Health Care In Countries Research Articles

Nursing 2023: A New Emphasis on Nursing Strategy.

The COVID-19 pandemic has been blamed for multiple health system problems. Many of the current issues, including staffing shortages, while exacerbated by the epidemic, have plagued us for decades. Various reactionary solutions to nursing shortages have been implemented during periods of crises, only to be abandoned when shortages have become less acute. Root causes for the resulting chronic shortages of nursing care team members have not been widely addressed. Nurse leaders have a responsibility to current and future patients, communities, and caregivers to mitigate these while implementing solutions to the current acute crisis in staffing. This requires an organization's nursing enterprise to define a vision for a preferred future, a strategic plan, and specific tactics to address the current crisis while ensuring sustainability of solutions. This article shares a high-level example from one of the country's largest health care systems.

The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on trends in stillbirths, under-5 and maternal mortality in Brazil: Excess deaths and regional inequalities.

Despite the proliferation of studies on the impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, there is less evidence on the indirect death toll compared to the health system and service provision disruptions. We assessed the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on national and regional trends and differences in stillbirths, under-5 and maternal deaths in Brazil. We used the nationwide routine health information system data from January 2017 to December 2021, to which we applied descriptive and advanced mixed effects ordinary least squared regression models to measure the percent change in mortality levels during the COVID-19 pandemic (March 2020 to December 2021). We carried out counterfactual analyses comparing the observed and expected mortality levels for each type of mortality at national and regional levels. Stillbirths increased 4.8% (3.1% in 2020 and 6.2% in 2021) and most noticeably maternal deaths increased 71.6% (35.3% in 2020 and 103.3% in 2021) over the COVID-19 period. An opposite pattern was observed in under-5 mortality, which dropped -10.2% (-12.5% in 2020 and -8.1% in 2021). We identified regional disparities, with a higher percent increase in stillbirths observed in the Central-West region and in maternal deaths in the South region. Based on pre-pandemic trends and expected number of deaths in the absence of the COVID-19, we observed increases in stillbirths and maternal deaths and reductions in under-5 deaths during the pandemic. The months with the highest number of deaths (stillbirths and maternal deaths) coincided with the months with the highest mortality from COVID-19. The increase in deaths may also have resulted from indirect effects of the pandemic, such as unavailability of health services or even reluctance to go to the hospital when necessary due to fear of contagion. In Brazil, the COVID-19 outbreak and subsequent restrictions had a detrimental impact on stillbirths and maternal deaths. Even before the pandemic, mortality trends highlighted pre-existing regional inequalities in the country's health care system. Although there were some variations, increases were observed in all regions, indicating potential weaknesses in the health system and inadequate management during the pandemic, particularly concerning pregnant and postpartum women.

Evaluating healthcare professionals’ perceptions of dispensing separation and sale of pharmacy medicine in Brunei Darussalam

BackgroundPharmacy medicine (P) is obtained exclusively from a pharmacy under the supervision of a pharmacist. This study aims to understand the perception of healthcare professionals towards the dispensing separation, as well as the dispensing of pharmacy medicine by community pharmacies to enhance patient health outcomes in Brunei Darussalam.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted between 1st March 2023 and 20th April 2023 among healthcare professionals. A newly designed and validated questionnaire was used. Its face and content validity, along with internal consistency, was adequately established. Convenient sampling was employed to recruit participants for the study. Statistical analysis using one-way ANOVA was performed, considering a p-value < 0.05 as statistically significant.ResultsThe study compiled data from 108 participants, comprising doctors (38.9%) and pharmacy technicians (45.4%). Approximately 28.7% of respondents had 11–20 years of healthcare experience, while 25.9% had less than 5 years. Nearly all respondents (98.1%) agreed on the vital role pharmacists and pharmacy technicians play in prescription checks. A significant number of participants (93.5%) agreed that Brunei’s current medicine dispensing system needs improvement. The mean total score for the perception of medicine dispensing in Brunei was 3.79 ± 1.103. A statistically significant difference was found between the perception score and the respondents’ profession (p = 0.018), but not with their age, experience, or place of work. Respondents’ awareness score showed no statistically significant correlation with their profession, age, experience, or place of work.ConclusionThe study underscores the necessity for more patient-centered care in community pharmacies in Brunei Darussalam. The country’s healthcare professionals should recognize the potential advantages of expanding pharmacy services. However, to implement these services successfully, regulatory restrictions and infrastructure limitations must be addressed.

