Country Of Manufacture Research Articles

Regression-Based Methods for Daily Peak Load Forecasting in South Korea

This study examines the daily peak load forecasting problem in South Korea. This problem has become increasingly important due to the continually changing energy environment. As such, it has been studied by many researchers over the decades. South Korea is geographically located such that it experiences four distinct seasons. Seasonal changes are among the main factors affecting electricity demand. In addition, much of the electricity consumption in a strong manufacturing country like South Korea is driven by industry rather than by residential customers. In order to forecast daily peak loads of South Korea, in this study we proposed multiple linear regression-based methods where several season-specific regression models (i.e., summer, winter, and all-season models) were included. The most appropriate model among the three models was selected considering the characteristics of the electricity demand, and was then applied to daily forecasting. The performance of the proposed methods were evaluated through computational experiments. Forecasts obtained by the proposed methods were compared with those obtained by existing forecasting methods, including a machine learning method. The results showed that the proposed methods had mean absolute percentage errors around 1.95% and outperformed all benchmarks.

India’s COVID-19 vaccination policy-an analysis of problem, politics and policy

PurposeThe article aims to critically examine India's COVID-19 vaccination policy by analyzing the problem, politics and policy developed during the pandemic. The article would help the policy-makers and healthcare administrators to understand the situation in a holistic manner.Design/methodology/approachThe article employs Kingdon's multiple streams framework, which separately analyzes the problem at hand, the politics that are at work and the policy which is being developed when the problem and politics streams are activated. Directed approach to content analysis is adopted in this article.FindingsThe article provides a holistic overview of vaccine development and the vaccination policy during the COVID-19 pandemic in India.Practical implicationsThe analysis would help policy-makers and healthcare administrators to have a bird's-eye view of the COVID-19 vaccine development and the vaccination drive.Originality/valueThe article is a macro-level analysis of an extremely important situation of COVID-19 vaccine development and the subsequent vaccination drive for the world's largest democracy, which is also one of the largest drugs and vaccine manufacturing countries. The article captures the bird's-eye-view of the problem of vaccine development, the policy of funding as well as procurement, and the politics of vaccine distribution in the country.

Investigation of the Quality of the 12 Most-Used Antibiotics Available in Retail Private Pharmacies in Rwanda.

Using poor-quality antibiotics leads to increased risk of the development of microorganism-resistant strains, treatment failure, loss of confidence in health systems, and associated socio-economic impacts. The prevalence of poor-quality antibiotics has been found to be high in some of the Low and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs), but no data were available on the situation in Rwanda. This study was conducted to obtain data and inform health professionals on the quality of the 12 most-used selected antibiotics from private retail pharmacies in Rwanda. The investigation was conducted on 232 batches collected from randomly selected private retail pharmacies in all provinces of Rwanda, and concerned only with visual inspection and assay tests. Visual inspection was performed using a tool adopted by the International Pharmaceutical Federation (FIP) to identify manufacturing defects. An assay test quantified the Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API) in each collected batch using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with an ultraviolet-visible (UV) detector, and the results were reported as the percentage content of the amount of APIs stated on the label. A total of 232 batches were analyzed, manufactured in 10 countries; the main country of manufacture was Kenya, with almost half of the batches (49.6%). The results of the visual inspection did not show the presence of counterfeit/ falsified antibiotics on the Rwandan market in this study but revealed weaknesses in labeling: more than 90% of the analyzed batches of the 12 antibiotics did not present the dosage statement on their label, and the complete list of excipients was missing in more than 20% of the analyzed batches. The assay test using HPLC confirmed the presence of APIs in 100% of the analyzed batches. However, moderate deviations from acceptable ranges of the API content defined by M. M. Nasr & C. M. Stanley in 2006 for erythromycin and the United States Pharmacopoeia 2018 for the other 11 molecules were found. The failure rate to meet the quality requirements in terms of the percentage content of active pharmaceutical ingredients declared on the labels was estimated at 8.2% in total, with 3.9% and 4.3% containing more and less than the amount of APIs stated on the labels respectively. The most-represented antibiotics on the Rwandan market were amoxicillin, co-trimoxazole and cloxacillin. No counterfeit antibiotics were found in this study. However, substandard batches with moderate deviations were found, suggesting that regular quality control of antibiotics is needed in Rwanda.

A random survey of the prevalence of falsified and substandard antibiotics in the Lao PDR.

