐order polynomial‐regression having annual‐average precipitation as the variable, and 86% of the variance of county land value figures was explained with a second‐order polynomial‐regression having county cropland productivity as the variable. However, only a little over 54% of the variance of individual farm sales could be explained using regression equations involving climate, slope, and soil‐texture as variables.

Västernorrland in the middle of the nineteenth century: A study in the transition from small-scale to capitalistic production

Abstract Västernorrland, 1 The administrative county unit Västernorrland was created in the seventeenth century by a merger of the provinces Medelpad and Angermanland. The nuclei of the provinces were the mouths of the rivers Ljungan, Indalsälven, and Ångermanälven at the Baltic. Colonization was concentrated to the river valleys and to the narrow coastal plain, where the two towns Sundsvall and Härnösand were located. Otherwise, the enormous county—land area 25,703 sq.km.—was almost exclusively covered by forest. during the first decades of the nineteenth century, was a country district of smallholdings and vast wildernesses, where a colonization was still in progress. According to Swedish conditions, the county was relatively backward. A few decades later—after the middle of the century—one of Sweden's most extensive and modern industries, the sawmill industry, developed in this province.

I Pay for What I Break

W . H. H U T C H I N S O N Chico State College I Pay £or What I Break Fortunately it is possible to present testimony from others re­ garding Eugene Manlove Rhodes to cast an opening aura of respect­ ability around what follows. Bernard DeVoto, may he rest in Esau’s bosom, dubbed Rhodes “the novelist of the cattle kingdom.” Conrad Richter compared him to Joseph Conrad, which is no poor praise; J. Frank Dobie referred to him as “Eugene ’Gene Cyrano de Bergerac Manlove Rhodes; and Walter Prescott Webb, who will do to take along as an historian of the American West, had this to say. He was tempered hard enough to be admired, but a little too hard to be imitated. Hence men made legends of him while he lived. He once said that life is a disease, and that the only cure for it is death. He was impudent towards life and impudent towards death. He hated more passionately than he did a felon the literary school of filth, and he de­ plored the (literary) group which taught youth that the main end of man is the middle. And he believed above all else that the earth is a good place in which to spend a lifetime. . . . To write as ’Gene wrote one would have to live as ’Gene lived, and I know of no writer in this coun­ try, at Breadloaf or elsewhere, that has the guts to do that even if there was left a place to live that way.1 Then this sometime reviewer of Western Americana, reviewer mind you, not critic, came along like a green bronc with a tumble­ weed under its belly to note that Rhodes had captured the life and the land of six New Mexico counties, and thereby preserved one clean segment of the American experience in the clear amber of a 1 Saturday Review, Sept. 15, 1956. 92 Western American Literature joyous, dancing illuminated prose.2 His life and his place so coin­ cided that he was lifted out of the purely parochial, exalted beyond the merely provincial, to bespeak some universal qualities inherent in the segment of experience he preserved. In an officially sanctioned promotional publication New Mexico Mines and Minerals,3 you can find solid documentation for certain mines and persons and techniques that Rhodes incorporated from life into his stories. You may refer to that chapter in Bransford in Arcadia wherein the gallant cowboy-eee transforms himself into the epitome of the hardrock seeker after fortune. If you ever have known it from life, the commingled smells of quartz dust and blackpowder fumes will be acrid in your nostrils as you read. He saw Texas cattle trailing west into New Mexico and beyond, and he watched investment capital from California and the Com­ stock Lode, which are the same, acquire vast holdings in the blackgrama lands along the Rio Grande. George W. Saunders, he of the monumental and unindexed Trail Drivers of Texas, brought a thousand head of heifers from Toyah in that state and Rhodes saw them take the river below Socorro. Vicente Villareal, working a YL herd west from Uvalde towards the slaunchandicular country of the Mogollon Rim, watered his cattle in the railroad pens at Rincon at gunpoint. You will find this very incident in The Trusty Knaves. He saw the Kern County Land Company, using California and Comstock Lode capital, purchase the 7 TX at Engle, the Armendariz Grant outfit, and their latest financial statement (1965) shows that they still own it. This invasion of California capital, unrecorded in the histories of the West, produced the cattle train which ’Gene rode to Bakersfield as it became, perhaps, the feeder cattle capital of the Southwest. And in one of his short stories about El Mundo Chico, the triangle formed by Deming and Lordsburg and Las Cruces, he has Henry A. Jastro play in fiction and by name (Jastrow ) what he was in life, cow buyer for and manager of KCL’s vast grasslands empire in New Mexico and Arizona. He not only saw but participated in the change in New Mexi-. co’s politics that accompanied the influx of...