Determinants of Neonatal Mortality in the United States.

Introduction Despite a notable reduction in infant mortality over recent decades, the United States, with a rate of 5.8 deaths per 1,000 live births, still ranks unfavorably compared to other developed countries. This improvement appears inadequate when contrasted with the country's healthcare spending, the highest among developed nations. A significant proportion of this infant mortality rate can be attributed to neonatal fatalities. Objective The present study aimed to determine the risk factors associated with neonatal deaths in the United States. Method Using the United States Vital Statistics records, we conducted a retrospective study on childbirths between 2015 and 2019 to identify risk factors for neonatal mortality. Our final multivariate analysis included maternal parameters like age, insurance type, education level, cesarean section rate, pregnancy inductions and augmentations, weight gain during pregnancy, birth weight, number of prenatal visits, pre-existing conditions like chronic hypertension and prediabetes, and pregnancy complications like gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). These variables were incorporated to enhance our model's sensitivity and specificity. Result There were 51,174 neonatal mortalities. Mothers with augmentation of labor had a 25% reduction in neonatal mortalities (NM) (OR=0.75; 95% CI 0.72-0.79), while labor induction was associated with a 31% reduction in NM (OR=0.69; 95% CI 0.66-0.72). Women above 40 years had a 29% increase in NM rate (OR=1.29;95% CI 1.15-1.44). Women without prenatal care have a 22% increase in the risk of NM (OR=1.22; 95% CI 1.14-1.30). The present model has a 60.7% sensitivity and a 99.9% specificity. Conclusion In the present study, significant interventions such aslabor induction, augmentation, and prenatal care were associated with improved neonatal outcomes. These findingscould serve as an algorithm for improving neonatal outcomes in the United States.

Cancer treatment-related financial toxicity in Japan: a scoping review.

Financial toxicity during cancer survival has been studied mainly in the United States; 47-49% of cancer survivors reported financial hardships and 12-63% reported debt owing to treatment costs. Financial toxicity is influenced by each country's economic status and healthcare system. We aimed to review the evidence on financial toxicity in Japan. A systematic search was performed using PubMed and Ichushi databases. We included English or Japanese peer-reviewed articles that (1) explored the experiences of cancer patients facing financial toxicity due to cancer diagnosis and treatment, (2) were specific to Japan, and (3) focused on the experiences of financial toxicities among cancer patients. Data were extracted focusing on the experiences of patients, families, and healthcare providers. The main themes were synthesized based on a previous study. The search yielded 632 citations from PubMed and 21 from Ichushi, and non-duplicates were identified. Of these, 31 articles were selected for full-text review. Literature was divided into studies describing the following elements: (a) risk factors for financial toxicity, (b) description of financial toxicity, (c) psychological reactions, (d) coping strategies for financial toxicity, and (e) impact on treatment outcomes. Only three studies reported comprehensive financial toxicity scores. Furthermore, treatment costs influenced physicians' treatment decisions, and patients and their families adopted various strategies to cope with treatment costs. Two studies showed that low current income and younger age were high-risk factors. As for utilization of the support system, approximately 70% of the patients used the high-cost medical expense system, 20% used the sickness benefit system, and 40% used the medical expense deduction system. Many cancer patients in Japan suffer from financial toxicity during cancer survival. One reason for this is that the awareness of the system supporting financial toxicity is insufficient and actual utilization is low. It is necessary to actively encourage patients to ask healthcare providers questions, improve the link between patients and the support system, reconstruct the support system design, and improve the method of publicizing the system.