In 2012, a stratified random survey, using mystery shoppers, was conducted to investigate the availability and quality of antibiotics sold to patients in the private sector in five southern provinces of the Lao People's Democratic Republic (Laos). A total of 147 outlets were sampled in 10 districts. The active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) content measurements for 909 samples, including nine APIs (amoxicillin, ampicillin, ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin, doxycycline, ofloxacin, sulfamethoxazole, tetracycline and trimethoprim), were determined using HPLC. All the analysed samples contained the stated API and we found no evidence for falsification. All except one sample had all the units tested with %API values between 75% and 125% of the content stated on the label. However, we identified the presence of substandard antibiotics: 19.6% (201/1025) of samples had their units outside the 90%-110% content of the label claim and 18.3% (188/1025) of the samples had units outside the International Pharmacopoeia/United States Pharmacopoeia assay (percentage of label claim) specifications. Trimethoprim had a high number of samples [51.6% (64)] with units below the limit range, followed by ceftriaxone [42.9% (3)] and sulfamethoxazole [34.7% (43)]. Doxycycline, ofloxacin and ciprofloxacin had the highest number of samples with high API content: 43.7% (38), 14.7% (10) and 11.8% (2), respectively. Significant differences in %API were found between stated countries of manufacture and stated manufacturers. With the global threat of antimicrobial resistance on patient outcomes, greater understanding of the role of poor-quality antibiotics is needed. Substandard antibiotics will have reduced therapeutic efficacy, impacting public health and control of bacterial infections.

Mediating role of manufacturing strategy in the competitive strategy and firm performance: evidence from SMEs

PurposeThis paper examines the mediating role of manufacturing strategies in the relationship between competitive strategies and firm performance.Design/methodology/approachThis study gathered 250 responses from firms in a developing country's key manufacturing sectors, including mechanical, electronics, automotive, textile and food. First, descriptive statistics were applied to fix outliers like respondent biases, missing values and normality issues. Second, exploratory factors analysis (EFA) ensured data adequacy and homogeneity through Kaiser–Meyer–Olkin (KMO) and Bartlett tests. Finally, confirmatory factors analysis (CFA) was used to identify the interactions (direct, indirect and total effects) between latent variables representing manufacturing strategies (quality, cost, delivery and flexibility), competitive strategies (cost-leadership and differentiation) and firms' performance (sales growth and profitability). In total, two structural equation modelling (SEM) models (SEM-I, SEM-II) were created to test the hypotheses.FindingsOf the 40 items identified by the literature review, four were outliers, and three could not satisfy the EFA criteria (eigenvalue >1). Only 33 items could therefore reach CFA. SEM–I and SEM-II study results found no direct relationship between competitive strategies and firm performance (−0.03 = β = 0.08; p > 0.05). However, the findings revealed that cost-leadership could be an appropriate strategic choice and improved firms' performance if the quality and delivery are focussed (0.20 = β = 0.87; p < 0.001). While competitive strategies impact manufacturing strategies positively, the latter is only a mediator between the cost-leadership strategy and the firms' performance.Originality/valueThis research shows that the cost-leadership approach currently seems viable; however, flexibility and cost requirements were not satisfied due to infeasible product differentiation. These results will be beneficial to executives interested in investing in India's industries.

Global Fashion Value Chains: Country of Brand Origin vs. Country of Manufacture

Global Fashion Value Chains: Country of Brand Origin vs. Country of Manufacture

Social Life Cycle Assessment of a Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell stack

Hydrogen systems are gaining importance in view of a progressive decarbonisation of societies, and becoming more and more cost-competitive alternatives in many sectors (e.g., mobility). However, the sustainability of these technologies must be carefully assessed following a holistic approach which embraces not only environmental but also social aspects. Social Life Cycle Assessment (S-LCA) is an insightful methodology to evaluate potential social impacts of products along their life cycle. In the frame of the project eGHOST, social risks of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) stack were assessed through an S-LCA. The functional unit was defined as one 48 kW stack (balance of plant excluded), targeted for mobility applications. The supply chain was defined assuming Spain as the manufacturing country and involving from the material/energy production plants to the stack manufacturing. Beyond conventional life cycle inventory data, trade information and additional inventory data were retrieved from the UN Comtrade and PSILCA databases, respectively. Besides, working hours for the manufacturing plants of the stack and its subcomponents were calculated based on literature data. Social life cycle inventories were modelled and evaluated using openLCA and the PSILCA method. Two stakeholder categories, workers and society, were considered through the following social indicators: child labour, contribution to economic development, fair salary, forced labour, gender wage gap, and health expenditure. The choice of these indicators is in line with the eGHOST project purpose. Despite the relatively small amount contained in the product, platinum clearly arose as the main social hotspot under each of the selected indicators. At the level of component plants, the manufacturing of bipolar and end plates was also found to be relevant under some indicators. On the other hand, electricity consumption generally accounted for a minor contribution. Overall, in order to avoid burden shifting from environmental to social issues, a careful design of technologies is needed.

