Agricultural Country Research Articles

Twenty years of EU accession: learning lessons from Central and Eastern European agriculture and rural areas

Twenty years have passed since the first eastern enlargements of the European Union (EU). This paper assesses the impacts of EU accession on agriculture and rural regions of Central and Eastern European countries and identifies the reasons behind differences in country performance. Results suggest that EU accession brought modest convergence with established Member States. However, countries capitalised on the opportunities given by EU membership to differing extents. Specifically, the Baltic countries and Poland performed best post-accession, while Croatia, Slovenia, and Hungary witnessed much slower rates of convergence. The findings are consistent with the notion of convergence clubs, with persistent variations in catch up rates between groups of states. To explain membership of lower- and higher-speed convergence clubs, the paper identifies four sets of factors, namely initial conditions, pre-accession policy frameworks and actions, administrative preparedness, and post-accession policies.

Evolution of Macrofauna Structure during the Composting Process of Household Waste

The fact that Morocco is an agricultural country and the large volume of biodegradable waste produced by the population make composting so important. The degradation of organic matter is facilitated by faunal and floral macro and micro-organisms that act in different stages of maturation; studies on this fauna are quite rare both nationally and internationally. On a sample of two tons of household waste, we documented invertebrates that colonized compost heaps and then assessed the changes in the structure of the invertebrate population during the different phases. Our study revealed the presence of several zoological groups colonizing the compost heaps during the different composting phases; we noted the presence of: (1) Macroscopic invertebrates, in order of number of individuals: insect larvae, ants, earthworms, sowbugs, spiders, springtails, and millipedes, and (2) Microscopic invertebrates, the most abundant in terms of individuals: mites and nematodes. As for the order of appearance, we observed that insect larvae were the first to colonize the compost heap from the very first days of installation, followed by woodlice observed during the thermophilic phase and disappearing towards the end of the process. Earthworms were observed during the end of the thermophilic phase, while springtails were observed more during the cooling and maturation phases. Our study revealed the presence of a good quality of fauna during the composting process, which are indicators of good compost quality and play a major role in the circulation of nutrients, thus ensuring the provision of essential elements for plant nutrition.

Molecular epidemiological survey of Babesia species infecting cattle in Paraguay

Paraguay, an agricultural country in South America, has a high prevalence of tick infestations in its cattle population due to warm temperatures, high humidity, and extensive grazing management practices. Consequently, Babesia infections, which are transmitted by ticks, might have a wide distribution in Paraguay, but the current status of these infections remains uncertain. Therefore, we aimed to assess the infection status of three clinically significant Babesia species, including Babesia bovis, Babesia bigemina, and Babesia naoakii, among cattle populations in Paraguay. Blood samples were collected from a total of 326 cattle across nine departments in Paraguay, and their DNAs were screened with species-specific PCR assays. Of the surveyed cattle, single infections of B. bovis and B. bigemina were detected in 24 (7.4 %) and 127 (39.0 %), respectively, while co-infection with both the parasite species was detected in 38 (11.7 %). In contrast, all of the surveyed cattle were negative for B. naoakii infection. The prevalence of B. bigemina-single infection was higher in the Eastern region (49.0 %) compared to the Western region (34.6 %), in cattle under extensive management (51.3 %) compared to those under semi-intensive management (34.6 %), and in Bos indicus cattle (50.3 %) compared to Bos taurus (15.8 %). Our findings demonstrated a wide distribution of B. bovis and B. bigemina infections among cattle in Paraguay, underscoring the importance of implementing effective control measures to reduce the potential economic losses associated with bovine babesiosis.