Organization of the work of the «Healthy Moscow» pavilions in order to conduct preventive examinations of the adult population in park areas, squares and recreation areas of the city of Moscow

In modern conditions of global threats caused by infectious risks, the importance of programs and preventive examinations of the working-age population is increasing, which make it possible to identify groups of people at increased risk in the formation of health disorders, and to obtain objective data on the dynamics of morbidity and mortality of the population, to conduct long-term monitoring. The uniqueness of this project lies in the fact that it is based on a patient-centered approach that involves the individualization of the patient's diagnosis, professional counseling about risk factors and a healthy lifestyle, accompanying the patient until the completion of the examination, diagnosis and treatment. The organization of preventive examinations of the population within the framework of the Healthy Moscow program was the result of coordinated work and the realization of the professional potential of various services in the healthcare system, education, science and public administration. The successful experience of implementing the Healthy Moscow program can be scaled up to other cities and regions of Russia, which will contribute to the development of the country's healthcare system and improve the quality of life.

Telemedicine and Telehealth Solutions

Telemedicine and telehealth solutions are witnessing a dramatic shift in the global healthcare sector at a time of unprecedented technological advancements. These innovative approaches are changing the way healthcare is delivered, increasing accessibility, efficacy, and patient-centeredness. Telemedicine has evolved as a powerful technique for overcoming the geographic limits that have long prohibited patients from obtaining high-quality medical treatment. Telemedicine allows patients and healthcare providers to connect without being physically separated, whether they are in crowded cities or remote rural regions. This technical breakthrough has improved patient outcomes while also allowing for the provision of emergency treatment during times of crisis and disaster. Patients may rapidly schedule online consultations, obtain medical advice, and receive tailored treatment plans. This degree of ease encourages patients to actively manage their health, strengthening the trust- and cooperation-based doctor-patient relationship. Telehealth technologies play a critical role in improving healthcare accessible in areas with inadequate healthcare infrastructure. Medical expertise may be extended to underserved areas using telemedicine platforms, allowing professionals to consult, diagnose, and treat patients who would otherwise face major hurdles to timely medical care. Furthermore, telemedicine programs have shown to be critical in delivering mental health care, particularly in areas where mental health resources are few. The combination of telemedicine and telehealth technology has transformed the delivery of healthcare services. Remote patient monitoring gadgets and wearable technology have enabled healthcare practitioners to continually monitor their patients' health state, allowing them to discover possible issues early and respond proactively. Furthermore, telemedicine has simplified medical record administration, improved care coordination, and reduced medical mistakes. While the advantages of telemedicine solutions are obvious, difficulties remain. These include worries about data security, privacy, and the need for regulatory frameworks to properly control telemedicine operations. Addressing these issues would need the collaboration of governments, healthcare institutions, and technology suppliers. We can establish a safe atmosphere for telehealth solutions to thrive by creating strong rules and guidelines. Telemedicine and telehealth have emerged as viable options for addressing Pakistan's healthcare concerns. With a rising population and restricted access to medical facilities, these revolutionary technologies are reshaping the country's healthcare scene. Telemedicine connects patients from rural and underprivileged locations with healthcare specialists via virtual consultations, allowing for quick diagnosis and treatment suggestions [1]. Furthermore, telehealth efforts enable people to take an active role in their health management by putting medical information and services at their fingertips. Despite certain infrastructure and regulatory difficulties, the use of telemedicine and telehealth in Pakistan has enormous potential to improve healthcare access and patient outcomes across the country.

Empowering Women’s Health: Transforming Maternal Health Care in India

An indicator of the reproductive health of women in an area is the maternal mortality rate. A lot of women in the reproductive age range pass away from difficulties during, during, or related to pregnancy, childbirth, or abortion. Maternal mortality, a critical indicator of a country's healthcare system and women's well-being, has been a persistent concern in India. The study examines the progress and strategies employed in reducing maternal mortality in India. The research explores the initiatives undertaken by the Indian government under the National Health Mission to address maternal health. The findings serve as a valuable resource for policymakers, healthcare professionals, and researchers striving to advance women's sexual and reproductive health rights while reducing maternal mortality globally.&#x0D; KEYWORDS: Maternal mortality, Reproductive health, women, India