Plastic packaging substitution in industry: variability of LCA due to manufacturing countries

The raising environmental concerns related to fossil fuel-based plastic packaging resulted in policy efforts for reducing their use and introducing bio-based materials. However, the availability of bio-based material suppliers may be currently limited. At the industrial level, Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) can provide decision support to companies willing to substitute fossil fuel-based with bio-based plastic packaging. In this context, a detailed modelling of the plastic supply chain can markedly alter the LCA results and the consequent interpretation. The present work is based on preliminary results from the Italian project “Plastic New Deal”, which aims to support small enterprises on substituting fossil fuel-based plastic with other materials. The goal of this study is to investigate the variability of LCA results related to the substitution of fossil fuel-based low-density polyethylene (LDPE) with bio-based LDPE (bio-LDPE) and polylactic acid (PLA), used as film for packaging. A total of 11 scenarios was built, modelling the country of plastic manufacturing and type of feedstock. LCA results of bio-based plastics by country vary up to +165% and -95% with respect to the average, which is much higher than the one of fossil fuel-based LDPE across all the impact categories considered in the study. This is due to the additional variability in the cultivation and conversion processes, originated from different types of feedstocks. Uncertainties on End-of-Life (EoL) treatment processes of plastic packaging and on accounting for life cycle biogenic carbon dioxide exchanges might further alter the LCA results for the climate change total category. The present paper attempts to highlight potential issues associated to a generic LCA which does not sufficiently account for the company context, empowering the accuracy of LCA as decision support tool and opening a discussion on how to improve the reliability of practical LCA recommendations.

Inside the White Box: Unpacking the Determinants of Quality and Vertical Specialization

This paper explores patterns of quality differentiation and specialization relying on model-level panel data of retail sales and prices of refrigerators across 23 countries in the European Union. Unlike customs data aggregated at the product category, typically used in the literature, model-level data allow us to test for the presence of nonhomotheticities by comparing market shares of identical models across different markets. We measure quality at the model level, account for varying willingness-to-pay for quality at different levels of income, and link quality measures to objective model attributes. Using originally assembled data on the country of manufacture of each model, we study patterns of quality specialization by brands with plants in multiple countries. We find that firms locate the production of their higher-quality models in richer countries, and argue that such patterns of quality specialization are driven mainly by a home-market effect linked to nonhomothetic preferences.

Impact of Country of Manufacture on Customer Purchase Intention: Case Study of Japanese Cosmetics in Vietnamese Market

Impact of Country of Manufacture on Customer Purchase Intention: Case Study of Japanese Cosmetics in Vietnamese Market

Внедрение современных технологий в целях повышения экономической эффективности производства какао в Африке

Global cocoa production has undergone significant changes over the past 60 years. The global volume of cultivation of this crop has grown significantly. The leading manufacturing countries in the industry have also switched their positions over the time. African countries, such as Ghana, Nigeria, Ivory Coast and Cameroon have significantly improved their results. At the same time, Ivory Coast steadily occupies the first place in this top for more than 40 years. To analyze the performance, two African states were selected – the first (Ivory Coast) and last (Cameroon) of the top ten. As a result, it was found that farmers in both countries have similar problems, regardless of the amount of cocoa produced. Almost all difficulties are associated with problems of maintaining tall cocoa trees due to difficult access, which significantly reduces the already unsatisfactory productivity of the sector. Another important problem in the selected African countries is the jobless youth employment; as young people don’t want put their life to work in backward agriculture. Despite the nominal increase of production volumes, the cocoa industry is undergoing a crisis, as its development follows an extensive path. Since cocoa is an indispensable product used in many fields, intensification plays a crucial role in the industry development. Therefore manufacturers have begun to use modern digital developments including hardware and software solutions more often. One of the decisions is to implement unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) in the cocoa industry to collect and process information (quality assessment of cocoa trees, terrain mapping, etc.), as well as to take care of cocoa trees (for example, for the precise application of chemical protection against pests and diseases). The article demonstrates the use of UAVs on the example of the cocoa sectors of Ivory Coast and Cameroon. Today, the latest technologies are still in the development and testing phase, so their large-scale application has not been implemented yet. However it is clear that innovations developed for the cocoa industry will not only increase production efficiency but also may attract young professionals to the sector. It is expected that these developments can be subsequently applied on a wider scale and will be used not only in the cocoa industry but in many other fields.

