Leaders Of Countries Research Articles

Day 7 of Kanjuruhan Tragedy: Twitter Data Analysis

The Kanjuruhan Stadium tragedy on 1 October 2022 became the second deadliest in the history of football. Leaders of many countries sent condolence letters to Joko Widodo, the President of Indonesia. The National Commission on Human Rights commissioner stated that the Kanjuruhan tragedy was a human rights case. The tragedy led to the rise of social movement and digital activism (DMO) through the hashtags #KanjuruhanDisaster #UsutTuntas #PrayforKanjuruhan and #Aremania. This study explains the social network formed by the aforementioned hashtags, the actors involved, and sentiment analysis. The data set crawled using Netlytic.org found 9,944 DMO tweets using the hashtags out of 10,000 tweets. The results of this study prove that DMO on the Kanjuruhan tragedy through the hashtag #KanjuruhanDisaster #UsutTuntas #PrayforKanjuruhan #Aremania has a high number of neutral sentiments indicating that the netizen is still in the phase of mourning and using neutral language to sarcast the authority. The network property data show that there is no feedback and explanation form the authority to reduce the tension of netizens. Low centralization rate between actors shows that digital activism occurs organically and is not controlled by a particular actor or organization.

"Soft power", "color revolution" and "hybrid war": public diplomacy vs political technology

"Color revolutions" are a form of "hybrid war" unleashed by the global hegemon against uncontrolled states in order to maintain its dominance in the world. Today they are becoming the main destabilizing factor both for a single nation and for the system of international relations as a whole. A comparative analysis of the "color revolutions" since the collapse of the USSR allows us to conclude that the theses spread by Western propaganda about the positive impact of the "soft power" on the "progress of democracy" are unfounded. Despite the presence of real socio-economic diffi culties and the so-called "protest potential” in the impacted countries "color revolutions" are primarily staged and controlled from abroad. As a rule, the main object of infl uence in the preparation of "color revolutions" are traditional family values, historical memory and the country's top political leadership as a guarantor of national sovereignty. The key actors of color revolutions are foreign-funded NGOs and the media which broadcast values and meanings alien to national self-consciousness into the information space and also “heat up” protest relations in the society. The point of application to seize control within the "color revolution" is the election of the country's national leadership or referendums on socially signifi cant issues. Accordingly, the most crucial task of sovereign states is to protect the electoral process from external interference, the spread of false information about elections and their discredit. An important factor in protecting the electoral rights of citizens and legitimizing state power is public observation of voting. Tools and resources of “soft power” are underestimated and poorly used by the post-Soviet states to defend national interests, protect the sovereign choice of the people and counteract attempts of external interference into domestic political processes. Promising directions for expanding infl uence on international relations are concentrated in the information, communication and political fi eld of the Internet which is still a territory of relative legal “freedom”. Among the main areas of protection "information sovereignty" are the following: expansion of Russian jurisdiction to representative offi ces of foreign IT platforms operating within the Russian Federation, development of media literacy and critical thinking of citizens, the need for constant refutation of "fakes", introduction of special programs that can recognize them and determine their distributors, prohibition of anonymity in social media, increasing legal liability for the production and distribution of "fakes".

Be my guest: the effect of foreign policy visits to the USA on FDI

We examine whether a country leader’s diplomatic visit to the USA affects the Foreign Direct Investment inflow. The literature so far has found inconclusive results regarding diplomatic relations' effect on international flows. We use a dynamic Inverse Probability Weighting Regression Adjustment framework to examine this relationship and estimate the causal effect of foreign visits. Our results indicate that a visit to the US increases the country’s total FDI inflows by up to one percentage point per annum, with a cumulative effect reaching 2.5 percentage points six years after the visit. However, this is a short-run effect as it disappears in the subsequent years. Furthermore, our first-stage results shed light on the profile of the leaders that visit the US. Our findings are consistent with the view that foreign visits act as signals to investors regarding the country’s political risk.