Recent Oil and Gas Developments in Australia: ABSTRACT

The past year has witnessed a breakthrough in Australian oil and gas exploration with 8 new discoveries scattered over a wide geographical area, and adding Northern Territory, South Australia, and Western Australia to the discovery list. However, the commercial potential of most of these discoveries has yet to be established. Queensland continued active, with the most important developments being Union and Kern County Land Company's Alton discovery in the Surat basin and Phillips' deep gas discovery in Devonian strata at Gilmore. Several small, questionably commercial gas fields were found in the Surat basin and in the Bowen basin. The first Drummond basin well found oil shows in the Lower Permian. The Roma gas field can now supply about one-third of Brisbane's requirements. Exoil's Mereenie field in the Amadeus basin, Northern Territory, now has 4 large gas wells producing from the Ordovician. The field has a proved length of 17 miles. Two outer wells indicate 300 feet of oil column in a tight sandstone. Reserves are indicated to be 1 trillion cubic feet. Delhi's Gidgealpa field in South Australia has five large gas wells producing from the Permian in a 30-sq.-mi. area, with estimated reserves of 450 billion cubic feet. Another field of this size will be necessary to justify a pipeline to Adelaide. In the Perth basin, Western Australia, Wapet's Yardarino field has two large oil and gas wells in Permian strata and two dry holes in a small fault-block trap. Wapet's Barrow Island discovery, the first success in the Exmouth Gulf since the Rough Range disappointment in 1953, has three 180-900 B/D flowing wells from thin multiple zone Cretaceous-Jurassic sandstones. Other interesting developments include oil shows in two Cretaceous sandstones in the Port Campbell area, State of Victoria, oil shows in Cambrian dolomite and gas shows in Precambrian limestone in the Alice Springs area of the Amadeus basin, and shows in the Cambrian at Sandover in the Georgina basin. A gas show in Devonian was logged in the Bonaparte basin of Northwest Australia. The year 1965 should have considerable exploration in the basins where production has been indicated, and new ventures in untested basins, including the Bass Strait where Esso is now drilling, and several other offshore areas. End_of_Article - Last_Page 1086------------

BIRTH OF A COLLEGE … 1

EVERY COLLEGE is unique, but Southgate has a number of unusual features, some bringing with them particular difficulties. For example, the site itself has two peculiarities: firstly, it was originally straddling a county boundary and land had to be transferred from Hertfordshire to Middlesex to enable the College to be built wholly in Middlesex; secondly the Piccadilly Line tube passes under the site — beneath the workshops to be exact.

Useful Techniques in an Extension Program in Farm Management

FARM management extension as it is carried on in the States today is broad and diverse. It includes educational work on farm management phases of farm planning and county planning, farm records and their analysis, enterprise records, farm surveys, farm business problems, farm labor utilization and efficiency, farm tenure, economic information and outlook, statistical information service to State and county extension workers, farm finance, land utilization, and national policy and economic forces. The problem of keeping up to date and abreast of new technical developments in the subject matter field as well as in educational procedure is an important part of the specialist's assignment. Numerous techniques have been used in carrying on extension programs in the broad field of farm management. Some of them have been very effective; others not so effective. Our need now is for techniques which will reach a maximum number of people with the limited amount of trained personnel available. Training of agents and farm leaders has materially increased specialists' efficiency in some States where definite attention has been given to this angle of the work. To be more effective in our farm management education, we must endeavor to make the subject matter simple and interesting rather than complex, confounding, and confusing. We must spend more time, whatever the technique, thinking about our audience and its level of understanding, and then prepare our material so it can be understood by that audience. In the time available to me, I would like for us to take a look at some of the teaching techniques used in farm management which have proved or promised to be more effective in reaching farmers. In order to save time, point up the discussion, and possibly be more specific, let us take a recognized farm management problem and examine a few of the extension techniques which may be used effectively in the teaching process. I think the problem of proper land use will serve our purposes quite satisfactorily.