Sustainability of Irrigation Practices and Water-Pricing Tools in Water-Stressed Tropical Countries: A Way Forward for Sustainable Water Governance

Increasing water stress threatens agriculture, livelihood, and sustainability in Tropical countries. Asian and Sub-Saharan African countries in the Tropical region are projected as the future hotspots of water scarcity due to rising population pressure and climate variability. Around 87 out of 180 countries will turn into ‘water-stressed’ and 45 countries into ‘absolute water scarcity’ by 2050. Irrigation water demand accounts for 70% of all freshwater withdrawals globally. Due to varying climatic, topographical, and governance conditions, the agriculture techniques in the 54 tropical countries are indigenous to the local conditions. The main objective is to review the challenges in irrigation water management in seven water-stressed Tropical countries among the 54 countries. These countries are identified based on the baseline country data mined from FAO’s AQUASTAT database. A systematic literature review focusing on sustainable irrigation practices, the economic effects of water-pricing tools, and the role of policies and institutions were studied. The discussion centered on environmental sustainability, financial sustainability, institutional sustainability, and the resilience of agriculture to climate variability impacts. Community-based interventions, successful financial models, and policy and institutional reforms were perceived from successful irrigation systems. Implementation of climate-smart agricultural practices, shifting to water-saving technologies and irrigation methods, empowering the institutions, and enforcing policies and regulations to restrict resource overuse are recommended solutions for Sustainable Water Governance.

Strategi Pemasaran Online Melalui Tik Tok Shop pada Hasil Penjualan Kripik Pisang di Desa Sri Tanjung Kecamatan Semendwai Barat Kabupaten Oku Timur

Indonesia is widely known as an agricultural country, with the majority of its population depending on this sector for their livelihood. Agriculture plays an important role in driving national economic development, making a significant contribution to the structure of the Indonesian economy. This not only provides the majority of employment opportunities but also functions as the main source of state income through its impact on Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Apart from the agricultural sector, there is also a production sector that encourages a country's income to increase, whether in small, medium or large production. big. The development of the industrial world in Indonesia is increasingly developing, especially in the snack food industry which is highly sought after by consumers in a region. With the development of the digital world, the marketing process for snacks is becoming more widespread. Tik Tok media is one of the social media that is increasingly trending and is loved by all levels of society from children to old age. This is where snack producers use TikTok social media.

Water Infrastructure Impacts of Agricultural Industry in China Under Extreme Weather: A System Dynamics Model of a Multi-Level, Climate Resilience Perspective

China is the world’s largest agricultural country and is also deeply affected by extreme weather. Water infrastructure is a promising solution to improve the climate adaptability of the agricultural industry. This paper aimed to explore the above adaptive processes of the agricultural industry from a resilience perspective. By building a multi-level system dynamics (SDs) model, we assessed the development of the agricultural industry and water infrastructure, predicted the future resilience development trend, identified the key influencing factors, and simulated the effectiveness of different water infrastructure measures. The results show that (1) water infrastructure involving various climate adaptation measures significantly promotes the development of the agricultural industry. (2) Agricultural output, water infrastructure investment, and other fixed asset investments strongly improve resilience, and the impact of the crop planting area is limited. (3) The resilience level is higher under the eco-friendly water conservation scenario than in the water supply security scenario and flood disaster prevention scenarios. Such information will promote the sustainable development of the agricultural industry and future climate adaptation policy-making.

The Economic Communal of Bulgarians

One of the interesting business institutes is the communal. It existed for thousands of years, and on the Balkan Peninsula it was preserved until the beginning of the 20th century. A communal is several families who live and cultivate common land. After the liberation of Bulgaria, new institutions appeared, the essence of which was different from the local cultures and social relationships and led to the dissolution of the communal. Bulgaria at the beginning of the 20th century was an agricultural country and the cultivation of the land was carried out by the rural communal, community/commune, and there was no established private property and economic individualism. For thousands of years, the communal has existed on the Bulgarian lands, which was created on an economic basis and preserves the traditions, language, and morals of the Bulgarian society. These communals are independent, and justice is at their core – the distribution of the produced products is done in the communal. Agriculture is dependent on natural conditions, so drought, floods, hail, locusts, etc. cause famine. The communals of the Bulgarians managed to overcome these disasters without a mass famine like there was in Europe in the 18th century. The purpose of the article is to examine the reasons for the long existence of the communal and its rapid disintegration after the creation of the nationstate. The existence of the communal shows that in the Balkans during the Middle Ages there was no such attachment of the peasant to the land as in feudal Europe, but there was a relative independence of the cultivators who were interested in the productivity of their own labor.