Health Policy and Governance in Pakistan

Health policy and governance play a pivotal role in shaping the healthcare landscape of a nation. In the case of Pakistan, a country with a diverse population and complex healthcare needs, effective health policy and governance are essential for achieving improved public health outcomes. However, numerous challenges persist, ranging from resource constraints to inequitable access to healthcare. A comprehensive examination of health policy and governance in Pakistan is crucial to identify areas of improvement and drive positive change in the country's healthcare system.&#x0D; Pakistan faces multifaceted challenges in health policy and governance. Limited financial resources, fragmented healthcare infrastructure, and a shortage of healthcare professionals pose significant hurdles to equitable access to quality healthcare services. Moreover, weak governance mechanisms and inadequate regulation contribute to inefficiencies and corruption within the healthcare system. These challenges disproportionately affect marginalized communities, exacerbating health disparities across the country.&#x0D; To address these challenges, a multi-pronged approach is necessary. First, there is a need for robust health policies that focus on primary healthcare, preventive measures, and targeted interventions for vulnerable populations. Policies should prioritize evidence-based decision-making, health promotion, and disease prevention strategies. Additionally, strengthening governance structures and regulatory frameworks is crucial to ensure transparency, accountability, and quality assurance within the healthcare sector.&#x0D; Furthermore, collaboration between various stakeholders, including government agencies, healthcare providers, researchers, and civil society organizations, is vital for effective health policy implementation and governance. The involvement of communities and marginalized populations in policy formulation and decision-making processes can foster inclusivity and ensure that policies address the specific needs of the population.&#x0D; Health policy and governance in Pakistan require significant attention and improvement to achieve equitable access to quality healthcare services and improved public health outcomes. This necessitates a comprehensive approach that encompasses evidence-based policies, strengthened governance structures, and multi-stakeholder collaboration. By addressing challenges such as resource constraints, healthcare infrastructure gaps, and inadequate regulation, Pakistan can create a healthcare system that is responsive, transparent, and capable of meeting the diverse healthcare needs of its population. Investing in robust health policy and governance is not only essential for improving public health in Pakistan but also a key driver of socioeconomic development and progress.

Accessibility And Affordability Of Health Services In India: A Critical Study

Considering India's outstanding economic success following the adoption of new economic strategy in the 1990s, the country has made only gradual and unequal progress in enhancing its citizens' health. Large disparities in health infrastructure and access to healthcare remain and have even gotten worse within and among groups, among rural and urban areas, and throughout states. Despite the fact that member nations of the World Health Organization began to support the idea of health care for all as early as 2005, India has yet to accomplish these goals, unlike numerous other low-income nations. The continual issue of meeting the needs of the most marginalised Indian society is one that the country's health care system must continue to grapple with. Recent progress in access to healthcare caused by various initiatives, the states continue to face serious problems with regard to the affordability and accessibility of health-related services for the poor. Inequalities in the cost and accessibility of health treatments by socio - economic level, location, and gender are still present. This is mostly caused by the numerous obstacles that make it difficult to get essential medical care. The present crisis of public health infrastructure in rural regions and other aspects of health services in India are critically examined and evaluated in this perspective.

Current status and vision of local pharmaceutical industries in Saudi Arabia: The focus on nanomedicines

BackgroundPharmaceutical nanomedicine products are expected to impact the global pharmaceutical market and healthcare system significantly. Since 2000, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and European Medicines Agency (EMA) have approved over 80 nanomedicine products for marketing; an additional double that number is currently being tested in clinical trials. The nanomedicine market is expected to reach USD 350.8 billion by 2025 from USD 138.8 billion in 2016. This demonstrates the importance of nanotechnology to the delivery of pharmaceuticals. The main benefits of employing nanotechnology to distribute therapeutic agents include reducing the undesired toxicity from non-specific distribution and increasing patient adherence, which can indirectly minimize the burden on the country's healthcare system. Such products are expected to gain a significant economic impact on Saudi Arabia’s pharmaceutical drugs market once they get developed locally. MethodA descriptive and cross-sectional study, including a web-based questionnaire and a complete categorization of pharmaceutical products formed by the national industries in Saudi Arabia, was utilized to investigate the current and future direction of pharmaceutical manufacturing exploiting nanotechnology in the Kingdom. ResultsThe survey showed an apparent lack of willingness within the national pharmaceutical industries, as the majority (≈ 86%) of the leading Saudi companies cannot enable nanotechnology-based medicines in their manufacturing. However, more than 93% of the national pharmaceutical industries, upon the basis of the responses, agreed that the development of pharmaceutical products with nanotechnology is an important step toward solving various complications associated with conventional forms of the available medicine. ConclusionNational pharmaceutical industries in Saudi Arabia will need to get closer to manufacturing nanomedicines by partnering with international pioneer companies. In addition, empowering the local research and development (R&D) centers in nano delivery systems could facilitate translating their R&D outcomes into novel advanced and commercialized products. This could imitate the direction of the global pharmaceutical market and share its revenue which will positively reflect on the Kingdom's economy.

