County Land Research Articles

Community-Academic Partnership to Assess the Role of Physical Disinvestment on Firearm Violence in Toledo, OH.

Reversing physical disinvestment, e.g., by remediating abandoned buildings and vacant lots, is an evidence-based strategy to reduce urban firearm violence. However, adoption of this strategy has been inconsistent across US cities. Our community-academic partnership sought to support adoption in Toledo, OH, USA, by generating locally relevant analyses on physical disinvestment and firearm violence. We used a spatial case-control design with matching. Physical disinvestment measures were derived from a citywide parcel foot audit conducted by the Lucas County Land Bank in summer 2021. Firearm violence outcomes were incident-level shootings data from the Toledo Police Department from October 2021 through February 2023. Shooting locations were matched to controls 1:4 on poverty rate, roadway characteristics, and zoning type. Exposures were calculated by aggregating parcels within 5-min walking buffers of each case and control point. We tested multiple disinvestment measures, including a composite index. Models were logistic regressions that adjusted for the matching variables and for potential spatial autocorrelation. Our sample included N = 281 shooting locations and N = 1124 matched controls. A 1-unit increase in the disinvestment score, equal to approximately 1 additional disrepair condition for the average parcel within the walking buffer, was associated with 1.68 times (95% CI: 1.36, 2.07) higher odds of shooting incidence. Across all other measures, greater disinvestment was associated with higher odds of shooting incidence. Our finding of a strong association between physical disinvestment and firearm violence in Toledo can inform local action. Community-academic partnership could help increase adoption of violence prevention strategies focused on reversing physical disinvestment.

County land use carbon emission and scenario prediction in Mianyang Science and Technology City New District, Sichuan Province, China

The role of carbon emissions resulting from land use change in the compilation of national greenhouse gas emission inventories is of paramount significance. This study is centered on the Mianyang Science and Technology City New Area located in Sichuan Province, China. We used the CLUE-S model and Sentinel-2A remote sensing data from 2017 to simulate and validate land use changes in 2022. Based on this validation, we established three simulation scenarios: a baseline scenario, an agricultural development scenario, and a construction development scenario. Using remote sensing data from 2022, we projected the land use for 2030. We also used CO2 concentration data collected in 2022 and 2023, processed the data using ArcGIS and Python, and conducted a quantitative analysis of carbon emissions under each scenario. Ultimately, the accuracy of both measured and predicted CO2 values for 2023 was juxtaposed and authenticated, thus concluding the investigative cycle of this study. Key findings include: (1) The accuracy of the CLUE-S model in the study area was assessed using overall accuracy, quantity disagreement and allocation disagreement indexes. In 2022, the overall accuracy is 98.19%, the quantity disagreement is 1.7%, and the allocation disagreement is 2.2%. (2) Distinct land resource utilization characteristics in scenarios, highlighting potential impacts on economic development and pollution. (3) Increased carbon emissions across scenarios, with construction development showing the highest rise (4.170%) and agricultural development the lowest (0.766%). (4) The predictive accuracy of the validation group's CO2 concentration values can reach 99.5%. This study proposes precise CO2 prediction at the county level, thus laying the groundwork for future research endeavors. Such findings are indispensable for informing carbon policy formulation and promoting low-carbon development strategies.

Research on Road Geological Hazard Risk Assessment Model Based on Computational Deep Learning Algorithm Integrated With GIS

This paper studies the geological disaster emergency command and management system based on geographic information system. This system is for the province, city, county land resources and other aspects of the comprehensive application, the realization of real-time information display, meteorological early warning, group measurement and mass prevention, monitoring and early warning, major disaster management, prevention plan, quick report processing, emergency investigation, emergency disposal, emergency consultation and other functions. Through the GSM network, the monitoring data is sent to the monitoring center through the mobile phone, and then the monitoring center processes, stores, displays and alarms the monitoring data. Finally, B/S structure is used to build a remote Web data service publishing platform, so that it can carry out real-time monitoring at any place, and improve the speed, efficiency and intuition of high-speed slope disaster. It is proved that the method has the advantages of stable operation, accurate data, fast transmission speed and high monitoring accuracy through the practical application of a highway project foundation pit slope monitoring.