CURRENT REQUIREMENTS FOR CHARACTERISTICS OF FLIGHT SIMULATION TRAINING DEVICES TAKING INTO ACCOUNT THE EXPERIENCE OF INTERNATIONAL AVIATION ORGANIZATIONS

The most important issue in the course of operating aircraft is flight safety. World experience of aircraft use shows that the human factor is the main cause of aviation accidents and crashes.
 Today, the leading countries in the aircraft manufacturing and use are paying close attention to improving and enhancing existing methods and means of training a pilot as a guarantor of flight safety. Aviation flight simulators play an exceptional role in the general process of training of aviation specialists, both civilian and military. Based on the tasks that can be formulated and practiced on the simulator, a wide variety of specialized training programs for crews on simulators of different configuration is created in the advanced world’s countries.
 In military aviation, flight simulators are of special value, as they allow you to simulate a real combat situation, which is very difficult to simulate in peacetime during training. Modern flight simulators are also used for research purposes, for example, to practice the actions of the crew in excess of operational limitations.
 Although the need for training is widely recognized, it carries the potential risk of instilling the wrong skills due to the inadequacy of aircraft models. To eliminate such a possibility in world practice, special standards have been developed that regulate the process of creating and certification tests of simulators.
 Simulators that are certified to the highest level of international standards have a very high degree of real flight simulation.

TECH LAW IN CENTRAL ASIA: APPROACH TO TECHNOLOGICAL PROGRESS OF THE 4TH INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

Scholars in Central Asia have long started exploring the nexus between law and technology. Contemporary Central Asian legal academia is producing research which stands at the junction of law, philosophy, and technology. Central Asia is comparatively not advanced in technology production and imports most the technologies from neighboring tech giants. These technologies are imported as a package along with the laws and regulations proposed by the technology manufacturing country. It has been observed that these regulations don’t correlate with the existing local and regional legal systems. To meet these demands, this article proposes a new discipline / branch of legal sciences named as “Central Asia Tech Law” to accommodate the technological progression of the 4th industrial revolution. This branch of law strives to promote globalized legal mechanisms to treat technology as per the demands of the Central Asian region and in line with the international norms and standardization. Another purpose of Central Asia Tech Law is to increase the interaction with regional social and applied scientists to set regional technological standards and preferences for Central Asia.

COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among the adult population in Bangladesh: A nationwide cross-sectional survey.

Studies related to the COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy are scanty in Bangladesh, despite the growing necessity of understanding the population behavior related to vaccination. Thus, the present study was conducted to assess the prevalence of the COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and its associated factors in Bangladesh to fill the knowledge gap. This study adopted a cross-sectional design to collect data from 1497 respondents using online (Google forms) and face-to-face interviews from eight administrative divisions of Bangladesh between 1-7 February 2021. We employed descriptive statistics and multiple logistic regression analysis. The prevalence of vaccine hesitancy was 46.2%. The Muslims (aOR = 1.80, p ≤ 0.01) and the respondents living in the city corporation areas (aOR = 2.14, p ≤0.001) had more hesitancy. There was significant variation in vaccine hesitancy by administrative divisions (geographic regions). Compared to the Sylhet division, the participants from Khulna (aOR = 1.31, p ≤0.001) had higher hesitancy. The vaccine hesitancy tended to decrease with increasing knowledge about the vaccine (aOR = 0.88, p≤0.001) and the vaccination process (aOR = 0.91, p ≤ 0.01). On the other hand, hesitancy increased with the increased negative attitudes towards the vaccine (aOR = 1.17, p≤0.001) and conspiracy beliefs towards the COVID-19 vaccine (aOR = 1.04, p≤0.01). The perceived benefits of COVID-19 vaccination (aOR = 0.85, p≤0.001) were negatively associated with hesitancy, while perceived barriers (aOR = 1.16, p ≤0.001) were positively associated. The participants were more hesitant to accept the vaccine from a specific country of origin (India, USA, Europe). Our findings warrant that a vigorous behavior change communication campaign should be designed and implemented to demystify negative public attitudes and conspiracy beliefs regarding the COVID-19 Vaccine in Bangladesh. The policymakers should also think about revisiting the policy of the online registration process to receive the COVID-19 vaccine, as online registration is a key structural barrier for many due to the persistent digital divide in the country. Finally, the government should consider the population's preference regarding vaccines' country of manufacture to reduce the COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy.

