Sustainable Development Of Country Research Articles

Investments in renewable energy as a lever in achieving sustainable development goals of the Republic of Kazakhstan

The problems of achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) are relevant both for foreign countries and for the Republic of Kazakhstan. The special importance is given to determination of priority directions of sustainable development for our country, in which it is necessary to direct investment means. The article analyzes the dynamics of investments in environmental protection by types of environmental protection activities in the Republic of Kazakhstan and investments related to the «green» economy for 2015–2020. Special attention is paid to the assessment of changes in the volume of investments in the development of renewable energy sources (RES). The article describes the existing measures of state support for the development of renewable energy sources, as well as highlights the problems hindering their more active implementation into the country's energy balance.The authors used general scientific methods, as well as quantitative methods of statistical, causal and comparative data analysis. The results of the study have led to the conclusion that the greatest growth accounts for the share of investment in the development of a “green” economy through increased investment in energy-saving technologies, increasing energy intensity, the development of renewable energy sources, as well as in the protection of atmospheric air. It is noted that during the study period, the volume of electricity from wind power plants increased by 6 times, and from solar power plants – 22 times. In general, the work conducted by the authors shows that there is a significant resource for increasing the effectiveness of achieving the SDGs through a systematic and comprehensive approach within the framework of national policy. It is concluded that a comprehensive roadmap should be developed and adopted at the national level to attract investment in the SDG sectors and ensure that they contribute to the country's sustainable development.

Factors Affecting the Expansion of Voluntary Health Insurance Participants in Ninh Binh, Vietnam

Health insurance is one of the pillars of social security in Vietnam. Moving towards universal health insurance is the right direction to support the country's sustainable economic development. Ninh Binh is a province with high rate coverage of health insurance compared to other provinces and cities across the country. However, to reach 100% of the people participating in health insurance, there are still many difficulties. With 205 valid questionnaires, the research team used quantitative research method to assess the factors affecting the expansion of voluntary health insurance participants in Ninh Binh province, Vietnam. Through analyzing the reliability of the scale, exploratory factor and linear regression, the research team has pointed out the factors that have a strong impact on the expansion of health insurance participants such as income or communication. From this result, the research team identified difficulties and existences in the expansion of voluntary health insurance participants in the province such as precarious income, certain employer’s limited awareness of health insurance policies, health system's ability to respond and inadequate quality care for people

Economic growth, social inclusion, and environmental protection: assessing the existence of green growth in Pakistan.

The Fifth Ministerial Conference on Environment and Development in Asia and the Pacific (MCED-5) provided a regional implementation plan to pursue economic development in Asia-Pacific. Achieving environmentally sustainable economic growth or green growth is considered necessary by the ministerial declaration of the conference. The ministerial declaration defines green growth as an approach to sustaining economic growth and employment creation, a prerequisite for effective poverty reduction while coping with natural resource constraints and climate change. Based on the importance of green growth, the study seeks to investigate the progress towards sustainable economic development in Pakistan from 1990 to 2019. The study employs structural equation modeling (SEM) to determine the direct and indirect effects of the variables of the green growth model adopted in the MCED-5. The results of the study indicate that an increase in the net national income of the country leads to increased natural resource depletion. The declining stock of natural capital points towards the difficulty in fulfilling biocapacity sustainability in Pakistan while achieving social progress and declining carbon intensity in the quest for sustainable development. Based on the analysis, it can be claimed that the negative impact of increasing inclusive wealth on natural capital makes Pakistan in environmental terms a weakly sustainable nation. Thus, the conclusion is that Pakistan is following a path of weak sustainability. As a result, there is a need to shift the country's sustainable economic development from weak sustainability to strong sustainability if the increasing natural resource depletion is to be restrained.