A Multi-Objective Scenario Study of County Land Use in Loess Hilly Areas: Taking Lintao County as an Example

Land use serves as a connecting link between human activities and the natural ecology of the surface; under the multi-objective background of national policies and dual-carbon tasks, land use transformation is studied and simulated in multiple scenarios, and carbon stock changes are analyzed based on future land use to explore the path for a region to achieve multi-objective coordination. Drawing upon land use data from 2000 to 2020 in Lintao County, Gansu Province, we conducted an in-depth analysis of the dynamics governing land use transformation. Subsequently, employing the FLUS (Future Land Use Simulation) model, we simulated the projected land use for Lintao County in 2035 under various scenarios. Furthermore, we utilized the InVEST (Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Trade-offs) model to assess the change in carbon stock within the study area under each scenario. These analyses aim to furnish a robust scientific foundation for future land use planning endeavors in Lintao County. The conclusions are as follows: (1) The land use transition in Lintao County from 2000 to 2020 showed the strongest motivation for construction land growth, with continued rapid growth in the scale of urban land and other construction land and relatively slow growth in the land for rural settlement areas, while cropland and water areas continued to decrease, forest land grew slowly, the magnitude of land use change exhibited a higher intensity in river townships compared with mountainous townships. (2) The simulation results of cropland protection scenario (CPS), ecological protection scenario (EPS), economic development scenario (EDS), and comprehensive development scenario (CDS) in 2035 are better. Among them, the CDS, which considers various types of higher-level strategic requirements and can compensate for the single-goal nature of the single-demand scenario, demonstrates a higher level of rationality in the land use pattern. (3) The total carbon stock in descending order is the EPS, CDS, EDS, and CPS. Among these, the CDS is at a higher level of total carbon stock, and the changes in carbon stock in each land use site are more balanced, which is an ideal carbon stock state and a scenario more in line with multi-objective coordination.

Spatiotemporal Evolution and Driving Factors of Land Development: Evidence from Shandong Province, China

As populations and economies have grown rapidly, questions of land development and use have intensified. It has become a major global concern to achieve sustainable land use practices. This study reveals evolution of the spatiotemporal pattern of land development intensity of counties in Shandong Province by introducing a land development intensity measurement model combined with three-dimensional trend surface and spatial autocorrelation analyses. Geodetector and geographically weighted regression models were employed to demonstrate the interplay and spatiotemporal heterogeneity between development intensity and drivers. The empirical results show that the value of land development intensity of counties in Shandong Province shows a general growth trend, with the number of counties with higher values gradually increasing and the number of counties with lower values gradually decreasing. We also found that the spatial heterogeneity of land development intensity across counties in Shandong Province is significant, and the spatial distribution pattern is basically consistent with the “one group, two centers and three circles” strategy proposed by the Shandong Provincial Government. There is also a positive spatial correlation and clustering effect of land development intensity of counties in Shandong Province. High (low) value clusters are concentrated in core hot (cold) counties, driving some of the surrounding counties towards radial development. The alteration in the intensity of county land development is a complex occurrence that is shaped by numerous factors. Among these, GDP per capita and population density have the primary influence on land development of counties in Shandong Province. To achieve coordinated regional social, economic, and environmental benefits, land development within the county should adhere to the principle of adapting to local conditions and implement differentiated development strategies according to different development intensities.

Associations between land bank ownership and stewardship of vacant properties and crime, violence, and youth victimization in Flint, MI.