Hybrid Democracies of the Western Balkans

The governance models of Western Balkan states are now based on a liberal democracy and the development of an open and free economy. In the early 2000s, the European Union was very active in the Western Balkans, strongly promoting democratic values for good governance and strengthening the implementation of the rule of law, democratizing state institutions, with the aim of creating a legal order to protect and respect human rights. Despite the engagement of European Union structures, it is now evident that in some countries of the Western Balkans, there are tendencies towards an authoritarian model of the state, away from a functional system for effective governance. The reasons are mainly due to internal factors and circumstances of the region. The international factor has consistently criticized these governance models being created in some Western Balkan countries, which take the form of hybrid democracies. This form of governance has already established its own status quo and is an approach that is resistant to change, both by international factors and by domestic governmental/political structures. The integration of Western Balkan states into Euro-Atlantic institutions, especially the European Union, remains the main topic of discussion for key leaders, not only within the region but also among the main leaders of the European Union member countries. Integration is a complex process that requires mutual cooperation. On the one hand, serious commitment is required from Western Balkan countries to meet the conditionality criteria, and on the other hand, the European Union must be willing to undertake concrete initiatives for their inclusion. These initiatives may also require reforms within the structures of the European Union. Diplomatically, initially, traditional bilateral relations were seen as the most reliable alternative to achieve Euro-Atlantic integration, which the Western Balkan countries aspire to so much. Despite numerous efforts, the Western Balkan countries now feel "fatigued" from the long wait, resulting from difficult conditions and technicalities. The governance of the region's countries is under constant pressure from bureaucracy and the weakness in decision-making of European Union institutions, as well as from the constraints and conditions applied over the years. This situation has led to an "internal upheaval" both within the political class and the civil society of Western Balkan countries. High-ranking political leaders of some Western Balkan countries have now taken joint political initiatives with regional significance. Based on the various developments in a complex region such as the Western Balkans, this paper aims to present the implications that may arise in the Euro-Atlantic integration process from the involvement of actors with different geo-strategic interests.
 
 
 Received: 05 May 2022 / Accepted: 16 May 2023 / Published: 20 May 2023

Membumikan Kepemimpinan Kristen Anti Kritik dalam Nilai Etis Kristiani

The development of the times in the country's leadership alone cannot be separated from social criticism which is inserted in the creator's content messages in the form of jokes or poetry or also parodies of songs as a form of resistance to the arbitrariness of the authorities. This article aims to instill anti-critical Christian leadership in Christian ethical values which can be the answer for Christian leaders to dedicate themselves to being in servant leadership. Using a descriptive qualitative method with a literature study approach where the Bible is the primary source, it can be concluded that grounding anti-critical Christian leadership in Christian ethical values is first, leaders can clearly understand the Nature of Good Leadership in Christian Leadership based on Christian ethical values. This becomes the foundation and basis for actualizing leadership with the character of Servant leadership, so Anti-Criticism is something that can be well received and of course it is in line with the values and responsibilities of leadership based on the Bible. Therefore, called believers are expected to be able to instill anti-criticism Christian leadership in Christian ethical values so that they have leadership attitudes and responsibilities in the Circle of Criticism that can be dedicated to church ministry and ministry holistically.

Military intervention as a spectacle? Authoritarian regionalism and protests in Kazakhstan

Abstract Understanding the scope and the limits of cooperation of authoritarian regimes is important to assess their ability to support each other and strengthen authoritarian rule worldwide. While there is substantial evidence of authoritarian regimes working together to ensure mutual stability, autocracies are also notoriously mistrustful of one another. Therefore, they prefer to limit the assistance from other autocracies to rhetoric, to avoid the emergence of excessive dependencies. The conditions under which authoritarian cooperation goes beyond rhetoric, and even takes such extreme forms as military interventions, are insufficiently studied. The article investigates the case of the Collective Security Treaty Organization's (CSTO) intervention in Kazakhstan in 2022 as an example of an authoritarian regional organization sending a military mission to one of its member states. Using process tracing and carefully investigating the available evidence on the role of CSTO forces in Kazakhstan, we show that their intervention was more of symbolic importance than having an actual military role, and precisely for that reason it was acceptable to the leadership of Kazakhstan and other CSTO countries. The balance of power in central Asia (and in particular the role of China) ensured the credibility of commitment of the CSTO to keep its mission a symbolic one.