Perbandingan Fuzzy Time Series Chen dan Cheng untuk Peramalan Harga Beras di Kabupaten Banyumas

Indonesia is mostly an agricultural country. Most people here make a living from farming. Rice is a major crop in Indonesia. The price of rice is very important to the economy, especially in farming areas like Banyumas. Fluctuating rice prices can affect the economic lives of both farmers and consumers in the region. The rapid fluctuation in rice prices and the uncertainty of future prices demand the need for rice price forecasting. This study uses fuzzy time series to forecast rice prices. The prediction models used are the Chen model and the Cheng model. To calculate the accuracy of the models, MAPE calculations are employed. Based on the results, the MAPE value for the Chen model is 0.957539%, and for the Cheng model, it is 0.477921%. The results indicate that the accuracy of the Cheng model is higher than that of the Chen model, meaning that the Cheng model is better suited for forecasting rice prices in Banyumas Regency.

Analysis of Factors Affecting Indonesian Tea Exports to Russia

International trade is a transaction of buying and selling goods between countries, including exports and imports of products. Indonesia, as an agricultural country with a tropical climate, has advantages in producing commodities such as tea. Indonesian tea is exported to various countries, including Russia, although exports experience fluctuations. This research uses secondary data from 1993 to 2022 to analyze the factors that influence Indonesian tea exports to Russia, namely Indonesian tea production, Russian GDP per capita, and the Rupiah exchange rate against the dollar. The research results show that simultaneously, these three variables have a significant effect on Indonesian tea exports to Russia. However, partially, Indonesian tea production and Russian GDP per capita do not have a significant effect on exports, while the Rupiah exchange rate against the dollar has a negative and significant effect.

Overcoming the Impact of Bird Pests on Rice Yields Using Internet of Things Based YOLO Method

The problem of bird pests has become a serious problem in the sector of agriculture since ancient times. Bird pest attacks, especially sparrows, Church and bondol have a big influence on the quality and quantity of rice produced by farmers. This causes a decline in the economic level of people in rural areas, especially farmers. Traditional methods which are often used by farmers, such as making sounds from used cans stretched using rope can be a temporary solution to this problem, however, as the largest agricultural country in Asia Southeast of course Indonesia should implement progress and very advanced technological developments to help with problems in the agricultural sector. Integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI), Internet of Things (IoT), and Mobile technology Applications to develop a bird pest repellent tool Smart is expected to be a very effective solution. With integration on IoT devices, this tool has the ability to repel bird pests automatically when it detects bird objects. Results It is hoped that this research will provide great benefits and optimize rice harvest so that it can improve the welfare of farmers and Indonesian society as a whole.

Community Service “Guidance on Governance and Accounting Recording using Ms.Excel in The Si Kunyit Jamu Business Group in Denpasar”

Indonesia is an agricultural country that has great potential and abundant natural resources for agricultural products. However, from this potential, the economic problems faced by rural communities, the majority of whom are farmers, are very diverse, especially when the Covid-19 pandemic occurred, causing people to look for ways to find additional income due to the large number of layoffs. This is also the first step for the Si Kunyit Herbal Medicine Business Group in utilizing the spices they have and becoming a booster during the pandemic. Some of the obstacles faced by the Si Kunyit herbal medicine business group are 1)Not yet having bookkeeping or records related to income, expenses, production costs and profit and loss, 2) Not yet having good governance, so not yet able to set appropriate prices, 3) Marketing systems such as websites, social media and offline marketing that have not been used optimally to market the products produced. 4) Making labels/brands for products to be marketed. 5) Packaging is not yet attractive so it is still inferior to competitors.

SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA

The agricultural and allied sectors of many countries have experienced the impacts of climate change in one way or the other. This study highlights the impacts of climate change on agriculture, water resources, health, and economy of sub-Sahara African countries. The study reveals its significant threats to gross domestic product (GDP) and economic sustainability at the national level, and livelihoods, food security, and well-being of citizens at individual level. The study explored research reports on adaptation, mitigation, and integrated approaches to solving climate change issues. Meta AI was found useful in generating data for the study. Though climate change is a global issue, impacts on the countries of the global north are quite different from those of the global south, with impacts being more severe in sub-Sahara Africa. GDP, GDP/capital, contribution of agriculture to GDP, and water availability will decline while numbers of people living below poverty line, people displaced and occasions of deceases will increase due to climate change. Policy and practice interventions with consideration for local factors are recommended to enhance adaptation capacity, promote sustainable development, and support climate change mitigation and adaptation efforts. This study provides policy insight to the growing discussions on climate change issues globally, especially as it focuses on how its impacts alter the economic situations and daily expectations of the already indigent farmers in the countries of the global south. These countries contribute very little to causation of climate change, yet are at the receiving end of the impacts with extremely high Climate Change Vulnerability Index values recorded.

Analysis of The Stability Calculation of The D.I Padang Garugur Weam In North Padang Lawas Districtnorth Sumatera

The Indonesian region is an agricultural country which causes the agricultural sector to become the main sector in supporting basic needs which is a potential value for the Padang Garurur region to become an agricultural area towards food self-sufficiency, one of the crucial issues in development at the national and global levels. The research method refers to the PU guidebook regulations. KP.06 2013, The aim of the research is to analyze and determine the stability and dimensions of the D.I Padang Garugur weir, Padang Lawas Regency against soil shear forces, overturning, landslides, earthquakes and water seepage that occur during normal and maximum water discharge. The analysis results were obtained with a design discharge of 1922.906 m3/s, a weir height of 3.36 meters, conditions when the water was normal, the overturning moment obtained fs factor 2.79 > 1.5, for soil shear it was obtained with fs 1.24 > 1.2 conditions when the water floods, the overturning moment is obtained fs = 2.09 > 1.5, it is stated that the weir is safe against overturning, the ground shear force is obtained fs 2.231 > 1.2. The conclusion states that the stability of the weir in general is greatly influenced by the physical properties or physical characteristics of the soil layers as well as the bearing capacity of the soil, as well as the control of shear, overturning, water seepage, in addition to the influence of external forces of the weir that arise during normal discharge and flood discharge conditions. it can be concluded that the D.I Padang Garugur Weir meets the stability requirements.

Evaluation and digital mapping of agricultural and animal waste as sources of biomass energy in Turkey

In this study, the available energy potential (AEP) from agricultural and animal waste in Turkey in 2021, which is an important agricultural country, was calculated using Turkish Statistical Institute data and presented with digital maps prepared using the ArcGIS program. It was determined that Turkey has a total of 4.6 × 108 GJ of AEP, 3.7 × 104 GJ from agricultural wastes and 8.7 × 107 GJ from animal wastes. Furthermore, 81.06% of the AEP is composed of agricultural wastes, and 18.94% is animal wastes. Şanlıurfa has the highest AEP from agricultural wastes (4 × 107 GJ), while Konya has the highest AEP from animal wastes (4.3 × 106 GJ). The provinces with the highest AEP from the total of agricultural and animal wastes are Şanlıurfa (4.2 × 107 GJ) and Konya (3.4 × 107 GJ). With the energy produced from biomass orginating from agricultural and animal waste, nearly 40% of Turkey’s energy needs will be met. The use of agricultural and animal biomass for energy supply will have various benefits for Turkey. The main benefits are: reduction of greenhouse gas emissions and environmental pollution, reduction of energy imports into the country, and disposal of agricultural and animal waste.