Collaborative care model needed to address youth MH crisis

An integrated behavioral health model is providing the strongest evidence base to effectively treat the needs of the country's mental health care system, especially for children and adolescents; however, its uptake among health systems and primary care providers has been slow, especially in pediatric practices, according to the authors of a new report by the Meadows Mental Health Policy Institute.

Experience and number of patients as associated factors toward clinical confidence among nursing students in caring for tuberculosis patients in Indonesia

BackgroundNurses and nursing students are at greater risk of tuberculosis (TB) exposure due to their higher intensity contact with patients. In Indonesia, a country with high TB incidence, it is crucial to assess undergraduate nursing students' clinical confidence during their clinical practicums. PurposeThis study aimed to explore factors associated with nursing students' clinical confidence in caring for TB patients. MethodsThis cross-sectional study utilized an internet survey based on the United States National TB Curriculum Consortium (NTCC) in September and November 2020. The survey questions focused on TB knowledge, beliefs about the value of TB instruction, and clinical confidence in caring for TB patients. Descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson's correlation coefficient, and hierarchical regression were used for data analysis. The Indonesian version of the original NTCC survey was used. ResultsThe study found that nursing students' knowledge about TB increased with their year of study (r = 0.290, p < .001). However, students perceived TB instruction as less valuable as they neared graduation (r = −0.233, p < .001) and with more frequent practice in the TB unit (r = −0.162, p < .001). Students who spent more time learning about TB outside of class perceived the TB instruction in the nursing curriculum more positively (r = 0.181, p < .004). The study also found a significant difference between nursing students' belief in the value of TB education and their clinical confidence in caring for TB patients (F = 5.711, p < .001). Furthermore, experience caring for TB patients and the number of TB patients cared for predicted clinical confidence. Conclusions/ImplicationsThis study highlights the need for improved curriculum content and teaching methods regarding TB for nursing students. It also suggests that experience caring for TB patients and the number of TB patients cared for can improve clinical confidence in nursing students. Given the high incidence of TB in Indonesia, this study's findings could have important implications for the country's healthcare system.

Dreadful infectious disease outbreaks threaten flood-ravaged pakistan: short communication.

A rise in the incidence of water-borne, communicable illnesses, and viral outbreaks in Pakistan follows periods of heavy rainfall. Due to climate change, floods and droughts have had devastating effects on human health by facilitating the spread of infectious illnesses including cholera, malaria, typhoid, dengue fever, and viral hepatitis A. Food instability, starvation, malnutrition, and a lack of potable water are only some of the indirect effects of flooding on health. Recently, one of the worst floods in history devastated Pakistan, affecting more than 333 million people along with a significant portion of the nation submerged. Malaria, dengue fever, and other ailments are on the rise in Pakistan, threatening to overwhelm the country's healthcare infrastructure. There is an urgent need for preventative measures in Pakistan to cope with dreadful outbreaks.