Sustainable development and convergence under energy sector transition in industrial nations: An application of DEA environmental assessment

Environmental protection is important for all nations. For preparing a policy to combat the climate change, we propose a new approach whose assessment is useful for promoting sustainable development and green growth economy. The approach also assesses a technological progress over time, focusing upon pollution reduction. We apply it to 37 OECD countries during 1995–2014, examine performance differences among country groups, and discuss these convergences over the period. Methodologically, we extend the previous study (Sueyoshi and Wang, 2020) that has compared between OECD and Non-OECD nations. It concluded that the former group outperformed the latter group in their environmental measures and club convergence. It is expected that the organization provides member nations with an opportunity to improve the status of green technology for economic growth. Focusing upon OECD nations, this study examines two unified performance measures. The results of this study cannot find their overall convergence. Rather, they are classified into one or two club(s). The results indicate that there are uneven economic and technological progresses between higher and lower groups. The disparity implies that OECD membership does not guarantee uniform green growth and sustainable development for countries. This study also finds that "renewable and nuclear" energy shares are important in maintaining the higher group within OECD because both are zero-carbon emission energy sources.

The problem of digital identity identification in the Russian Federation and the European Union

Problems of digital identification have become relevant due to the COVID-19 pandemic, but at the same time, digital identification is a prerequisite for the sustainable development of countries in a digital society. Law regulates the use of information technology in identification of individuals. This article analyzes the experience of solving digital identification problems, ensuring the protection of biometric personal data in the Russian Federation and the European Union. Forms of verification, digital identity authentication (identification) by means of authentication are consideredin this article as well. The European Union has adopted the eIDAS Electronic Identification Regulation, which defines the requirements and criteria for technical means of protecting information and generating electronic signatures. The study revealed that Estonia has the most developed national identification card system (ID-cards) in the world. The article considersthe problems related to the issue and proposes regulatory measures aimed at the digital identification procedure and formation of a digital profile.

Waste to wealth: enhancing circularities in the Malaysian economy

PurposeThe paper focuses on Malaysia's huge waste challenges and how circular economy practices can turn that into increased and sustained economic growth.Design/methodology/approachPublished official reports on the country's sustainable development initiatives, policy statements from local authorities and government agencies as well as UN bodies and other secondary materials were sourced for this article.FindingsThe paper finds that Malaysia's waste can be used in generating wealth for the country if and when a conscious effort is made towards establishing a sound circular economy in the country. It also sees enormous opportunities that exist for cooperative models of social enterprises and business innovations.Originality/valueThe paper details the numerous policies and initiatives that the Malaysian government has embarked upon in recent times and scrutinises them to decipher the direction of country's bid for sustainable development. It also carries details of what can be done to achieve circularity as well as the benefits that can accrue from that.

Monitoring of The Consumption Level for Sustainable Development Goals

The indicators of the Sustainable Development Goals (hereinafter referred to as the SDGs) were developed by the UN members and are aimed at the sustainable development of countries in the field of social policy, ecology and ensuring the well-being of the population. Sustainable Development Goals in the field of social policy can be considered necessary for survival. Country indicators are calculated by statistical agencies in accordance with methodologies developed by the SDGs curator agencies. The Federal State Statistics Service (Rosstat) in accordance with the Federal Statistical Plan calculates most indicators for Russia. The standard of living of the population can be estimated indirectly as the share of the population’s expenditures on food, which are necessary for the physiological survival of a person. The literature notes that the existing criteria for the level of poverty can distort the real state. Therefore, the average per capita consumption level may depend on the size of the household. The paper considers the average per capita expenditure level on food in a household, depending on the characteristics of the household (number of members in the family, age groups). The paper also considers the differentiation of the regions of the Russian Federation in terms of the share of the population’s expenditures on food.The purpose of the study is to determine the relationship between the size of the household and its food expenditures, as well as the characteristics of the population’s expenditures, depending on the composition of the household, on food at home, outside the home and alcohol expenditures.Materials and methods. The source of the data for statistical analysis is the Household Budget Surveys (HBS) conducted by Rosstat for 2010-2020 (11 years). Methods of statistical analysis are applied in the work; the author’s grouping of households is given depending on their characteristics. This survey is conducted quarterly for 48 thousand households. The performed calculations are presented for the year as an average value for 4 quarters. All necessary calculations were performed using the IBM SPSS application software package.Results. The results obtained allow us to draw conclusions about the impact of household size on food consumption. The consumption schedule has a U-shape, where the lowest average per capita consumption is observed in households of three and four people. At the same time, in especially large households (6 or more people), a high share of food expenditures may indicate a high level of poverty. The indicator of the share and structure of household expenditures on food also depends on the characteristics of the household: the largest share of total food expenditures in final consumption expenditures in 2020 is observed in households from single pensioners (46.4%), and the smallest - in households from 2 adults and one child (31.8%). The largest share of spending on eating out is in households of adults and children. At the same time, the presence of a pensioner in the household reduces the share of household expenses for eating out. This dependence can be explained by the lack of time for cooking in the adult (working-age) population.Conclusion. The paper presents the author’s system of grouping households according to their characteristics (number of members in the family, age affiliation, etc.). The results obtained make it possible to assess the differentiation in the structure of household expenditures on food, depending on the characteristics of the family.