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The Development of Renewable Energy in Mineral Resource Clusters—The Case of the Siberian Federal District

This article presents a study of the specific features and development factors of renewable energy in macro-regions that combine extractive and industrial clusters with rural, sparsely populated areas. While in some countries—leaders in energy transition (the EU, China)—the growth of investments in solar, wind, and hydropower production is taking place systematically within the framework of an increasing number of national and international strategies and programs, in the Russian Federation there is a lack of renewable generation capacity. Particular difficulties are experienced in regions that, on the one hand, have a developed fuel and raw material complex and, therefore, fuel generation (which makes a significant contribution to global greenhouse gas emissions), and, on the other hand, many rural, sparsely populated areas that are in need of new distributed generation. The aim of the study is to analyze the factors of transition to renewable energy in mineral-resource regions, such as the Siberian Federal District (Siberia), as well as to identify measures to enhance their effectivity. The article shows the place of Siberia in the national energy system and considers the factors related to its energy transition in detail, e.g., the saturation with main powerlines, the control of air pollution caused by fuel energy facilities, its provision with fuel resources, investments in renewable energy, and ways of improving the health and well-being of the local population. Attention is drawn to the challenges and obstacles related to the development of renewable energy in the Siberian Federal District, associated, on the one hand, with Russia’s lagging behind other countries in the dynamics of energy transition, and on the other hand, with external and internal technological and investment restrictions.

THE ABILITY OF HIGHER EDUCATION SYSTEM OF UKRAINE TO PROVIDE PERSONNEL NEEDS OF THE NATIONAL RENEWABLE ENERGY INDUSTRY

The study made it possible to establish that the current state of training specialists in the field of renewable energy will not allow in the near future to quickly achieve the goals of intensive development of renewable energy proclaimed by the country's leadership. This will not improve the energy security of the regions and the country as a whole. This conclusion is based on the fact that, firstly, the training of specialists in Ukraine in educational programs on renewable energy is carried out by a limited number of higher education institutions, a significant number of which are accredited only by mid-2024. Secondly, the number of applicants operating in the current educational mastered this specialty in all years of study is not high. This will make it possible to rejuvenate the staff of workers serving existing renewable energy facilities. However, it will not allow to achieve the rapid development of projects for the introduction and use of alternative energy sources in the country. The work systematizes the markers of success, the focus on which by the guarantors of educational programs on renewable energy will improve the quality of educational services and interest applicants. These markers define the highly professional staff of teachers in the framework of educational programs; provision of the educational process of the educational program with certified laboratories with high-tech equipment; the availability of double degree programs in the specialty of the world's leading universities and international mobility programs; conducting joint scientific research with foreign scientists; introduction of a practice-oriented approach to learning.
 The most effective directions for increasing the number of highly qualified profile specialists in renewable energy in the labor market of Ukraine in the post-war period are formulated. These areas were recognized as increasing the level of wages in the field of renewable energy; ensuring a high level of investment for the development of human capital in renewable energy enterprises; expanding opportunities for professional development in the industry; improving the quality of existing and opening new educational programs for training specialists in renewable energy; providing a full cycle of training specialized professionals on the basis of the country's leading institutions; increase in public opinion the prestige of the entire spectrum of professions related to renewable energy. This should allow solving the rather painful problem of energy security for Ukraine.

Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on basic resuscitation and success rate after sudden cardiac arrest

Since the onset of the coronavirus disease, infection-related mortality has been tracked worldwide and the number of deaths caused by the virus is counted daily. The coronavirus pandemic has not only transformed our daily life, but reorganized the whole healthcare system. In response to the increased demand for hospital admissions, leaders in different countries have implemented a number of emergency actions. The restructuring has had both direct and indirect negative effects on the epidemiology of sudden cardiac death, the willingness of lay rescuer to give cardiopulmonary resuscitation and the use of automated external defibrillators, but these negative effects vary widely across continents and countries. In order to protect lay people and health workers as well as to prevent the spread of the pandemic, the previous recommendations of the European Resuscitation Council on basic and advanced life support have undergone a few modifications. Orv Hetil. 2023; 164(13): 483-487.