Public trust in government doctors and hospitals in India

PurposeThe author studies the determinants of public trust in government doctors and hospitals (DH) – a crucial indicator of the quality of a country's healthcare system – in India by analyzing the India Human Development Survey (IHDS) 2011–2012.Design/methodology/approachThe author uses descriptive statistics and a set of ordered probit regression models controlling for a set of individual-specific, household-level and other covariates and analyze across heterogeneous contexts (national/rural/urban/male heads/female heads/social groups).FindingsAcross contexts, people reporting a great deal of trust in private DH (PDH) are significantly more likely to report a great deal of trust in government DH. Those people with a great deal of trust in government schools to provide good education (vis-à-vis people with only some trust in government school) have significantly higher likelihood of reporting a great deal of trust in government DH. Visiting a private doctor last time (vis-à-vis a government doctor) makes reporting higher trust levels in government DH less likely.Practical implicationsIndia's healthcare system is afflicted with several resource allocation problems and low public trust issues are indicative of misgovernance. In presence of limited state capacity, ubiquitous corruption and underwhelming institutional trust, understanding the factors influencing public trust in healthcare providers is critical to designing appropriate trust-enhancing public health policies.Originality/valueGiven the sparse empirical literature on public trust in healthcare systems in the developing countries such as India, this study is a pertinent contribution as the study explains the determinants of public trust in DH using a comprehensive unit-recorded household survey dataset.

GLOBAL HEALTHCARE SYSTEMS – AN INDIAN PERSPECTIVE

Healthcare systems worldwide vary widely in terms of their structure, nancing, and delivery of healthcare services. Some countries have universal healthcare systems, providing healthcare services to all citizens at no cost or minimal cost. In contrast, others rely on a mix of public and private healthcare providers. The quality of healthcare services also varies signicantly across different countries, with some countries having highly advanced healthcare systems and others facing signicant challenges in delivering even essential healthcare services. Access to healthcare services is a crucial determinant of health outcomes, and efforts are ongoing to improve healthcare systems worldwide. India's healthcare system is one of the largest and most complex in the world, serving over 1.3 billion people. The country's healthcare infrastructure comprises a mix of public and private healthcare providers, with the government playing a crucial role in delivering healthcare services. The healthcare system faces several challenges, including inadequate funding, poor infrastructure, a shortage of healthcare professionals, and low insurance coverage. Despite these challenges, the country has made signicant strides in improving access to healthcare services in recent years, with the government launching several initiatives to strengthen the healthcare system. The government has established a nationwide network of primary healthcare centres (PHCs) to provide essential healthcare services to the population. The private sector plays a signicant role in the delivery of healthcare services in India, with many private hospitals and clinics catering to the population's needs. However, the high cost of healthcare services in the private sector makes them inaccessible to a large segment. Overall, while India's healthcare system has made signicant progress in recent years, there is still a long way to go in improving the accessibility and affordability of healthcare services, especially for the marginalised sections of the population

Access to sustainable healthcare infrastructure: a review of industrial emissions, coal fires, and particulate matter.

Environmental health is critical for the economy's social welfare and environmental sustainability. Using time series data from 1975 to 2020, the research examines the short- and long-run relationship between environmental pollutants and healthcare costs in the context of Pakistan. The study's results reveal that short-term and long-term efforts towards cleaner development in terms of carbon emissions, coal combustion, nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, and industrial value-added have resulted in significant reductions in healthcare expenses due to improved management of industrial emissions. However, in the long run, particulate matter (PM2.5) has a detrimental effect on a country's sustainable healthcare agenda, leading to increased healthcare costs. Furthermore, the increased use of coal-fired power plants that release polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and revenue generated by contaminated production lead to higher out-of-pocket healthcare costs, increasing a country's risk of morbidity and mortality. The study's Granger causality estimations demonstrate that carbon emissions are responsible for emissions-driven healthcare expenses in a nation. Additionally, economic growth leads to increased carbon emissions and industrial toxins, which are also emission-led. Through variance decomposition analysis (VDA), the study finds that carbon emissions have the highest variance shock of 32.702% on healthcare expenditures in the next ten years. This is followed by polluted income and continued economic growth, which have a variance shock of 13.243% and 8.858%, respectively, over the same period. The findings indicate that the maximum healthcare benefits may be acquired by mitigating environmental pollutants via stringent environmental regulations, reducing industrial toxins through solid waste management techniques, and minimizing coal combustion reliance through renewable fuels. Environmental research is still required to provide more sustainable solutions to the sustainability of the global healthcare agenda.

VA Research and Operations Uniting to Combat COVID-19 Inequities.