PROTECTION OF SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURAL LAND AND FOOD (PLP2B) AS AN INDONESIAN STRATEGY FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS (SDGs): BANYUWANGI AGRARIAN CONFLICT STUDY, INDONESIA

Agrarian conflict is inevitable, considering that Indonesia is known as an agricultural country. One of the agrarian conflicts that takes place continuously is the conflict that occurred in Banyuwangi, namely between PT. Bumi Sari with the Farmers Pillar of Pakel Village. This conflict involves the Company and civil society. The purpose of this study is to analyze the authority of the Banyuwangi local government in realizing the Protection of Agricultural Land and Food (PLP2B) in reducing agrarian conflicts as an effort to create Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in Banyuwangi, Indonesia. This study actualizes the juridical normative model with the types of statute approach and conceptual approach. The study consisted of primary data and secondary data. Primary data comprises PLP2B, SPPN, PPA, and Regional Government Law, while secondary data contains various journls and books. Data analysis includes data collection, data reduction, and conclusions drawn. The data analysis of this study uses the theory of autonomy. Concluding uses an inductive pattern (generalization). The study results stated that after enacting the Job Creation Law, which imposed PSN (National Strategic Program), it could precede PLP2B in running a program. The Banyuwangi local government has the authority to ratify the PLP2B Law through the function of regional autonomy as an implication of the concept of decentralization in Indonesia’s government system. The Banyuwangi Regency government should optimize this function to create regulations or programs that have a relationship or correlation with the resolution of agrarian conflicts.

Analisis Pemasaran Kelapa Sawit Rakyat Desa Perdomuan Nauli Kecamatan Kandis Kabupaten Siak Provinsi Riau

Indonesia, as an agricultural country, has an agricultural sector that contributes significantly to the national economy. Palm oil is the main commodity that plays an important role in increasing state income, especially in Perdomuan Nauli Village, Kandis District, Riau. This research aims to analyze palm oil marketing in the village using descriptive methods. Primary data was obtained through interviews and questionnaires, while secondary data came from literature and related institutions. The research location was selected through purposive sampling involving 35 respondents who used three main marketing channels: Farmers–Collectors–RAM–PKS, Farmers–Collectors–PKS, and Farmers–RAM–PKS. The research results show that the Farmer–RAM–PKS channel provides the highest profits for farmers with a margin of IDR 434.3/kg, followed by the Farmer–Collector–PKS channel with a profit of IDR 234.3/kg. The Farmer–Collector–RAM–PKS channel, even though it is the longest, still provides profits for farmers of IDR 139.3/kg. Each channel has its own advantages and disadvantages, depending on the facilities provided and marketing costs incurred. This research emphasizes the importance of evaluating and improving marketing channels to increase the efficiency and welfare of oil palm farmers in Perdomuan Nauli Village

Mapping Rice Paddy Areas in Nueva Ecija Using Temporal Sentinel -1 SAR Imagery

Abstract. Remote Sensing is proven to be helpful in various ways, and for an agricultural country like the Philippines, mapping in farmlands is not that common. Using the Sentinel 1 Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data, the study reveals rice paddy classification brought by supervised machine learning on the municipality of Guimba, in Nueva Ecija - the Rice Bowl Capital of the country. The study in Guimba, Nueva Ecija, addresses the absence of comprehensive rice classification studies, focusing on creating a classified rice paddy map and assessing spectral indices (NDMI, NDVI, NDWI) using synthetic aperture radar and optical imager. Results show successful differentiation between rice and non-rice paddies. Temporal analysis emphasizes monitoring water availability, soil moisture, and vegetation health. Despite signs of overprediction in the CART model, its effectiveness in mapping rice paddies is notable. The spatial distribution maps contribute to targeted monitoring, enabling efficient interventions and improved agricultural practices. This research highlights the inherent use of remote sensing in rice crop management, offering valuable insights for farmers and country's food security.