The role of Financial Development and Technological Innovation towards Sustainable Development in Pakistan: Fresh insights from consumption and territory-based emissions

• Inspecting financial development, economic globalization and technological innovation with consumption and territory-based emissions. • Employed novel dynamic autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model. • Frequency domain causality is applied for the short-medium and long-run links. • Financial development and economic globalization have a positive effect on the environment. • Technological innovation reduces consumption and territory-based emissions. In the contemporary world, environmental problems are a major human concern. The status of the environment and its management are prerequisites for every country's sustainable development. Following the Paris Climate Summit (COP21), Pakistan has amplified its efforts to address environmental issues. In this pursuit, this study aims to provide a new perspective by examining the impact of economic globalization, financial development, energy use, economic development and technological innovation with consumption and territory-based emissions from 1990Q1 to 2019Q4 in Pakistan. The study used Dynamic Autoregressive-Distributed Lag (ARDL) simulations and Frequency Domain Causality (FDC) methods. The empirical evidence reveals that financial and economic development stimulate both consumption and territory-based emissions in the short and long run. However, energy use intensifies consumption and territory-based emissions only in the long run. Also, in the short-run economic globalization adversely affects consumption and territory-based emissions while in the long run rises just consumption-based emissions. However, technological innovations decrease both emissions substantially in the long term. Finally, FDC outcomes endorsed the hypothesis. The study suggests that policymakers discourage non-renewables and increase renewable energy use to decrease consumption and territory-based emissions. The results would help Pakistan reach more eco-friendly energy technologies and a more sustainable energy environment to accomplish SDG 7 and 13 goals.

FRANCE'S EXPERIENCE IN IMPROVING THE TREASURY INFORMATION SYSTEM IN THE CONTEXT OF THE INTRODUCTION OF THE DIGITAL ECONOMY IN THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN

This article discusses the need to introduce foreign experience in the field of the information system of the treasury of the Republic of Uzbekistan. The advantages of introducing foreign experience in the context of the introduction of the digital economy are noted. Questions about the shortcomings of the current state of the information system in the treasury are considered, as well as a number of reasons hindering the development of this area. Based on the analysis of the experience of foreign countries, especially the experience of France, a number of proposals are given by the co-authors to introduce a new mechanism for the operation of the treasury information system in the Republic of Uzbekistan in the context of the introduction of the digital economy. The digital economy is changing our socio-economic development of society in an unprecedented way, while creating both huge opportunities. New technologies can make an enormous contribution to the achievement of a country's sustainable economic development goals. However, obtaining positive results requires studying foreign experience. In order to unlock the full socio-economic potential of digital technologies, while avoiding undesirable consequences, it is necessary to strengthen international cooperation as soon as possible.

Modeling predictive suitability to identify the potential of wind and solar energy as a driver of sustainable development in the Red Sea state, Sudan.