The Common Point of Countries Successful Policies in the Struggle Against COVID-19: Women Leaders.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, which is one of the biggest epidemics of the last century and can be regarded as a global tragedy, leaders had to mobilize many resources of their countries quickly and persuade their citizens to change their routine behavior. The approach followed by the leaders of the country in their efforts to convince their people has been an important factor in their success or failure. This paper aims to examine with Michel Foucault's notion of biopower, and discourses and behaviors of women leaders in countries against the global pandemic which cost high life tool gave harsh messages to the humanity. For this purpose, leadership examples in Finland, Iceland, Taiwan and New Zealand will be examined in detail using the discourse analysis technique. As a result, in current times when populist and autocratic leader style is on the rise, women leaders not only took their countries to success, but they also managed to inspire other countries. More importantly, the struggle of women leaders against the pandemic revealed that a different management style is possible.

Using the HIV Prevention Self-Assessment Tools (PSAT) to assess and monitor sex workers HIV programmes in selected countries in Africa

Background: The HIV Prevention Self-Assessment Tools (PSATs) were developed by the Global Prevention Coalition as an easy-to-use tool for country-led review of national HIV prevention response against a global standardised set of programmatic components. As part of the South to South Learning Network (SSLN), country-level data on HIV prevention programmes for sex workers were collected by 10 African countries, using the PSAT to self-assess their HIV prevention progress. Methods: Data were collected August 2020 to July 2021 from participating countries. In each country, a technical team of 8-10 members completed the tool with support from the SSLN. The PSAT collects data for three programme domains: management, implementation and outcomes and sustainability, each of which comprises essential programme functions and elements. Once all elements are scored, the tool automatically calculates the final scores for each domain, on a scale of 1-5. Also, 15 interviews were conducted with 15 country leaders to understand the ease and usefulness of the PSAT process. Results: The overall PSAT scores ranged between 4.1 (Kenya) to 2.3 in Zambia. Of the three domains, Programme Management achieved the highest scores, with four countries (Kenya, Ghana, Zimbabwe, and South Africa) scoring more than four. High scores were seen in the Programme Implementation domain as well; five countries (Zimbabwe, South Africa, Mozambique, Malawi and Uganda) scored between 3 to 4. For Programme Outcomes and Sustainability, other than Kenya, which did not score the outcomes, all countries scored poorly with scores ranging between 3.8 to 1.5. Comparing PSAT scores with UNAIDS suggested epidemic metrics have shown that countries with the highest PSAT scores also have high condom use rates and significant reductions in HIV incidence from 2010 to 2019. Conclusions: This exercise has helped country’s leadership to self-reflect on their HIV prevention programmes, increase ownership and identify areas that need strengthening.

Faith Leaders Improve Healthy Timing and Spacing of Pregnancy: Results of Operations Research on the Channels of Hope Methodology in Kenya and Ghana.

Family planning averts unintended pregnancies, unsafe abortions, and maternal deaths, while improving child health and socio-economic progress, but an estimated 218 million women and girls in low- and middle-income countries, especially in sub-Saharan Africa, have an unmet need for modern family planning. Faith leaders can impact the demand and uptake of family planning. However, there is limited understanding of the mechanisms for effective family planning advocacy by faith leaders. Channels of Hope (CoH) is World Vision's process that engages faith leaders and faith communities to address health issues. To determine the impact of CoH on promoting healthy timing and spacing of pregnancies and family planning (HTSP/FP) by mothers of children under two years old in select parts of Kenya and Ghana. To also determine faith leaders' attitudes, perceptions, and potential roles in influencing HTSP/FP after exposure to CoH. A mixed methods operations research comprising quantitative (quasi-experimental design with surveys of 4,372 mothers of children under two years old) and qualitative arms (in-depth interviews of 17 faith leaders and their seven spouses) was implemented. Taking both countries together, male sterilization, female condom, and LAM were the only FP methods that did not show increases from baseline to endline. Methods with the highest knowledge increases between intervention areas and control areas were implants, injectables and pills, with 18.4, 12.1 and 11.2 percentage point increases, respectively. The faith leaders in both countries reported that their views on healthy timing and spacing of pregnancies changed due to the Channels of Hope workshops. The HTSP/FP model has potential for positive health and social transformation that is built on the trust of faith leaders. Ghana and Kenya provide great examples of possible scenarios in order to help prepare implementers to scale the learnings of this operations research across sub-Saharan Africa.