Can farmers’ adoption of conservation tillage achieve sustainable agricultural production targets? Evidence from the Jianghan Plain, Hubei, China

ABSTRACT As a major agricultural country, China is under threat from land degradation because of long-term high-carbon-emission land use patterns. Conservation tillage (CT) technologies are expected to restore soil fertility, transform agricultural production models, and improve sustainability. However, the impacts of farmers’ CT adoption on achieving sustainable agricultural development remain unclear. To investigate the heterogeneous ecological effects resulting from farmers’ adoption of CT technologies, this study estimates the ecological effects of CT and examines the differences in these effects across different technologies, utilizing survey data from 1,449 farmers in the rural Jianghan Plain of China. The results show that farmers’ technology perceptions, previous adoption behaviour, and collective economic conditions significantly affect their CT adoption behaviour. The agricultural eco-efficiency in the Jianghan Plain is only 0.65. After removing bias from self-selection and unobservable factors, the ecological effect of CT adoption was 8.43%. The four different CT technologies evaluated in this study were found to increase agricultural eco-effects and achieve sustainable agriculture. However, the agricultural eco-effects of different CT technologies vary, indicating heterogeneity. Finally, policies that include implementing different combinations of CT models according to local conditions, technical training, and establishing subsidies for CT adoption are highly recommended.

Spark Architecture and Ensemble‐Based Feature Selection With Hybrid Optimisation Enabled Deep Long Short‐Term Memory for Crop Yield Prediction

ABSTRACTPrecise prediction of crop yield is crucial for addressing the economic resilience and food security of agricultural countries. Current models for crop yield prediction struggle to fully understand the long‐term trends and seasonal variations. Here, the Fractional Rider‐Based Water Cycle Algorithm‐Based Deep Long Short‐Term Memory (FRWCA‐DLSTM) is devised for crop production forecasting and addresses these issues. Primarily, the simulation of the IoT is performed. Then, the selection of Cluster Head (CH) and routing are done with the Rider‐Based Water Cycle Optimisation (RWCO). Then, the crop production data are accumulated at the Base Station (BS), where Spark architecture is used for crop prediction. Here, the data partitioning is done using Deep Fuzzy Clustering (DFC). Next, the technical indicators are extracted. Then, the ensemble‐based Feature selection is accomplished. Here, the ranking techniques are combined by a fusion function. The weight parameters are tuned by Hunter‐Sparrow Search Optimisation (HSSO). Finally, the crop yield prediction is performed by DLSTM, which is trained using FRWCA. The FRWCA is developed by merging Fractional Calculus (FC) with RWCO. The performance of FRWCA‐DLSTM shows the minimum mean absolute percentage error (MAPE), mean square error (MSE) and root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.103, 0.081 and 0.284, respectively.

Evaluation of the Food Security Program in Sidoarjo Regency

The increase in Indonesian rice imports in 2023 reflects a shortage in the supply of rice food. The irony is that Indonesia is an agricultural country that wants to be self-sufficient in food. To achieve this, good synergy is needed between the Central Government and Regional Governments, including the Sidoarjo Regency Government. This research aims to evaluate the food security program implemented in Sidoarjo Regency, with a focus on the availability of rice and obstacles in meeting food needs. The method used is qualitative research with a library research approach, which involves collecting data through observation and documentation. The research results show that the availability of rice in Sidoarjo Regency will fluctuate from 2018 to 2024, with total rice production reaching 195,855 tons of GKG in 2023. Even though there is a rice surplus of 117,451 tons, challenges such as land conversion and unfavorable weather conditions remain obstacles in increasing agricultural productivity. The conclusions of this research emphasize the need for integrated policies and community support to increase rice food security in Sidoarjo Regency, as well as the importance of ongoing evaluation of existing programs to ensure the sustainability of food supplies in the future.