This paper investigated the potential and economic validity of wind and solar energy at 17 selected locations in the Red Sea state, Sudan, for the first time. To this aim, the NASA database was utilized. The results demonstrated that vertical axis wind turbines would be a good solution for electricity generation for building in the selected locations. Additionally, it is found that the chosen areas are suitable for installing photovoltaic (PV) systems due to the high-value solar radiation. Moreover, the economic viability of small-scale wind and PV systems for rooftop buildings in the selected regions is investigated. For a financial analysis of wind turbines, the performance of different characteristics of vertical axis winds was evaluated based on the determination of capacity factor and energy production cost. For the economic validity of installing PV systems, RETScreen Expert software was used. The results indicate that the annual production energy from wind turbines and solar power is within the range of 158.50-29,063.93kWh and 6648-15,533 kWh, respectively. This amount of energy output would reduce the effect of global warming and enhance the sustainable technological development of the country. Moreover, the results indicate that model#9 (Vertical Axis Wind Generator-V) with a capacity of 5kW has the lowest cost value (0.08703-0.01025 $/kWh) compared to the other selected turbines for the studied locations. Besides, the average energy production cost is within the range of 0.036-0.049 $/kWh for PV systems. In the end, it is concluded that using small-scale renewable energy systems will help reduce the electricity bills and the dependency on fossil fuels, the effect of global warming, and enhance the country's sustainable technological development.

Cultural Heritage and Nation Branding: A Marketing Driver for Sustainable Development

Until recently, brands and branding were used almost exclusively in a commercial context as tools employed in the promotion and sales of different goods and services. The extension of the scope of marketing to the societal level has expanded the area of ​​branding applicability from economic to social, from profit to non-profit, and from individuals to nations. Valuable elements, an important part of them having a solid cultural background, can be identified and employed nowadays to build and capitalize on brands not only for products and services but also for individuals and communities, respectively organizations and nations. Does cultural heritage matter, and if so, to what extent, in the endeavors of building, promoting, and capitalizing on a nation's brand? Can cultural heritage contribute to the nation's branding effort and act together as a marketing driver to enable a country's sustainable development? These are the questions this paper aims to answer from a marketing perspective, after assessing the secondary data on cultural heritage, nations' branding, and dimensions of sustainable development for a group of selected countries.

Lithuanian Diaspora Role in Sustainable Development of Country

The world wide experience of communication and cooperation of diasporas and origin countries shows various ways and forms how diasporas can contribute towards sustainable development of origin country. Lithuania also has relatively huge diaspora and faces increasing emigration every year. However, it still neglects the potential of it’s diaspora involvement in contributing to well-being of the country. In order to reveal the potential of Lithuanian diaspora the qualitative research was conducted. It used expert interview method with 12 leaders of foreign Lithuanian communities and organizations. The research revealed that Lithuanian diaspora is willing and could contribute significantly to the country’s sustainable development in various areas: scientific, business, cultural and social ones. In order to facilitate this cooperation, Lithuanian government should decrease barriers for cooperation and implement measures that would take into account the diversity of diaspora groups interests and possibilities, provide relevant information about means of engagement and support already existing and new diaspora networks and their initiatives.

A critical assessment of Guyana's sustainability pathway: Perspectives from a developing extractive economy

The primary purpose of this research article is to present existing and forecasted sustainability indicators for Guyana in order to assess the country's sustainable development pathway. Genuine Savings, Carbon Emissions and Forest Cover were selected as appropriate measures of weak sustainability to investigate the country's sustainability trajectory. Further exploration of macro-economic variables such as natural capital stocks, wealth accumulation, resource rents and economic growth as empirical indicators, revealed that despite the effective forest management policies currently implemented in the country, Guyana is not on a sustainable pathway especially on the outlook for Genuine Savings. The country will experience an increase in economic growth primarily from the expansion of its oil sector. The potential boom in the economy from the non-renewable oil industry will provide a surge in foreign exchange that will require a robust investment structure to utilize resource rents in building the country's renewable capital stock. Positive Carbon Emission predictive trends emerging from this study are indicative of the country's growth towards more carbon intensive industries as the potential oil industry can stimulate a positive emission rating globally, indirectly from downstream industries on the international markets that purchases the country's oil.