A challenging work environment: The lived experiences of Eswatini diagnostic radiographers in the public health sector

BackgroundDiagnostic radiographers play a vital role in healthcare so it is important for senior management to understand radiographer's duties and work experiences. There has been a number of studies conducted on the experiences of radiographers in other countries like the United Kingdom and South Africa. From these studies a number of work place challenges were identified. In the Eswatini healthcare context, there has been no research conducted on the daily experiences of diagnostic radiographers working in Eswatini. The country's leadership aims to attain its Vision 2022 which focusses on the attainment of the millennium development goals. This vision affects all healthcare professions so for it to be successful, it is imperative to understand what it means to be a diagnostic radiographer working in the country of Eswatini. This paper aims to address this gap in literature. AimThe aim of this paper is to explore and describe the lived experiences of Eswatini diagnostic radiographers working in the public health sector. MethodsA qualitative, exploratory, descriptive and phenomenological design was utilised. Participants were purposively sampled within the public health sector. Diagnostic radiographers participated voluntarily and willingly consented to participate in focus group interviews (n = 18). ResultsA challenging work environment emerged as a principal theme from the participants narratives with 6 sub-themes namely: Lack of resources and consumables, Shortage of radiographers, Absence of radiologists, Lack of proper radiation monitoring and safety, Poor remuneration, Stagnant professional growth. ConclusionsThe findings of this study provided new insights into what Eswatini radiographers are experiencing in the public health sector. It is evident that there are a number of challenges which need to be addressed by the Eswatini management in order to successfully implement Vision 2022. Based on this study, there is the potential for a future study on the development of a professional identity for radiographers in Eswatini.

Противостояние Петра I и объединенной Европы на Балтике в начале XVIII в.

Based on extensive historical material, the article analyzes the events of how, during the Northern War, the West saw the emerging power of Russia and tried to prevent the strengthening of the Russian state. For this reason, none of the leaders of European countries responded to the proposal of Peter I to become an intermediary in organizing peace negotiations between Russia and Sweden. Having entered the shores of the Baltic, the Russian tsar wanted to trade, but was forced to continue fighting because Europe wanted to let neither a Russian soldier nor a Russian merchant into its space. England was working more fervently than others in this direction, created military anti-Russian alliances, and provided Sweden with military and financial assistance. However, nothing could stop Russia at that point.

THE ARCTIC IN 2022: RESULTS AND PERSPECTIVES

The Arctic has always been in a focus of close attention for the Russian leadership. The article examines the international aspects of the Arctic, analyzes the updated Arctic strategies and policies of countries (India, USA, Finland, the Faroe Islands, the European Union) and their improvements, and the withdrawal of several large European and Asian multinational companies from Arctic projects in the Russian Arctic after the start of a special military operation (SMO). It is emphasized that foreign states continue to increase their military presence in the Arctic, especially in its western part. The situation in the Arctic region was greatly complicated by the accession of Finland and Sweden to NATO, which strengthened the Arctic capabilities of the alliance and created real military threats to Russia in the Arctic direction. Using the examples of the decisions of the Government of the Russian Federation in 2022, the authors analyze the problems of the development of the Russian Arctic, especially those related to the development of the Northern Sea Route and of some of the territories of the Russian Arctic zone for the next 15 years. The article focuses on the nature of the activities of the country's leadership, ministries and departments, legislative authorities, representatives of business and public organizations for the integrational development and assimilation of the Arctic, in light of the unfavorable international events of 2020–2022. It is noted that the real impact of the SMO on the Arctic region can be only determined by its final results.