As novel coronavirus 2019 disease (COVID-19) began to spread across the United States in early 2020, health care systems faced extreme demands on resources. As the country's largest single-payer health care system, the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) was uniquely positioned to study how the virus impacted different communities and work to improve care provided to all. Early on, a literature review of prior epidemics revealed that occupational exposures and an inability to socially distance could impact some groups more than others. The VA's Office of Health Equity leveraged a general sense of community to create a collaborative research space and a dedicated analytic space to inform pandemic operations. VA researchers and operations staff were able to quickly share information and respond to updates to produce accurate and reliable publications for medical professionals and the general public. Partnerships with VA Medical Centers and Veteran Service Organizations helped to increase communication across the nation and determine the most critical needs. Although COVID-19 was dynamic in nature, VA's intentional examination of social and structural factors was crucial in informing a more equitable approach. Moving forward, these inequities must be intentionally addressed in future pandemic responses.

Oncology nursing on the move: a contemporary issue on Chinese oncology nursing in cancer care.

Cancers have become the primary cause of death among Chinese residents, seriously affecting their health and life. Oncology nursing is a specialized nursing practice focusing on cancer education, prevention, screening, early detection, and palliative and hospice care. China has made tremendous progress in developing oncology nursing. However, to ensure more individuals can get cancer care, the country's healthcare system still confronts several problems in oncology nursing that need to be addressed to ensure that more individuals can receive cancer care. This article reviews the current development of oncology nursing in China, especially in pain symptom control, palliative care, end-of-life care, education and training. The challenges faced in oncology nursing in China and the suggestions for developing oncology nursing in China are also discussed and proposed in this review. The growth of research on oncology nursing by Chinese nursing scholars and concerned policymakers is anticipated to ultimately improve oncology nursing and the quality of life of patients with cancer in China.

Underpaid Nurses of India: Absence of Recognition, and Respect

In India, nurses and midwives make about 30% of the country's total healthcare employment. Nursing has developed over time to play an important role in achieving the aim of a healthy India, and caring for a convalescent patient from conception to death. The Covid-19 epidemic has shown their importance and profound influence on healthcare outcomes. In the modern world, nurses perform health assessments, develop novel care models, oversee patient care, research new nursing interventions, assess the results of nursing care, increase operational effectiveness, and improve the standard of care (Kaushik, 2022)1 . Many patients don't even recall the names of the nurses who helped them while they were in need, but to these nurses, every patient is the same, and they all want the patients to go back to their families and live healthy lives. India needs more nurses, greater nursing expertise, and a new strategy to meet the country's expanding requirements. India also needs to include "nursing" or fundamental medical training in its high school curricula. This will not only assure more public understanding, but it will also foster a more sympathetic atmosphere towards India's healthcare system. Providing nursing education in schools would make India healthier. Boys and girls who acquire a fundamental grasp of health and wellbeing will ensure a healthy environment. This action will not only spread a fundamental grasp of nursing practise, but it will also stress the value of healthy living, which will contribute to the medium to long-term development of a healthy India and lessen the needless strain on the Indian healthcare system. Nurses frequently deal with challenging situations while carrying out their jobs. Even yet, these women (and some men) are motivated to help the less fortunate by living by the slogan "service the needy." The Indian healthcare system needs more nurses to meet the escalating demand in the coming years because nursing is a demanding job. It is impossible to overstate the significance of the role nurses perform in the healthcare sector. India has made great strides in closing the gaps in the total supply of nurses during the past 20 years. India saw a doubling of its nursing workforce in the past two decades, going from 80 nurses per lakh people to 170. This was made possible by various tangible initiatives made by the Indian government but it’s necessary to implement more structural improvements because this figure is still below the WHO guideline of 300 nurses per lakh people. The #NurseMidwife4Change campaign has allowed the campaign partners, ‘Indian Nursing Council’ (INC), ‘All India Government Nurses Federation’ (AIGNF), ‘Trained Nurses Association of India’ (TNAI), ‘Society of Midwives-India’ (SOMI), and Jhpiego, to start a dialogue about the problems that our nurses and midwives face. They’re hopeful that this conversation will put a measurable impact in the months to come. Successful voice-mobilization for the nursing profession has resulted from the campaign (India Stands at 1.7 Nurses per 1,000 Population, WHO Norm Is 3 Nurses per 1,000: Associations, 2023)2