STRATEGIC PARTNERSHIP BETWEEN CHINA, THE EU AND THE UNITED STATES IN THE FIELD OF ENERGY AND INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION (2000 - 2016)

The energy policy of the EU, China and the USA during 2000–2016 before the presidency of Donald Trump was analysed in the article. The common feature of the energy policy is its focus on strengthening integration processes to create a common energy policy, single market and sustainable development of countries. The EU’s energy policy is based on the priorities related to a guaranteed and secure supply of gas, oil and electricity. The author proposes six priority areas for cooperation: the formation of a single energy market, security of supply, diversification of energy resources, climate change issue, development of new technologies and formation of a common foreign policy as well as approaches to energy. In our opinion China adheres to the similar policy of reducing energy consumption and harmful emissions while increasing the share of «green energy», but it goes along with some differences, namely, China will continue to build nuclear power plants (NPP) and will not abandon coal-fired power plants (CFPP) for at least the next 20 years. Today, the European Union is one of China’s most important partners. In view of the above, the article also considers the process of trade and economic cooperation between the two parties. This study also presents the cooperation of American and Chinese companies in the energy sector, which differentiated the views of American analysts on the future of the relations between China and the USA. «Pessimists» believe that it is difficult for superpowers to coexist when their interests clash with vital natura l resources. According to them, it is almost impossible to avoid a future confrontation between China and the USA. «Optimists» are sure that the huge Chinese market is so vital to the American economy that the USA is interested in the Chinese economy to grow steadily, providing new opportunities for potential American investors.

The current state of sustainable development and its prospects in Kazakhstan

In the article, the authors considered the current state of the country's sustainable development and its prospects. Task statement: conducting research research in the field of sustainable development of the Republic of Kazakhstan at the present stage of development. The purpose of the study. In the context of a rapidly changing reality, crises in the world, the COVID-19 pandemic, the Sustainable Development Goals are becoming particularly relevant in the country's development plans. The main purpose of the study is to analyze the implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals in Kazakhstan and their coverage in the state planning system. Today in Kazakhstan, the implementation and achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals is regularly monitored by representatives of the UN and the Government of Kazakhstan. As a result of the analysis, it was revealed that one of Kazakhstan’s main advantages is a well-established and structured system in national planning: about 79.9% of the Sustainable Development Goals are reflected in the official planning system in Kazakhstan. It was also revealed that there is no hunger problem in the country, and the prevalence of malnutrition is at a relatively low level compared to other countries in the world. It is worth noting that one of the important tasks in the field includes digitalization and innovations in the country that have changed the traditional way of the country's population life: in Kazakhstan, digital technologies and strategic innovations cover all levels in the educational sector, the process of digitalization affects the process of industrial sector digitization and the agro-industrial complex.

Brain Drain” Related To The Sustainable Development Of The Mekong Delta: The Status And Recommendations

For a long time, Brain drain has been a problem, especially in developing countries. This issue has two sides, positive and negative, but its long-term influences cannot be denied. In a country with a long-standing agricultural economy like Vietnam, the consequences of brain drain really affect the country's sustainable development. The scope of the article will define the practice in one of the regions with strong growth in the proportions of agriculture, such as the Mekong Delta.  Thereby, the causes and trends of brain drain. By using the synthesis, analysis, and comparison methods of the Mekong Delta‘s brain drain, the study will indicate some solutions for changing brain drain problems.

Factors in the Development of Entrepreneurial Competencies

Entrepreneurship is one of the main factors of economic growth, which ensures sustainable development of countries. Educational institutions and corporate universities develop programmes to develop entrepreneurial competencies of students and employees. Companies are introducing new functional divisions whose activities are related to revealing internal entrepreneurial competencies. This paper provides a systematic review of research in order to analyse the factors affecting the development of student and employee entrepreneurial competencies. Analysis of global, national, intra-organizational and personal factors in the development of entrepreneurial competencies makes it possible to form the most flexible and risk-resistant system of teaching entrepreneurship in universities and organizations.