Land banks across the United Statesare managing expanding vacant property inventories. By maintaining vacant properties and engaging residents in the process, land banks facilitate processes integral to building safe neighborhoods and may play a role in violence prevention. Using generalized additive mixed model regression, adjusted for spatial and temporal dependencies, we examined whether land bank ownership and stewardship of vacant properties in Flint, Michigan were associated with trends in serious, violent, and firearm-involved crime, between 2015 and 2018. We tested for differences in trends in crime density between properties owned by the Genesee County Land Bank Authority (GCLBA; n = 7151)and comparison properties not owned by the land bank (n = 6,245). In addition, we tested for differences in crime density trends between vacant properties that received different levels of land bank stewardship, including biannual mowing, GCLBA standard stewardship, and GCLBA-sponsored community-engaged stewardship. We found that GCLBA ownership was associated with net declines in densities of all types of crime and violence, over time, relative to properties not owned by the GCLBA. When we distinguished between levels of stewardship, we found that GCLBA stewardship, both with and without community engagement, was associated with net declines in serious and violent crime relative to comparison properties. Only community-engaged GCLBA stewardship was associated with declines in firearm-involved crime and firearm-involved crime with a youth victim over time, relative to comparison properties. Land bank stewardship of vacant properties may be protective against crime, violence, and youth victimization in legacy cities like Flint, MI that experience high rates of vacant properties and violent crime.

“Demolition Planning” in a U.S. Legacy City: Using Stakeholder Input to Plan for the Demolition of Blighted, Vacant Properties in Flint, Michigan

This paper presents a case study of participatory “demolition planning” for blighted, vacant properties in the legacy city of Flint, Michigan. It outlines how the Genesee County Land Bank Authority (GCLBA) used residents’ responses to a survey about demolition priorities to create an algorithm that assigns demolition scores to blighted properties in Flint. The survey results showed that residents’ top priority was demolishing blighted properties located directly next door to occupied properties. Fire-damaged properties, blighted properties in proximity to schools, and blighted properties located in highly occupied neighborhoods were the next highest priorities. There were few spatial differences in survey responses at the neighborhood (i.e., city ward) level. We discuss the implications of these findings and how other communities can adapt and improve upon the GCLBA’s surveying and algorithm creation efforts.

Spatiotemporal evolution and driving factors of the coupling coordination between county land urbanization and grain production: the case of Jiangsu province, China

How to ensure a coordinated development between land urbanization and grain production has been a key issue that needs to be urgently addressed to achieve sustainable development in China. Taking Jiangsu province as an example, this paper measures the coupling coordination degree (CCD) between county land urbanization and grain production from 2010 to 2020 based on the coupling coordination degree model (CCDM). In addition, the exploratory spatial data analysis method and the space Durbin model are combined to explore the spatial correlation and influencing factors of the CCD between land urbanization and grain production. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) From a temporal perspective, the CCD between county land urbanization and grain production in Jiangsu is dominated by basically coordinated, with an overall stable rising trend and a distribution pattern of Northern Jiangsu > Central Jiangsu > Southern Jiangsu. (2) From the perspective of spatial distribution, the CCD between the two is dominated by basically coordinated in the Southern, Central and Northern Jiangsu regions. The spatial clustering characteristics are significant, and the distribution of counties with basically coordinated shows concentrated and contiguous characteristics. (3) From the perspective of spatial correlation, the CCD between the two shows a low level of positive spatial autocorrelation. The state of agglomeration is significant in Northern Jiangsu, while spatial agglomeration is sporadic in Southern Jiangsu and insignificant in Central Jiangsu. (4) The factors affecting the CCD between county land urbanization and grain production in Jiangsu province are determined by many factors together. Based on a driver perspective, Per capita GDP and chemical fertilizer application intensity have a negative effect on it. Highway network density and mobile internet penetration rate have a positive effect on it. Population density, advanced industrial structure, per capita grain planting area and agro-industrial agglomeration are not significant. This study offers useful insights for promoting the coupled and coordinated development of county urbanization and grain production in China.

Land valuation using public records and kriging: Implications for land versus property taxation in cities

We construct land values for each parcel in Maricopa County (Phoenix), Arizona, from 2000 through 2018 using a novel public dataset containing the universe of land sales and parcel records in the county. We then compare residential land values constructed using two classes of source data, vacant land sales and land under existing structures. Between 2012 and 2018, estimated land values for developed parcels are, on average, 14% higher when estimated using vacant land due to plattage effects and other unobserved factors. Growth rates are similar, facilitating the use of vacant land price indices to trace valuations over time from an accurate base year valuation. Dynamics between prices of Maricopa County land and housing suggest hypothetical land value tax revenues are more pro-cyclical than property tax revenues, with elasticities of 3.3 and 2.3 with respect to national house prices, respectively. By 2018, houses had recovered 96% of pre-crisis (2007) values, but land had only recovered 66%. These findings demonstrate a source of risk of dependence on public revenues from land value taxes versus a base-period revenue-neutral property tax.