The Study of China’s International Publicity Translation from the Perspective of Functionalism: A Case Study of the 2022 Report on the Work of the Government

With the increasing complexity of the international situation, more and more scholars have begun to study political discourses. Leaders of various countries make their speeches to show their positions and convey their ideas for the purpose of influencing the audience. Therefore, a comprehensive and detailed analysis of their reports is particularly important. In the 1970s, Eugene A. Nida put forward the dynamic equivalence, which provided a new theoretical basis for discourse analysis, and the subsequently developed functionalism translation theory also opened up a new way for the analysis of political discourses. Firstly, this thesis selects the report on the work of the government as the authoritative corpus sample, which is attractive and of great research value. Secondly, the thesis analyzes the report on the Work of the Government from the perspective of functionalism translation theory, and explores the language characteristics of the report on the Work of the Government through the study of the fidelity principle, politics principle, culture principle and acceptability principle.

Agricultural reforms in Russia at the turn of an era (1990-1993)

In the second half of the 1980s, Soviet agricultural policy was subjected to revisionism. The problems in the agro-industrial complex had been accumulating for many years and were the result of many factors associated with the socialist system in the USSR. Whereas in the 1930s agriculture was subject to forced collectivisation, the new conditions proposed the revival of independent peasant farms and the adoption of Western experience associated with the development of farming. Private property and the future of collective farms were at the centre of the debate. This article attempts to find the following questions: why were the agrarian reforms necessary; what was their purpose; did the country's leadership have an agenda for reforms; how did the economic, legal and social aspects interact in the reform process; did the reforms succeed in achieving their objectives. The article uses documents from the Congress of People's Deputies, the Supreme Soviet and the Russian Government. Significant static material and data from sociological surveys should be noted. Legislative acts constitute a separate group of sources.

ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS AFFECTING FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC IN ASEAN: SOCIAL DISCLOSURE AS MODERATING

This study discusses the factors of environmental performance, environmental disclosure, and corporate social disclosure that affect corporate financial performance. The current global warming is worrying enough that the country's leaders are committed to reducing the level of carbon emissions in each country. Environmental disclosures and social disclosures that must exist during the COVID-19 pandemic have not been implemented due to large-scale social restriction regulations from the government, so they cannot be disclosed. The research subject is a mining company in one of the largest ASEAN countries, namely Indonesia. Meanwhile, the object of this research is the Annual Report and Sustainability Report for the period 2018-2021 published on each ASEAN country's Stock Exchanges website. The study results show that Environmental Disclosure significantly influences the Financial Performance of mining companies listed on the IDX in 2018-2020

Populism, Competitive Authoritarianism, and Foreign Policy: The Case of Uganda's 2021 Election

Abstract Despite populism being a fast-growing field of inquiry, populist discourse in an African setting is understudied. This paper expands our knowledge of populist communication and foreign policy in a competitive authoritarian context, proposing an analysis of two Ugandan politicians—Bobi Wine and Yoweri Museveni—and their communication on Twitter before the January 2021 election. Counter to expectations, I find that thick ideology has a limited effect on the electoral discourses of both candidates in a competitive autocracy such as Uganda, and this applies also to their communication about foreign policy. When it comes to their position on foreign policy, strategic electoral communication is focused on positioning themselves in relation to the West, signaling a commitment to a strong future linkage with the West and democratization in the event of electoral victory. The content analysis of Twitter-based communication finds that the long-standing incumbent, Museveni, uses tried-and-tested populist tropes to reinforce his regime, emphasizing his government's allegedly strong capacity to maintain a linkage to Western donors and to conduct a successful foreign policy focused on receiving foreign aid and advancing its investment in economic development. In his turn, counter-candidate Wine is a contemporary populist who contests the long-standing regime and promises a truthful commitment to democratization and an authentic and corruption-free linkage with the West if successfully elected. This paper aims to broaden our understanding of how political leaders in competitive autocratic countries of the Global South make strategic use of populist communication about foreign policy to advance their political agendas.