Regional Differences in COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy in December 2020: A Natural Experiment in the French Working-Age Population.

It can be assumed that higher SARS-CoV-2 infection risk is associated with higher COVID-19 vaccination intentions, although evidence is scarce. In this large and representative survey of 6007 adults aged 18–64 years and residing in France, 8.1% (95% CI, 7.5–8.8) reported a prior SARS-CoV-2 infection in December 2020, with regional variations according to an East–West gradient (p < 0.0001). In participants without prior SARS-CoV-2 infection, COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy was substantial, including 41.3% (95% CI, 39.8–42.8) outright refusal of COVID-19 vaccination. Taking into account five characteristics of the first approved vaccines (efficacy, duration of immunity, safety, country of the vaccine manufacturer, and place of administration) as well as the initial setting of the mass vaccination campaign in France, COVID-19 vaccine acceptance would reach 43.6% (95% CI, 43.0–44.1) at best among working-age adults without prior SARS-CoV-2 infection. COVID-19 vaccine acceptance was primarily driven by vaccine characteristics, sociodemographic and attitudinal factors. Considering the region of residency as a proxy of the likelihood of getting infected, our study findings do not support the assumption that SARS-CoV-2 infection risk is associated with COVID-19 vaccine acceptance.

The Development of an Efficiency-Based Global Green Manufacturing Innovation Index: An Input-Oriented DEA Approach

Innovation-based economic growth is considered to be a vital strategic aim for all economies, but environmentally friendly concepts and sustainable development (SD) must also be considered. The literature on the Global Innovation Index (GII) shows various investigations relevant to innovation, yet the lack of comprehensive consideration within the GII of environmental concerns represents a critical challenge. This paper aims to provide a holistic-perspective evaluation model for the top 15 manufacturing countries worldwide in order to resolve this. The efficiency-based Global Green Manufacturing Innovation Index (GGMII) was developed by formulating an input-oriented data envelopment analysis model. Criteria such as the value added to the gross domestic product (GDP), corresponding CO2 emissions, and unemployment rates were examined in order to represent the economic, environmental, and social dimensions of SD, respectively. Other scientific and technological dimensions were also considered. The data corresponding to all ten of the criteria were collected from World Bank Open Data. The results show a mismatch between the original GII and the proposed GGMII for the top eight manufacturing countries (the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany, Korea, France, China, Japan, and Canada), while the remaining countries (Italy, Spain, Russia, India, Mexico, Brazil, and Indonesia) occupied the same rank in both indices, but showed a sizable diminution in their original GII scores. The proposed GGMII might be utilized as a benchmarking instrument for all countries worldwide in the future.

Determinants of healthcare workers perceptions, acceptance and choice of COVID-19 vaccines: a cross-sectional study from the United Arab Emirates

ABSTRACT Acceptance of COVID-19 vaccine among health-care workers (HCWs) is crucial for controlling the pandemic and ensuring HCW and patient safety. Information on the acceptance of different COVID-19 vaccines is lacking. Despite the United Arab Emirates (UAE) having vaccinated most of its population, vaccine acceptance still raises concerns. This study explores COVID-19 vaccine acceptance, vaccine choice, and associated factors among HCWs in the UAE. An online national cross-sectional study was conducted among 517 HCWs. Acceptance and choice of COVID-19 vaccines were assessed, and logistic regression analysis identified predictors for vaccine acceptance. More than half (58%) of HCWs were willing to take the vaccine and give it to their family. Reasons for taking the vaccine were concerns for families contracting COVID-19 (67%) and social responsibility (64%). Reasons for refusals included concerns with side-effects (61%). Most HCWs knew of the Pfizer (79%) and Sinopharm (57%) vaccines; however, acceptance was higher for Pfizer (35%) and AstraZeneca (21%) vaccines. Being male and being influenza vaccinated predicted willingness to take the vaccine (aOR: 2.34; 95% CI:1.34–4.08; p ≤ 0.001) and (aOR: 2.13; 95% CI: 1.29–3.51; p ≤ 0.001), respectively. HCWs who expressed concerns with inadequate safety data were less likely to take the vaccine (aOR: 0.17; 95% CI: 0.10–0.30; p ≤ 0.001). Additionally, side effects, perception of risk, and level of trust of company and country of manufacture predicted acceptance and choice of vaccines. Effective vaccine policy campaigns to improve acceptance should target HCW’s knowledge and awareness of perceived risks of COVID-19, safety data, social responsibility, and individual preferences for vaccine choice.