Study on Sustainable Utilization and Protection of County Land Resources

Study on Sustainable Utilization and Protection of County Land Resources

Новые челобитные жителей Переславля-Залесского и его уезда из русского архива Яна Сапеги

Introduction. The article describes the documents of the Russian archive of Y.P. Sapieha of 1608– 1611, which supplement the systematized fund of Pereslavl-Zalessky and its county as part of the previously reconstructed collection of papers. Methods and materials. The methods of source analysis, elements of archeographic, paleographic, linguistic source characteristics of texts are used. Published materials discovered by the Swedish researcher E. Lefstrand in the State Archive of Sweden, contain little-known episodes from the life of Pereslavl county, reflected in the petitions of representatives of different strata of the population submitted to the impostor False Dmitry I, and Hetman Sapieha in the period from mid-autumn to the end of 1608. Analysis. The new documents, as their study shows, significantly replenish one of the sections of the Sapieha Russian archive, which includes letters, formal responses and petitions from residents of Zamoskovye and Pomerania. Results. In the process of multidimensional analysis, new information of a documentary-substantive and pragmatic nature was revealed, clarifying the actions of the government army under the command of M.V. Skopin-Shuisky in the situation around Pereslavl-Zalessky, shedding light on important details of the functioning of the Tushinsky regime in the Zamoskovye and the circumstances of the overthrow of the power of the Poles in the captured county lands; the role of petitioning as a form of fixing reliable information about the events that took place and their direct participants. Authors’ contribution. N.E. Tyumentseva correlated the papers with the sections of the reconstructed archive and with the available chronological information, gave an archaeographic description of the documents; N.A. Tupikova read the texts, outlined the principles of their reproduction, carried out a source analysis and general editing of the article.

Study on the response of ecosystem services to land use

In recent years, the urbanization process in counties has been accelerated due to the support of national policies. The depth and breadth of land use changes in counties have been strengthened, and the value of ecosystem services has been significantly degraded. In order to realize the sustainable development of county ecological environment, it is especially urgent to grasp the impact of different land use types in the county on the value of ecosystem services within a certain period of time. Based on the interpretation of remote sensing satellite images to obtain county land use classification data, the changes in the value of ecosystem services in Nanping City between 1995 and 2015 were explored in depth. The results of the study showed that the total value of ecosystem services in each region changed significantly in different time periods, among which, in 1995, the total value of ecosystem service types in Jian’ou City was the highest. In 2015, the value of ecosystem services in Songxi County decreased the most, amounting to 13.98 billion yuan, while other regions had different degrees of increase. Each regional service type has the highest value of functions such as soil formation and protection, water conservation, gas regulation and biodiversity conservation, while all the food production functions have the lowest value.

The Single-Whip Method of Yunnan Garrison Taxation, Fifteenth – Seventeenth Centuries

Due to the separated governing system of the Ming, the taxation system in garrisons differed by county. However, there is also evidence that shows that garrison land became county land in the seventeenth century, which indicates the garrison system was combined with the county system. This combination can be considered as a part of the single-whip method of garrison taxation. This paper focuses on the differences between the two taxation systems in garrison and county, as well as the single-whip reforming process of garrison taxation of Yunnan garrisons. Due to the constant conflict with barbarians and frontier empires, the Yunnan garrisons were constructed intermittently during the Ming dynasty. This led to a comparatively slow but clear process in the Yunnan garrison tax combination. In Yunnan, with the establishment of a taxation system in the fifteenth century, the military grain was taxed on individual soldiers as military duty. But this system was challenged by desertion and mess registration of military and county lands in the sixteenth century. The provincial officers and garrison officers tended to combine garrison taxation to garrison land. However, it was in use until the seventeenth century, when the land measurement and new tax standard was finally carried out by a Ming government who faced this challenge. And the garrison taxation was actually a changed garrison tax base from individual to land, transforming the garrison taxation into a land tax. When the Qing took over the governance of Yunnan, they changed garrison taxation into an non-military land tax system. Original garrison farmers were changed into government farmers, and had to pay not only a land tax, but also an additional individual tax. Finally the military duty was combined with a garrison land tax, and the difference between garrison land and county land was narrowed. The single-whip trend made the combination of garrison and county possible.