Selective Selling and Leasing of County Land in North Dakota

Selective Selling and Leasing of County Land in North Dakota

Plant Succession on Abandoned Fields in the Central Wisconsin Sand Plain Area

Juilieau County, Wiscolisiln, is in the part of the central salnd plaini area which is the bed of Glacial Lake Wisconsin. Here the residual soil of the underlying Canmbrian sandlstone has beenl reworked by water to forlm extensive areas of the Plainfield sandy soil series. Ill the southeastern part of the coulnty there are large areas of the Boolie series of sandy soils which are residual from the Cambrian sandstone but have not been reworked. These soils were much cultivated in Juneau County after settlement, which began in the eighteen-fifties, but their low fertility alnd their aridity have caused their abandonnment in this century. As part of a stuldy of the prairie flora in the celitral sani-d plain of Wisconsin, the suecessioll of plants ori some of these abandolied fields was observed in Juneau Coulity. Funds making possible the field work for this study were supplied by the Alumni Research Foulndatioll of the Ulliversity of Wiscolisill. The studies on the abandoned fields were beguln during the sunmmer of 1936 byArthur Oehrncke alnd the writer alnd continued in 1937 anld 1938 by the writer. Grateful acknowledgment is made to Professor N. C. Fassett of the University of Wisconsin for constant help and suggestions durilig the progress of this study. I am in-debted to my wife, Olive S. Thomson, for assistanee in the field and ill the preparation of this paper. The generous hospitality of Mr. and Mrs. F. N. Hamnerstrom, Jr., made available their home as a center of operations while the field work was in progress. Information upon the dates of abandonment was supplied mainly by Mr. Leo Laski of Necedah and Mr. Knute Olsen of the Olseni store at Mather. Little ilnformation upoln the date of last cultivatioln could be obtailled from people living near abandoned fields. Their reluetanee may in part be ascribed to the habit of some people in celntral Wisconsin of farming county land. When defilnitely dated fields were located which were on ground that was not too low and wet for the study of prairie plalnts, they were examinied during the three suecessive years. A total of thirteen separate fields were observed during this period. The detailed data are llot presented in this paper owing to the exigence of space but may be obtained by consulting the writer's thesis submitted to the University of Wisconsin under the title of Dynamics of some prairie plants in central Wisconsiln. The observations of changes within aln individual field were checked against fields of varying

County Land as a Factor in Adjusting the Agriculture of Western North Dakota

County Land as a Factor in Adjusting the Agriculture of Western North Dakota

An Example of County Land Management: Lincoln County, Wisconsin

An Example of County Land Management: Lincoln County, Wisconsin

Democratic Planning in Agriculture, I

Planning has always been regarded as a matter for the experts. Laymen affected by the plans have usually participated in the process only by accepting or rejecting through their representatives planning projects drawn up by technicians. The necessary importance of the rôle of technicians and the inevitable conflict between technical considerations, which must determine the recommendations of the experts, and political considerations, which must determine the attitude of representatives, have led many to regard the whole idea of systematic planning (in any large field of production) as undemocratic in its general trend. The whole idea of planning, they insist, points necessarily toward bureaucratic centralization of responsibility. The significance of the recently launched County Land Use Planning program lies in the effort to achieve from the first stages of the process and at the most local levels of organization that fusion between the skill and experience of the expert and the political choices of laymen which is the essence of modern democracy. Decentralization and localization of planning is, of course, particularly essential in agriculture because of the need to adapt methods for attaining general objectives to widely varying sectional differences. At the same time, lay participation in agricultural planning can mean widespread participation because of the wide spread of individual responsibility for individual farm enterprises. It may well be, therefore, that the lessons to be learned from this experiment in democratic planning for agriculture are not readily transferable to other fields of productive enterprise. That is a question that I must leave to others.