New Media and Technological Transformation

The new media, which emerged with the effect of technological developments, brought a new dimension to communication. Technology product applications transcend the borders of traditional media and become an actor on a global scale. Thanks to new media applications, products such as information, news, and cinema are rapidly spreading from the country of manufacture to the whole world. Undoubtedly, it is very important that the internet has been improved in these developments. Internet has increased the relationship of many tools with each other. For example, it has caused radical changes in the general structure of the television or mobile phone, which is a great entertainment tool. With the constant change pointed out by the new media, the television left the living room, became accessible everywhere, and the TV viewers turned into individual users. Now, mobile phones, televisions with internet, tablets are important tools for viewers to reach rich content. Today, the demand for new media has made it necessary to transform its content too. As the importance of the content increases day by day; Over the air platforms such as Netflix and Blu Tv have emerged. These digital platforms have also changed the movie watching habits of the audience. In addition to the ease of use that new media offers, it also changes the way you watch television or movies. Viewers can access digital platforms whenever and wherever they want.The aim of this study is to examine the transformation of the developments in communication technologies in the television and cinema watching habits of the audience. The survey method was used as a data collection tool to determine the new media usage habits of the audience. The universe of the research is students of Akdeniz University Communication Faculty. The sample of the study is 90 students of Akdeniz University Faculty of Communication. The survey was conducted online with the link sent to their WhatsApp. SPSS statistics program was used to analyze the data.

Nanoliposomes as drug delivery systems: safety concerns

The review highlights the safety issues of drug delivery systems based on liposomes. Due to their small sizes (about 80–120 nm, sometimes even smaller), phospholipid nanoparticles interact intensively with living systems during parenteral administration. This interaction significantly affects both their transport role and safety; therefore, special attention is paid to these issues. The review summarises the data on the basic factors affecting the safety of nanoliposomes: composition, size, surface charge, stability, the release of an incorporated drug, penetration into tissues, interaction with the complement system. Attention is paid to the authors' own research of unique phospholipid nanoparticles with a diameter of 20–30 nm. The influence of technological processes of nanoliposome production on their properties is considered. The article also discusses the modern safety assessment criteria contained in the preliminary regulatory documents of the manufacturing countries for new nanoliposome-based drugs being developed or used in the clinic.

Analysis of information asymmetry in the instructions for medical use on the example of Enterol

There may be variations in the texts of instructions for medical use of medicines (hereinafter – the instructions) containing the same active pharmaceutical ingredient, and registered in the pharmaceutical markets of different countries. First of all this applies to medicines manufactured in one country and distributed to other countries. Therefore, there are questions related to incorrect use of medicines due to the existing asymmetry of information. This problem is especially relevant in connection with tourist activity and labour migration.&#x0D; The aim of the study was to identify discrepancies in the instructions of Enterol, registered in different countries.&#x0D; The materials of the study were the registers of medicines in France, Ukraine, Belarus, Bulgaria, Poland, the Czech Republic and Russia, as well as the texts of instructions of Enterol (Biocodex, France), registered in the above countries. Methods of generalization, systematization, as well as contextual and comparative analysis were used.&#x0D; It was found that the original (French) instruction has two indications for the use of Enterol (treatment of acute diarrhea in children under 12 years old; prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhea caused by Clostridium difficile or recurrence of diarrhea caused by Clostridium difficile), while Belarusian and Russian instructions have one indication. Polish instruction contains 5 indications, while Bulgarian and Czech – 8. The largest number of indications for the use of Enterol (11) is given in Ukrainian instruction.&#x0D; A contradictory information is in the sections «Therapeutic Indications», «Posology and method of administration», «Contraindications», «Undesirable effects», «Special warnings and precautions for use», including «Pregnancy and lactation». In the text of one instruction there is no information available in the text of another, and none of the instructions is identical to the instructions of Enterol, registered in France (country of manufacture). Actually, these information discrepancies, as well as the patient's perception of information, can lead to improper use of medicines and, as a consequence, drug-related problems. Thus, to minimize the asymmetry of information, the applicant during the registration of the drug must submit a notarized translation of the manufacturer's instructions.