Impact of county-scale land use change on the value of ecosystem services: A case study in Nanping, Fujian, China

With the changing behavior of land use by explosive population growth, the ecological environment is constantly disturbed and destroyed by humans, and the value of ecosystem services is obviously degraded. After the introduction of the national new-type urbanization plan, counties have become the key areas to promote new-type urbanization, and county land use is exceptionally active. Therefore, it is especially urgent to grasp the impact of county land use changes on ecosystem service values. Based on remote sensing satellite image interpretation to obtain county land use classification data, the changes of ecosystem service values in County between 1995 and 2015 were thoroughly explored. The research results show that the total value of ecosystem services has increased in most regions during the 20 years, among which, the service value of Shunchang County has increased most significantly. In terms of the service values of different land use types in each region, woodland is the main contributor to ecological services in different regions. From different time periods, Jian’ou City had the highest value of woodland ecosystem services in 1995 and 2015. In contrast, Songxi County had a lower value of services for each ecosystem type during 20 years.

County-level method for identifying Romanian ecological corridors: environmental and spatial planning issues

A solution for the habitat fragmentation, decline of biodiversity, loss of ecosystems and ecosystem services can be to increase the number of protected areas and the connectivity between them, by creating ecological corridors. Since this conservation practice is becoming more relevant considering the climate change, the concept of ecological connectivity must be integrated in most political frameworks, especially in relation with the spatial development, requiring appropriate legislation. The article aims at proposing a new technique of ecological connectivity modeling, demonstrated by a specific methodology aiming to identify the ecological corridors used the brown bear (Ursus arctos) within the Natura 2000 sites in the Romanian Carpathian Mountains covered by the Buzau County. The processed GIS layers together with the ArcGIS.x Corridor Design Tool were used to map the permeability in the studied area and thus to identify the ecological corridors. The obtained results are useful tools for spatial planners that must integrate, adapt and accept these corridors in their plans. It is the first study published at national level, a novel one, in which ecological corridors for the brown bear are identified based on a County Land Use Plan, embedding the ecological dimension in the concept of spatial planning.

Запасы хлеба в крепостях восточного участка Белгородской черты по данным описи 1678 г.

The research is devoted to the storage and distribution of bread stocks in the sovereign residents of the fortress city of the eastern section of the Belgorod line in the second half of the 17th century. To analyze the set problems, information about bread stocks preserved in the inventory of cities compiled in 1678 is used. This document reflects information on all the cities of the Belgorod line and its neighboring counties in the context of a single time segment, which makes it possible to determine the general patterns of the distribution of bread stocks. During the study, a description was given of the structure and composition of granaries located in the fortresses of the eastern section of the Belgorod line. This allowed us to answer questions about the number of animal heads, tax collectors and clerks, as well as their social affiliation. It was determined that the bulk of the bread stored in the living yards was rye and oats, which could serve as a bread salary issued to service people, as well as grain sent to other cities and to the Don. In addition, the presence in sovereign dwellers of reserves of agricultural crops such as wheat, barley, buckwheat and millet, as well as grain processing products: rye and oat flour (thick) is revealed. It is established that the filling of living yards was uneven. Particular attention was paid to the study of the variability of the distribution of bread reserves in the inhabitants of the eastern section of the Belgorod line, in relation to the number of service garrisons, and the strategic importance of the bread reserves stored in sovereign residents and their influence in the development of the county land fund is determined.