Formation of innovative transport and logistics systems as a factor of the EAEU member countries sustainable development

The article provides a comparative analysis of the innovative and technological development of the countries of the Eurasian Economic Union and foreign countries. The features of integration associations and the role of innovations and transport in their functioning are determined. It is shown that in the innovation sphere, the Eurasian Economic Union lags behind most developed countries: the Eurasian Economic Union member states are practically absent in the high-tech market, innovations are mainly carried out in low- and medium-tech industries. Insufficient provision of the Eurasian Economic Union with the most important types of production equipment renders negative impact on national security. Thus the differentiation of innovative development of the Eurasian Economic Union countries is considered in the article. Methodological approaches to substantiating the priority areas of formation and development of the innovation system of the Eurasian Economic Union and the participating countries are presented, taking into account the peculiarities of their scientific and industrial complexes. A methodology for assessing the priority of creating innovative and transport cluster development centers in the participating countries and their regions, focused on supporting the competitiveness of various technological level industries, is proposed. The results of calculations on the priority of the formation of centers for innovative cluster development are presented.

Research on the coordinated development of ecosystem services and well-being in agricultural and pastoral areas

Payment for Ecosystem Services (PES) has been widely accepted as a policy tool for promoting ecological and social progress. However, PES development and implementation in traditional agricultural and pastoral areas are often more challenging than in other areas. The contradiction between ecological protection and people's livelihood development in traditional agricultural and pastoral areas is related to developing country's sustainable development strategy. Based on this, we evaluate the PES (ERCCP: the Ecological Relocation and Capital Compensation Program) program in Tianzhu County, as a case study to investigated the impact of ERCCP on the local natural and social ecosystems on a 20-year scale. The results of indicated that ERCCP has achieved “win-win” gains of restoring environment and promoting socioeconomic development: in the 10 years since ERCCP was implemented, the area of forest land and grassland increased significantly, increasing by 1135.6 ha and 919.62 ha, respectively. 57.5% of farmland was converted to grassland and 30.8% to forest, respectively. In addition, 92.2% and 7.5% of bare land were replaced by grassland and forest, respectively, indicating a gradual recovery of green land during this period. We also analyzed the effects of ERCCP on social systems, and found that the change of agro-pastoralists’ attitude towards ERCCP promoted the transfer of labor force from the primary industry to the tertiary industry, accelerated the development of urbanization, and made the poor population completely out of poverty by 2020. In addition, we predict that the income level of households, the PES return on investment of local governments, and the value of regional ecosystem services will increase significantly after 2025. In this context, We establish a theoretical model to explain the win-win plan for the coordinated development of ecosystem services and regional well-being to explore the sustainability of PES and provided a typical case for the similar research area in the world, especially in the areas with the ecological fragility and poverty problems.

Analysis of the Main Factors Affecting the Development of Human Capital as One of the Key Strategical Objectives in the Republic of Azerbaijan

Sustainable development is one of the most challenging and pressing challenges facing humanity. One of the driving factors of sustainable development is the successful development of human potential and the transformation of this potential into human capital. In recent decades, reproducible human capital has begun to occupy a significant share in the structure of the national wealth of many developed countries.
 In developed countries, the share of human capital in the country's national wealth reaches 70%, thereby significantly exceeding the importance of natural and physical capital in economic growth. Due to the variety of factors and conditions affecting the sustainable development of countries, the development of human potential and the formation of human capital around the world is happening with different dynamics. This largely depends on government priorities and policies in the field of full development of human potential, the creation of favorable social, economic and environmental conditions for its successful implementation. The author researches the factors that influence the development of human capital to varying degrees, analyzes various government policies aimed at the development of human capital, analyses experience of the public administration mechanisms in the Republic of Azerbaijan aimed at human development and the development of human capital. An important aspect of the success of the implementation of government programs is the assessment by influential international organizations of various country indicators. The article also highlights topical issues related to the development of human capital within the framework of national development priorities until 2030. The reforms carried out in the Republic of Azerbaijan in the field of vocational education, health care, demographic policy, the implementation of programs to support the private sector, especially small and medium-sized businesses, the creation of favorable conditions for investment in various sectors of the economy are important factors for the development of human capital in the medium and long term.
 The purpose of the article is to study the factors influencing the development of human capital in the Republic of Azerbaijan, to analyze the state measures carried out in the country aimed at creating the necessary conditions for the development of human capital.