Spatial allocation efficiency and control strategy of county land resources based on main functional areas of territorial space: A case study of Ganyu, Jiangsu province

Spatial allocation efficiency and control strategy of county land resources based on main functional areas of territorial space: A case study of Ganyu, Jiangsu province

Deciding Whether to Accept or Decline Collections: Legal, Ethical, and Practical Considerations at the Arizona State Museum

The Arizona State Museum (ASM), at the University of Arizona, is required to accept collections recovered from state, county, and municipal lands in Arizona. In deciding whether to accept other collections, ASM personnel must consider each offer in the context of the institution’s legal mandates, the ethical principles that guide the fields of archaeology and museology, and the practical realities of space and funding. In this paper, the decision-making process at ASM is described and illustrated using examples of collections accepted and collections declined. ASM personnel strive for clarity and consistency in such processes by prioritizing optional acquisitions based on the institution’s mission, its collecting focus, a collection’s (or an object’s) research potential, and ASM’s ability to provide appropriate care and access in perpetuity.

Spatio-temporal difference analysis of land use efficiency in Lanxi Urban Agglomeration based on SBM-Undesirable model

Based on the connotation of green development, SBM-Undesirable model was used to measure the land use efficiency of Lanxi Urban Agglomeration in 2006, 2010, 2014 and 2018, and Theil Index and Spatial Autocorrelation Methods were used to reveal the spatial difference characteristics. The results show that: (1) From 2006 to 2018, the county land use efficiency of Lanxi Urban Agglomeration increased steadily, and the regional differences first expanded and then narrowed. (2) The land use efficiency of counties in Lanxi Urban Agglomeration presents a spatial difference law of “high in the middle-low in the periphery, high in the west and low in the east, and differentiated between the north and the south”, while the two provinces present a decreasing law of “west-east”. (3) The spatial agglomeration characteristics of land use efficiency in Lanxi Urban Agglomeration are remarkable. Locally, the high-high agglomeration is typical in the central region, while the low-low agglomeration spreads from southeast to southwest.

К ИСТОКАМ МУЗЕЙНОГО ДЕЛА В АЛТАЙСКОМ ГОРОДЕ БИЙСКЕ (КОНЕЦ XIX – НАЧАЛО XX В.)

This article is devoted to the unexplored issue of the birth of museum science in the small pro-vincial town of Biysk in southern Siberia. Reliance on historical sources, many of which are intro-duced into scientific circulation for the first time, allows the authors to carry out a historical recon-struction of the sociocultural development of Biysk in the second half of 19th – early 20th century. The article reports on the increasing role of the city bourgeoisie and intellectuals in the life of Biysk, shows the charity of merchants Kotelnikov, Vasenev, Assanov, Sychev, Morozov. The authors emphasize donations of Biysk townspeople to the museums of Imperial Tomsk University. They reveal the role of G.N. Potanin who involved some residents of Biysk in studying of the southern part of Altai and Mon-golia, in collecting and descripting of natural and historical memorials. All these events are considered as the most important prerequisites for the origin of the museum science in Biysk. Then the article shows that the first idea of establishing Biysk museum was expressed in 1886. However, it was not possible to implement it. New attempts to open the museum were made in 1911. There were the funds of the merchant Kopylov, who wanted to use them for the sake of culture and education. They also failed. Only the events of the Revolution of 1917 allowed starting works on the creation of the museum. Now it is known about People's University opened in Biysk in 1918 and the museum, which was created under it. The purpose of the museum was educating of townspeople. The first head of Biysk museum was A.A. Khrebtov, a graduate of Riga Polytechnic Institute. He managed to attract knowledgeable people, who conducted expeditions and delivered collections of minerals, archaeology and ethnography to the museum. From the first days of opening rural teachers, employees of the county land (zemstvo) and others visited the museum. The museum became a center of educa-tional work in Biysk and its county. The Society of Nature Lovers was based on People's University and its museum. Members of this society turned to the study of the nature and history of Biysk district. The representative of the department of out-of-school education V.V. Belyanin planned to create a network of museums of the Biysk district. The authors point out that in the future he became a well-known Soviet writer V.V. Bianchi. The article shows that the museum funds, created in 1918–1919, were used as the basis of Biysk Soviet People's Museum. It was opened in April 1920 by section on organization of museums in Biysk district, established in the department of public education of Biysk district revolutionary committee. The authors of the article express their opinion that the preparatory period, which lasted 44 years, had finished with great success. Scientific and cultural center was created in the southern part of Altai, and it still works today as the Biysk Regional Museum named after V.V. Bianchi.